Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.
The standard GB/T 2423 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods is divided into several parts according to test methods.
This part is Part 5 of GB/T 2423.
This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.12009.
This part replaces GB/T 2423.5-1995 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ea and guidance: Shock and GB/T 2423.6-1995 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Eb and guidance:
Bump. This part integrates the contents of GB/T 2423.5-1995 and GB/T 2423.6-1995. The following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 2423.5-1995 and GB/T 2423.6-1995:
——the cut-off frequency requirement for low-pass filter is added to the measurement system of Sub-clause;
——in Clause 5, the requirements for impact times in each direction are added;
——the table in Figure 4 combines the tables in Figure 4 of the original GB/T 2423.5-1995 and in Figure 2 of GB/T 2423.6-1995;
——the severity level in Table 1 is added.
This part, by means of translation, is identical to IEC 60068-2-27: 2008 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ea and guidance: Shock.
The Chinese documents identical to the normative international documents given in this part are as follows:
——GB/T 2421.1-2008 Environmental testing - Part 1: General and guidance (IEC 60068-1: 1988, IDT);
——GB/T 2423.39-2018 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ee and guidance: Loose cargo testing including bounce (IEC 60068-2-55: 2013, IDT);
GB/T 4798.1 - 2005 Environmental conditions existing in the application of electric and electronic products - Section 1: Storage (IEC 60721-3-1: 1997, MOD);
——GB/T 4798.5-2007 Environmental conditions existing in the application of electric and electronic products - Section 5: Ground vehicle installations (IEC 60721-3-5: 1997, MOD).
The following editorial changes have been made in this part:
——the name of this standard is modified;
This part was proposed and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 8 National Technical Committee on Environmental Conditions and Testing for Electric and Electronic Products and of Standardization Administration of China.
This part replaces GB/T 2423.5-1995 and GB/T 2423.6-1995.
The previous edition of GB/T 2423.5-1995 is as follows:
——GB/T 2423.5-1981.
The previous editions of GB/T 2423.6-1995 are as follows:
——GB/T 2423.6-1981.
——GB/T 2424.4-1981.
Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ea and guidance: Shock
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 2423 provides a standard procedure for determining the ability of a specimen to withstand specified severities of non-repetitive or repetitive shocks.
The purpose of this test is to reveal mechanical weakness and/or degradation in specified performances, or accumulated damage or degradation caused by shocks. In conjunction with the relevant specification, this may be used in some cases to determine the structural integrity of specimens or as a means of quality control (see Sub-clause A.2).
This test is primarily intended for unpackaged specimens and for items in their transport case when the latter may be considered to be part of the specimen. If an item is to be tested unpackaged, it is referred to as a test specimen. However, if the item is packaged, then the item itself is referred to as product and the item and its packaging together are referred to as a test specimen. GB/T 2423.43-2008 may be used for testing packaged products.
This standard is written in terms of prescribed pulse shapes. Guidance for the selection and application of these pulses is given in Annex A and the characteristics of the different pulse shapes are discussed in Annex B.
Wherever possible, the test severity and the shape of the shock pulse applied to the specimen shall be such as to reproduce the effects of the actual transport or operational environment to which the specimen will be subjected, or to satisfy the design requirements if the object of the test is to assess structural integrity (see Sub-clauses A.2 and A.4).
For the purposes of this test, the specimen is always mounted to the fixture or the table of the shock testing machine during testing.
Note: The term "shock testing machine" is used throughout this standard, but other means of applying pulse shapes are not excluded.
One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 2423.43-2008 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test methods - Mounting of specimens for vibration, impact and similar dynamic tests (IEC 60068-2-47: 2005, IDT);
IEC 60068-1 Environmental testing - Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60068-2-55 Environmental testing - Part 2-55: Tests - Test Ee and guidance: Bounce
IEC 60721-3-1 Classification of environmental conditions - Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities - Section 1: Storage
IEC 60721-3-5 Classification of environmental conditions - Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities - Section 5: Ground vehicle installations
Guide 104 The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications and group safety publications
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
Note: The terms used are, for the most part, defined in ISO 2041[1]1)or IEC 60068-1. The following additional terms and definitions are also applicable for the purposes of this standard.
3.1
check point
point located on the fixture, on the table surface of the shock-testing machine or on the specimen as close as possible to the fixing point, and in any case rigidly connected to it
Notes:
1 A number of check points are used as a means of ensuring that the test requirements are satisfied.
2 If more than four fixing points exist, the relevant specification should state the number of fixing points to be used as check points.
3 In special cases, for example, for large or complex specimens, the check points will be prescribed by the relevant specification if not close to the fixing points.
4 Where a large number of small specimens are mounted on one fixture, or in the case of a small specimen where there are a number of fixing points, a single check point (that is the reference point) may be selected for the derivation of the control signal. This signal is then related to the fixture rather than to the fixing points of the specimen(s). This procedure is only valid when the lowest resonance frequency of the loaded fixture is well above the upper frequency of the test.
3.2
fixing point
part of the specimen in contact with the fixture or the table of the shock-testing machine at a point where the specimen is normally fastened in service
Note: If a part of the real mounting structure is used as the fixture, the fixing points are taken as those of the mounting structure and not of the specimen.
3.3
gn
standard acceleration due to the earth's gravity, which itself varies with altitude and geographical latitude
Note: For the purposes of this standard, the value of gn is rounded up to the nearest unity, which is 10 m/s2.
3.4
repetition rate
number of shocks per second
3.5
shock severity
combination of the peak acceleration, the duration of the nominal pulse and the number of shocks
3.6
velocity change
absolute value of the sudden change of velocity resulting from the application of the specified acceleration
Note: The change of velocity is normally considered sudden if it takes place in a time that is short compared with the fundamental period of the test specimen.
4 Description of test apparatus
4.1 Required characteristics
When the shock-testing machine with or without fixture is loaded with the specimen, the waveform measured at the check point(s) shall consist of a pulse approximating to one of the nominal acceleration against time curves given by the broken lines in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
4.1.1 Basic pulse shapes
Three types of pulse, namely the half-sine pulse, the final-peak saw-tooth pulse and the trapezoidal pulse, are included in this standard. The choice of pulse shape depends on a number of factors, and the difficulties inherent in making such a choice preclude a preferred order being given in this standard (see Clause A.3).
The specified basic pulse shapes are given below (see Clause A.3):
——half-sine: one half-cycle of a sine wave, as shown in Figure 1;
——final-peak saw-tooth: asymmetrical triangle with short fall time, as shown in Figure 2;
——trapezoidal: symmetrical trapezoid with short rise and fall times, as shown in Figure 3.
The true value of the actual pulse shall be within the limits of tolerance shown by the solid lines in the relevant figure.
Note: Where it is not practicable to achieve a pulse shape falling within the specified tolerance, the relevant specification should state the alternative procedure to be applied (see Sub-clause A.5).
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Description of test apparatus
4.1 Required characteristics
4.2 Measuring system
4.3 Mounting
5 Severities
6 Preconditioning
7 Initial measurements and functional performance test
8 Testing
9 Recovery
10 Final measurements
11 lnformation to be given in the relevant specification
12 lnformation to be given in the test report
Annex A (Normative) Selection and application of pulse shapes - Guidance
Annex B (Informative) Shock response spectra and other characteristics of pulse shapes
Annex C (Informative) Comparison between impact tests
Bibliography
环境试验 第2部分:试验方法
试验Ea和导则:冲击
1范围
GB/T 2423的本部分提供了确定样品经受规定严酷度的非重复或重复冲击能力的标准程序。
本试验的目的是用来暴露机械薄弱环节和/或性能下降和冲击引起的累计损伤和退化情况,并且利用这些资料,结合有关规范,来决定样品是否可以接收。在某些情况下,本冲击试验也可以用来确定样品的结构完好性,或作为质量控制的手段(见A.2)。
本试验主要针对不带包装样品,以及在运输条件下其包装可看作产品本身一部分的样品。如果不带包装物品进行试验,将之归于受试样品。然而,如果物品是有包装的,就将产品及其包装视作为一个受试样品。GB/T 2423.43—2008有关于包装产品接受试验的介绍。
本部分是针对脉冲波形来编写的,附录A给出了选择和使用这些脉冲波形的导则,附录B讨论了各种不同波形的特性。
如有可能,施加于样品的试验严酷等级和冲击脉冲波形尽可能模拟样品将要经受到的实际运输或工作环境的效果;而试验的目的是为了评价结构完整性,是否符合设计要求(见A.2和A.4)。
在试验期间,样品总是直接或通过夹具固定到冲击试验机台面上。
注:本部分均使用“冲击试验机”这一术语,并不排除产生脉冲波形的其他方法。
在适用的情况下,技术委员会的职责之一是在编写出版物时使用基本安全出版物。
2规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件,仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T 2423.43—2008电工电子产品环境试验 第2部分:试验方法 振动、冲击和类似动力学试验样品的安装(IEC 60068-2-47:2005,IDT)
IEC 60068-1环境试验 第1部分:概述和指南(Environmental testing—Part 1:General and guidance)
IEC 60068-2-55环境试验 第2-55部分:试验Ee和导则:弹跳(Environmental testing—Part 2-55:Tests—Test Ee and guidance:Bounce)
IEC 60721-3-1 环境分类条件 第3部分:环境分类参数及其严酷度 第1节:贮存(Classification of environmental conditions—Part 3:Classification of groups of environmental parame-ters and their severities—Section 1:Storage)
IEC 60721-3-5环境分类条件 第3部分:环境分类参数及其严酷度 第5节:地面车辆使用(Classification of environmental conditions—Part 3:Classification of groups of environmental parame-ters and their severities—Section 5:Ground vehicle installations)
Guide 104安全出版物、基本安全出版物和系列安全出版物的编写(The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications and group safety publications)
3术语和定义
下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
注:所用术语大部分在ISO 2041[1]1)或IEC 60068-1中定义。以下附加术语和定义也适用于本部分。
1)方括号中的数字指的是参考文献。
3.1
检查点check point
固定点中的某个,而且在任何情况下都要和固定点刚性连接。
注1:试验的要求是通过若干检查点来保证的。
注2:如果存在4个以上的固定点,则有关规范宜规定4个具有代表性的固定点作检查点用。
注3:在特殊情况下,例如对大型或复杂的样品,如果要求检查点不紧靠固定点,则在有关规范中规定。
注4:当大量的小样品安装在一个夹具上时,或当一个小样品具有许多固定点时,可选用单个检查点(即参考点)来导出控制信号。该信号反映的是夹具的特性而不是样品固定点的。这仅当夹具装上样品等负载后的最低共振频率比试验频率的上限高很多时才是可行的。
3.2
固定点fixing point
样品与夹具或冲击试验台台面相连接的部分,通常是固定样品的地方。
注:如果将样品的实际安装结构作为夹具,固定点在安装结构上而不在样品上。
3.3
gn
由地球引力产生的标准加速度,随海拔高度和地理纬度而变化。
注:本部分为了便于使用,将gn值圆整到10 m/s2的整数值。
3.4
重复速率repetition rate
每秒的冲击次数。
3.5
冲击严酷度等级shock severity
冲击试验的严酷度等级包括峰值加速度、标称脉冲持续时间和冲击次数。
3.6
速度变化量velocity change
要施加规定的加速度而产生的速度突然变化的绝对值。
注:如果速度变化发生在比所涉及的激励脉冲的基本周期短的时间内,则通常认为是突然变化。
4试验设备描述
4.1特性要求
当冲击试验台用夹具或不用夹具装上样品时,在检查点上所施加的冲击脉冲应为近似于图1、图2和图3中虚线所示的加速度对时间的曲线之一。
4.1.1基本脉冲波形
本部分包括半正弦波、后峰锯齿波和梯形波三种类型的波形。波形的选择取决于若干因素,本部分给出了选用波形的优先顺序(见A.3)。
规定的基本脉冲波形如下(见A.3);
——半正弦波:正弦波的半个周期,如图1所示;
——后峰锯齿波:具有短的下降时间的不对称三角形,如图2所示;
——梯形波:具有短的上升和下降时间的对称梯形,如图3所示。
实际脉冲应在有关图中用实线所表示的容差限内。
注:当不能获得落在规定容差范围内的脉冲波形时,有关规范宜规定另一种可采用的方法(见A.5)。
积分时间
图1 半正弦波的波形和容差范围
说明(图1~图3适用):
---:标称脉冲线;
——:容差范围线;
D:标称脉冲的持续时间;
A:标称脉冲的峰值加速度;
T1:用传统冲击试验台产生冲击时,对脉冲监测的最短时间;
T2:用电动振动试验台产生冲击时,对脉冲监测的最短时间。
积分时间
图2后峰锯齿波的波形和容差范围
积分时间
图3梯形波的波形和容差范围
4.1.2重复速率
重复速率应保证两次冲击之间样品内部的相对运动基本上为零,且在检查点的加速度值应在图1所示的容差内(见A.7)。
注:重复速率的评估公式见A.7。
4.1.3速度变化容差
对所有脉冲波形,实际的速度变化量应在其相应的标称脉冲值的±15%之内。
当速度变化是用实际脉冲的积分来确定时,应从脉冲前的0.4D积分到脉冲后的0.1D,D是标称脉冲的持续时间。
注:如果由于没有精确的积分装置而不能获得速度变化容差时,有关规范宜规定另一种可采用的方法(见A.5和A.6)。
4.1.4横向运动
当采用4.2的方法时,在检查点上垂直于预定冲击方向的正的或负的峰值加速度不应超过预定方向上标称脉冲峰值加速度的30%。
注:如果达不到横向运动的误差要求时,有关规范宜规定另一种可采用的方法(见A.5)。
4.2测量系统
测量系统的特性应能保证在检查点的预定方向上测量到实际脉冲在图1、图2和图3要求的容差范围内。图4的要求适用于控制信号测量系统未用低通滤波器的频率响应。当采用了低通滤波器,滤波器特性的截止频率fg(-3 dB点)不低于:
式中:
fg——低通滤波器的截止频率,单位为千赫(kHz);
D——脉冲持续时间,单位为毫秒(ms)。
对测量准确度能产生重要的影响,包括加速度计在内的整个测量系统的频率响应应在图4的容差内(见A.5)。
注:冲击的持续时间等于或小于0.5 ms,未必需要图4中f3和f4如此高的频率,因此,有关规范宜规定供选用的替代值。
脉冲持续时间
ms 低截止频率
Hz 高截止频率
kHz 响应可能上升+1 dB时的频率
kHz
f1 f2 f3 f4
0.2,0.3 20 120 20 40
0.5 10 50 15 30
1 4 20 10 20
2,3 2 10 5 10
6 1 4 2 4
11 0.5 2 1 2
16,18,30 0.2 1 1 2
图4测量系统的频率特性
4.3安装
样品应按IEC 60068-2-47的规定安装在冲击试验机台面或通过夹具装在台面上。
5严酷度
有关规范应同时给出脉冲波形和冲击严酷度等级。有关规范应规定,冲击适用于所有3条轴线的正和负两个方向。当关注试验的姿态时应考虑重力的影响。除非真实使用条件已知或另有规定,应选用4.1.1中给出的一种波形和表1中对应的严酷度等级。粗体是优选组合。相应的速度变化电在表1中给出。
每个方向的冲击次数可以从下列数值中选取。
3±0
100±5
500±5
1 000±10
5 000±10
注:如果此处的严酷度等级不能模拟已知环境对样品的影响,有关规范可以选用图1、图2和图3所示的标准脉冲波形之一(见A.4)规定其他合适的试验严酷度等级。
表1 冲击试验的严酷度等级
峰值加速度
A 脉冲持续时间
D 半正弦Δv= AD×10-3
后峰锯齿Δv=0.5AD×10-3 梯形
Δv=0.9AD×10-3 备注
m/s2 gn ms m/s m/s m/s
a 优先选用为粗体字的脉冲波形。
b RTCA DO 160E/F推荐:“功能冲击”6gn,每个方向3次;“坠撞冲击”20gn,每个方向1次。
c 优先用于重复冲击。
d 这些冲击也许不能按本部分的严格要求完全实现。
6预处理
有关规范可以提出预处理要求。
7初始检查和功能检测
应按有关规范的固定,对样品进行外观、尺寸和功能检测。
8试验
应在样品三个正交轴的每个方向依次施加有关规范规定次数的冲击。当多个相同样品受试时,可以适当地排列样品,以便同时沿3个轴向上冲击(见A.7)。
当安装或运输时,样品的姿态已知,由于冲击在某个轴的某个方向是最敏感的,有关规范应规定在该轴线、方向和姿态上施加冲击的次数。否则应在三个轴的两个方向上试验。例如,通常最大的冲击加速度是沿垂直方向。当运输时的姿态已知,冲击应在垂直轴向上的方向。当姿态未知,有关规范应规定每轴应进行冲击的次数(见A.7)。
有关规范应规定样品在试验中是否工作和是否进行功能监测。
9恢复
有时有必要在试验后和最终检测前提供一段时间使样品达到与初始检测相同的条件,例如温度。有关规范应规定恢复的条件。
10最终检测
对样品应进行外观、尺寸、功能和有关规范规定的其他检查。
有关规范应给出样品接收或拒收的判据。
11 有关规范应给出的信息
当有关规范采用本试验时,只要适用,规范的编写者应提供下列资料。要特别注意有星号(*)标记的项目,因为该项资料是必需的:
章条号
a)脉冲波形* 4.1.1、A.3
b)容差 4.1.1、A.5
c)速度变化 4.1.3、A.6
d)横向运动 4.1.4
e)激励轴、试验姿态和试验轴* 第8章
f)安装方法* 4.3
g)严酷度等级* 第5章、A.4
h)冲击方向和冲击次数* 第5章、第8章
i)预处理 第6章
j)初始检查和功能检测 第7章
k)功能检测 第7章
l)工作方式和功能监测 第8章
m)恢复 第9章
n)接收和拒收的判据* 第10章
o)最终检测 第10章
12试验报告应给出的信息
试验报告至少应给出如下信息:
a)客户(名称和地址);
b)试验室(名称和地址);
c)试验报告(签发日期、唯一识别号);
d)试验日期;
e)试验目的(研发试验、验证试验等);
f)试验标准,版本(有关试验的程序);
g)样品描述(唯一标识号、图片、照片、数量、样品首次检验的评价,等等);
h)样品的安装(夹具特性、图片、照片、激励轴线);
i)激励轴线(试验姿态和激励轴线);
j)试验设备的性能(横向运动等);
k)测量系统,传感器位置(描述、图片、照片等);
l)测量系统不确定度(校准数据、上次日期和下次日期);
m)初始、中间或最终测量;
n)要求严酷等级(来自试验规范);
o)试验严酷等级及文件(来自检查点);
p)试验结论(样品情况的评价);
q)试验情况记录;
r)试验摘要;
s)试验负责人(姓名和签名);
t)发送(报告分送清单)。
注:测试记录中宜编写测试日志,例如,带有测试参数的测试运行的时间顺序列表,测试期间的观察和采取的操作,以及测量的数据表。测试日志可以附加到测试报告中。