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1 Scope This standard specifies basic safety requirements for large-scale amusement device (hereinafter referred to as amusement device), including general provisions, materials and fasteners, design, manufacture and installation as well as use management and maintenance. It is applicable to large-scale amusement device. It is not applicable to competitive sports facilities and fitness facilities. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 699 Quality Carbon Structural Steels GB/T 709-2006 Dimension, Shape, Weight and Tolerances for Hot-rolled Steel Plates and Sheets GB/T 715 Hot-rolled Round Carbon Steel Bars for Standard Parts GB/T 983 Stainless Steel Covered Electrodes GB/T 985.1 Recommended Joint Preparation for Gas Welding, Manual Metal Arc Welding, Gas-shield Arc Welding and Beam Welding GB/T 985.2 Recommended Joint Preparation for Submerged Arc Welding GB/T 1173 Casting Aluminium Alloys GB/T 1176 Casting Copper and Copper Alloys GB/T 1231 Specifications of High Strength Bolts with Large Hexagon Head, Large Hexagon Nuts, Plain Washers for Steel Structures GB/T 1243 Short-pitch Transmission Precision Roller and Bush Chains, Attachments and Associated Chain Sprockets GB/T 1527 Drawn Tube of Copper and Copper Alloys GB/T 2040 Copper and Copper Alloy Sheet GB/T 2059 Copper and Copper Alloy Strip GB 2894 Safety Signs and Guideline for the Use GB/T 3077 Alloy Structure Steels GB 3096 Environmental Quality Standards for Noise GB/T 3098 (All Parts) Mechanical Properties of Fasteners GB/T 3190 Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy - Chemical Composition GB/T 3191 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys Extruded Bars, Rods GB/T 3621 Titanium and Titanium Alloy Plate and Sheet GB/T 3624 Titanium and Titanium Alloy Seamless Tubes GB/T 3766 Hydraulic Fluid Power - General Rules and Safety Requirements for Systems and Their Components GB/T 3811-2008 Design Rules for Cranes GB/T 3880 (All Parts) Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Plates, Sheets and Strips for General Engineering GB/T 4423 Copper and Copper-alloy Cold-drawn Rod and Bar GB 4706.1-2005 Household and Similar Electrical Appliances - Safety - Part 1: General Requirements GB/T 4842 Argon GB/T 5117 Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding of Non-alloy and Fine Grain Steels GB/T 5118 Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding of Creep-resisting Steels GB 5226.1-2008 Electrical Safety of Machinery - Electrical Equipment of Machines - Part 1: General Requirements GB/T 5293 Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding GB/T 5313 Steel Plate with Through-thickness Characteristics GB 5725 Safety Nets GB/Z 6829 General Requirements for Residual Current Operated Protective Devices GB/T 6892 Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys Extruded Profiles for General Engineering GB/T 6893 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Cold Drawn (Rolled)Seamless Tubes GB/T 7134 Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Cast Sheets GB/T 8110 Welding Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielding Arc Welding of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel GB/T 8918 Steel Wire Ropes for Important Purposes GB/T 9438 Aluminium Alloy Castings GB/T 10045 Carbon Steel Flux Cored Electrodes for Arc Welding GB/T 12470 Low-alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding GB/T 13384 General Specifications for Packing of Mechanical and Electrical Product GB 13495.1-2015 Fire Safety Signs - Part 1: Signs GB/T 13808 Extruded Rod and Bar of Copper and Copper Alloys GB/T 13955 Installation and Operation of Residual Current Operated Protective Devices GB/T 14957 Steel Wires for Melt Welding GB/T 15115 Die Casting Aluminum Alloys GB 15763 (All Parts) Safety Glazing Materials in Building GB/T 17493 Low Alloy Steel Flux Cored Electrodes for Arc Welding GB/T 19418 Arc-welded Joints in Steel - Guidance on Quality Levels for Imperfections GB/T 20306 Amusement Devices Terminology GB/T 34370.1 Nondestructive Testing of Amusement Equipment - Part 1: General Requirement GB/T 34370.2 Nondestructive Testing of Amusement Equipment - Part 2: Visual Examination GB/T 34370.3 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 3: Magnetic Particle Testing GB/T 34370.4 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 4: Penetrant Testing GB/T 34370.5 Nondestructive Testing of Amusement Equipment - Part 5: Ultrasonic Testing GB/T 34370.6 Nondestructive Testing of Amusement Equipment - Part 6: Radiographic Testing GB 50005 Code for Design of Timber Structures GB 50007 Code for Design of Building Foundation GB 50009 Load Code for the Design of Building Structures GB 50010 Code for Design of Concrete Structures GB 50011 Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB 50017 Code for Design of Steel Structures GB 50057 Design Code for Protection of Structures against Lightning GB/T 50065 Code for Design of AC Electrical Installations Earthing GB 50135 Code for Design of High-rising Structures GB 50169 Code for Construction and Acceptance of Grounding Connection Electric Equipment Installation Engineering GB 50202 Code for Acceptance of Construction Quality of Building Foundation GB 50204. Code for Acceptance of Constructional Quality of Concrete Structures GB 50206 Code for Acceptance of Construction Quality of Timber Structures GB 50231-2009 General Code for Construction and Acceptance of Mechanical Equipment Installation Engineering GB 50545 Code for Design of 110kV~750kV Overhead Transmission Line GB 50661-2011 Code for Welding of Steel Structures JB/T 3223 Welding Material Quality Management Specifications JB/T 5000.12 Heavy Mechanical General Techniques and Standards - Part 12: Paint NB/T 47014 Welding Procedure Qualification for Pressure Equipment NB/T 47015-2011 Welding Specification for Pressure Vessels TSG Z6002 Examination Rules for Welding Operators of Special Equipment 3 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 20306 apply. 4 General Provisions 4.1 Basic Requirements 4.1.1 The design, manufacture, installation and usage of amusement devices shall ensure the personnel safety. 4.1.2 All those requirements not mentioned in this standard shall be in accordance with the national relevant laws and regulations as well as safety technical regulations and standards. 4.1.3 Product nameplate of amusement device shall be arranged at prominent position, and the content shall at least include manufacturer name and manufacturing site, manufacturing license No., equipment model, product No., manufacturing date and main technical parameters. 4.1.4 Entities engaged in manufacturing, installation, modification and repairing of amusement device shall obtain legal permission before carrying out corresponding activities and be held responsible for their manufacturing, installation, modification and repair quality. Amusement device operator must be responsible for the use safety of amusement devices. 4.1.5 When new process, new method, new material or new amusement device which are not listed in or not in the specified scope of this standard are adopted, design or manufacturer shall prepare enterprise standard, which shall not be applied until passing the review by experts organized by National Technical Committee on Ropeway and Entertainment Facilities of Standardization Administration of China, to which relevant technical data is applied and submitted. 4.2 Risk Evaluation 4.2.1 Risk evaluation for amusement device is carried out to identify its hazardous source, reduce the risk and ensure the safe operation of amusement device. Risk evaluation shall be carried out at design stage and it is encouraged to do so continuously at application stage. 4.2.2 The risk evaluation includes determination of evaluation object and factor, information collection, hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control. 4.2.3 For evaluation object and factor, things such as feature, performance, intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse of amusement device shall be made definite with consideration of device factor, person factor, environmental factor and the like in full life cycle of amusement device at all stages. 4.2.4 The hazard identification of amusement device shall be combined with the specific structure and characteristics of the device, as well as typical hazardous source, damage, fault and failure mode, so as to identify possible relevant hazards at stages such as manufacture, installation, maintenance and repair. 4.2.5 Based on the damage severity and occurrence probability of each hazard, risk assessment, risk evaluation and rating are carried out. 4.2.6 If it is necessary to reduce the risk according to risk evaluation, risk control measures shall be taken and reevaluation shall be carried out to make the risk in controllable state. 5 Materials and Fasteners 5.1 Commonly-used Steels 5.1.1 The steel adopted for amusement device shall meet the requirements of corresponding current standard of the nation and its chemical composition, mechanical property, heat treatment property, welding property and the like shall meet the requirements under operating conditions. Standards of commonly-used steels are detailed in Annex A. 5.1.2 For the structural members of amusement device, rimmed steels shall not be used and Grade A steels should not be adopted. 5.1.3 The impact toughness of steel shall meet the following requirements: a) welded structural steel directly bearing the impact load shall be provided with qualification certificate of normal-temperature impact toughness. Where the operating and service environment temperature is higher than -20℃ but not higher than 0℃, Q235 and Q345 steels shall be provided with qualification certificate of 0℃ impact toughness, Q390 and Q420 steels shall be provided with qualification certificate of -20℃ impact toughness; where the operating and service environment temperature is not higher than -20℃, Q235 and Q345 steels shall be provided with qualification certificate of -20℃ impact toughness, Q390 and Q420 steels shall be provided with qualification certificate of -40℃ impact toughness; b) non-welded structure steel directly bearing the impact load shall also be provided with qualification certificate of normal-temperature impact toughness. Where the operating and service environment temperature is not higher than -20℃, Q235 and Q345 steels shall be provided with qualification certificate of 0℃ impact toughness, Q390 and Q420 steels shall be provided with qualification certificate of -20℃ impact toughness. 5.1.4 When steel plate with through-thickness characteristics (Z-direction steel) and with thickness not less than 40mm is adopted for the welded bearing structure to prevent the lamellar tearing, material certification complying with the requirements of GB/T 5313 shall be provided and the reduction of area along through-thickness direction is not less than Grade Z15 permissible limit or qualification report for Z-direction property testing shall be provided. 5.2 Commonly-used Non-ferrous Metal 5.2.1 Basic requirements The material, chemical composition, mechanical property and dimensional tolerances of non-ferrous metal shall meet the requirements of national standards. The abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and lubricating property of non-ferrous metal shall meet the usage requirements under operating conditions. 5.2.2 Aluminium and aluminium alloy 5.2.2.1 Chemical compositions of aluminium and aluminium alloy shall meet the requirements of GB/T 3190 and the mechanical properties of processed product shall meet the requirements of GB/T 3191, GB/T 3880 (all parts), GB/T 6892 and GB/T 6893. 5.2.2.2 The chemical composition and mechanical property of casting aluminium alloy shall meet the requirements of GB/T 1173. The chemical composition and mechanical property of die casting aluminium alloy shall meet the requirements of GB/T 15115. Aluminium alloy castings shall meet the requirements of GB/T 9438. 5.2.3 Titanium and titanium alloy sheet The mechanical property of titanium and titanium alloy sheet shall meet the requirements of GB/T 3621, and that of titanium and titanium alloy tubes shall meet the requirements of GB/T 3624. 5.2.4 Copper and copper alloy 5.2.4.1 The chemical composition and mechanical property of copper and copper alloy sheet shall meet the requirements of GB/T 2040 and GB/T 2059; those of tubes shall meet the requirements of GB/T 1527. The mechanical property of bars shall meet the requirements of GB/T 4423 and GB/T 13808. 5.2.4.2 The chemical composition and mechanical property of casting copper alloy shall meet the requirements of GB/T 1176. 5.3 Nonmetallic Material 5.3.1 Basic requirements The selected nonmetallic material shall meet the requirements of relevant national standard and its mechanical property, aging resistance, environmental performance, inflammability and the like shall meet usage requirements under operating conditions. 5.3.2 Timber Dry timber with less natural defect, good strength, and not liable to crack shall be selected as the wood material of major loaded member. Wood materials used in important parts shall be subjected to flame-retardant and anti-corrosion treatment, if necessary. The design of timber structure shall meet the requirements of GB 50005 and the construction quality shall meet the requirements of GB 50206. 5.3.3 Engineering plastics 5.3.3.1 Engineering plastics for structures shall meet the requirements of relevant national standards and their strength, impact resistance, heat resistance, hardness and aging resistance shall meet the requirements of practical operating conditions. 5.3.3.2 Where nylon materials are adopted for driving wheel and supporting wheel, their mechanical property shall meet the requirements of Table B.1 in Annex B. 5.3.4 Rubber When rubber is adopted for driving wheel and supporting wheel, its property shall meet the requirements of relevant national standard. The mechanical property shall meet those specified in Table B.2; when rubber pneumatic wheel is adopted, after considering the influence of temperature, inflation pressure shall be within the specified pressure range of the product. 5.3.5 Polyurethane When polyurethane is adopted, its property shall meet the requirements of relevant national standard, and the mechanical property shall meet those specified in Table B.3. 5.3.6 Glass 5.3.6.1 Unbreakable materials including poly (methyl methacrylate) and safety glass (inorganic glass) shall be adopted as the door/window glass. 5.3.6.2 Poly (methyl methacrylate) sheet shall meet the requirements of GB/T 7134 and its mechanical property shall meet those specified in Table B.4. 5.3.6.3 Safety glass shall meet the requirements of GB 15763 (all parts). 5.3.7 Glass reinforced plastic parts 5.3.7.1 Resin used for fabricating glass reinforced plastic parts shall be good in water resistance and ageing resistance. As for glass fiber, alkali-free glass fiber with favorable wettability on the surface shall be adopted. 5.3.7.2 The glass reinforced plastic parts shall meet the following requirements: a) defects like poor dipping, poor solidification, bubbles, cut surface layering, non-uniform thickness are not allowed; b) the surface shall be free from such defects as crack, damage, obvious mending trace, exposed cloth mark, wrinkle, unevenness and inconsistent color, and transition at corner shall be round, smooth and free from burrs; c) the glass reinforced plastic parts shall be provided with sufficient strength when they are directly connected with the stressed parts, otherwise, metal parts complying with strength requirements shall be embedded; d) the mechanical property of glass reinforced plastic parts shall meet those specified in Table B.5. 5.4 Fasteners 5.4.1 Fasteners shall meet the requirements of GB/T 3098 (all parts) and relevant national standard. 5.4.2 Pre-tightening force and tightening torque of Grade 6.8, Grade 8.8 and Grade 10.9 bolts shall be calculated according to the design requirements, the maximum value shall not exceed the requirements of Table C.1 in Annex C. 5.4.3 Hexagon head bolt with large head, large hexagon nut and washer for steel structure should be adopted for the bolted connection of critical steel structure and their technical specifications shall meet the requirements of GB/T 1231. High-strength bolt for steel structure that bears impact load should not bear shear force directly. Maximum permissible pre-tightening force of bolt shall not exceed those specified in Table C.2. 5.4.4 High-strength bolt for grid frame should be adopted for the bolted connection of grid structure and its material property shall meet the requirements of national standard. 5.4.5 Rivets shall be made of BL2 or BL3 steel specified in GB/T 715. 5.4.6 The pre-tightening force and tightening torque of high-strength bolt are calculated according to the following formula: T=kFd/1 000 Where, T——the tightening torque, N·m; k——the tightening torque coefficient, which shall be in accordance with those specified in Table C.3; F—— the pre-tightening force, N; d——the nominal diameter of thread, mm. 6 Design 6.1 Basic Design Provisions 6.1.1 Basic requirements 6.1.1.1 The design of amusement device shall be provided with design instructions, calculation sheet, use and maintenance instructions, as well as the complete set of drawings, risk evaluation report and design verification outline as specified in national relevant standards, which shall be kept at least until the amusement device is discarded. 6.1.1.2 For the design of amusement devices and their auxiliary facilities, correct calculation and reasonable structure shall be provided to ensure the safety of passengers. Where accurate calculation is unavailable, the experiment may be carried out for confirmation and verification. 6.1.1.3 The operator or design client shall provide data on local meteorology, power supply, earthquake and geology in formal written forms to the designer and manufacturer. 6.1.1.4 For the selection of materials, such factors as structure importance, characteristics of load, structure form, stress state, manufacturing process, connection method and operating environment shall be taken into comprehensive consideration. 6.1.1.5 The mechanical properties, heat treatment properties and welding properties of the metallic materials used for critical machinery parts all shall meet the requirements of operating condition. 6.1.1.6 For amusement device, its designed service lives for complete device and key components shall be specified, and the designed calculating life of the complete device shall not be less than 35 000h, including the time for getting on or off. 6.1.1.7 Simplified Chinese shall be adopted for use and maintenance instructions, and simplified Chinese version shall prevail if there are multiple language versions, including the following contents at least. a) device overview and structure introduction; b) technical property and parameter as well as operating conditions; c) operation specifications and precautions; d) passenger notice; e) preservation and maintenance instruction; f) common failures and their removal methods; g) the designed service life of complete device and main component; h) requirements for management, operation maintenance and service personnel and the like; i) list of vulnerable parts, discard requirements and recommended replacement cycles; j) passenger evacuation measures and methods under abnormal condition; k) safety requirements, such as limited number of passengers, height, age range, settled physiology and guardianship of adult for Children's riding; l) inspection items and requirements for daily inspection, weekly inspection, monthly inspection (including quarterly inspection and half-a-year inspection) and annual inspection (including many-year inspection), corresponding inspection, detection (including nondestructive testing) and test method as well as proportion of inspection and detection and the like; m) as for portable amusement devices, installation and debugging methods, site requirements and the like shall be provided; n) general assembly drawing, electrical schematic diagram, hydropneumatic schematic diagram of amusement device, schematic diagram of mechanical components used for guiding inspection and detection during maintenance, schematic diagram of critical welds and pins required to subject to nondestructive testing; o) manufacturer name, detailed postal address, service or supervision hotline, email and website, etc. Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative References 3 Terms and Definitions 4 General Provisions 4.1 Basic Requirements 4.2 Risk Evaluation 5 Materials and Fasteners 5.1 Commonly-used Steels 5.2 Commonly-used Non-ferrous Metal 5.3 Nonmetallic Material 5.4 Fasteners 6 Design 6.1 Basic Design Provisions 6.2 Design Calculation 6.3 Speed and Acceleration 6.4 Welding Design 6.5 Structure Design 6.6 Driving System 6.7 Electrical and Control System 6.8 Carrying System 6.9 Safety Protective Devices and Measures 7 Manufacture and Installation 7.1 Basic Requirements 7.2 Welding 7.3 Heat Treatment 7.4 Assembly 7.5 In-plant Testing 7.6 Painting 7.7 Packaging and Transportation 7.8 Equipment Foundation and Ancillary Facilities 7.9 Field Installation 7.10 Site Debugging and Test Run 7.11 Nondestructive Testing 7.12 Inspection 8 Use Management and Maintenance 8.1 Safe Running Management System and Responsibility of Amusement Park 8.2 Requirements for Passengers 8.3 Operation Behavior 8.4 Emergency Rescue 8.5 Maintenance, Repair and Modification 8.6 Regular Inspection According to Law Annex A (Informative) Catalogue of National and Professional Standards for Commonly-used Steels Annex B (Normative) Requirements for Mechanical Property of Nonmetallic Material Annex C (Normative) Requirements for Property Grade of Commonly-used Bolt and Nut Annex D (Informative) Load Combination Example Annex E (Informative) Limit State Design Method Annex F (Informative) Type of Welded Joints 大型游乐设施安全规范 1 范围 本标准规定了大型游乐设施(以下简称游乐设施)的总则、材料和紧固件、设计、制造与安装、使用管理与维护保养的基本安全要求。 本标准适用于大型游乐设施。 本标准不适用于竞技体育设施和健身设施。 2规范性引用文件 下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件,仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 GB/T 699优质碳素结构钢 GB/T 709—2006 热轧钢板和钢带的尺寸、外形、重量及允许偏差 GB/T 715标准件用碳素钢热轧圆钢 GB/T 983不锈钢焊条 GB/T 985.1 气焊、焊条电弧焊、气体保护焊和高能束焊的推荐坡口 GB/T 985.2埋弧焊的推荐坡口 GB/T 1173铸造铝合金 GB/T 1176 铸造铜及铜合金 GB/T 1231 钢结构用高强度大六角头螺栓、大六角螺母、垫圈技术条件 GB/T 1243传动用短节距精密滚子链、套筒链、附件和链轮 GB/T 1527铜及铜合金拉制管 GB/T 2040 铜及铜合金板材 GB/T 2059铜及铜合金带材 GB 2894安全标志及其使用导则 GB/T 3077合金结构钢 GB 3096声环境质量标准 GB/T 3098(所有部分)紧固件机械性能 GB/T 3190 变形铝及铝合金化学成分 GB/T 3191铝及铝合金挤压棒材 OB/T 362 1钛及钛合金板材 GB/T 3624钛及钛合金无缝管 GB/T 3766 液压传动 系统及其元件的通用规则和安全要求 GB/T 3811—2008 起重机设计规范 GB/T 3880(所有部分)一般工业用铝及铝合金板、带材 GB/T 4423铜及铜合金拉制棒 GB 4706.1—2005家用和类似用途电器的安全 第1部分:通用要求 GB/T 4842 氩 GB/T 5117非合金钢及细晶粒钢焊条 GB/T 5118 热强钢焊条 GB 5226.1—2008机械电气安全 机械电气设备 第1部分:通用技术条件 GB/T 5293埋弧焊用碳钢焊丝和焊剂 GB/T 5313厚度方向性能钢板 GB 5725安全网 GB/Z 6829 剩余电流动作保护电器的一般要求 GB/T 6892一般工业用铝及铝合金挤压型材 GB/T 6893 铝及铝合金拉(轧)制无缝管 GB/T 7134浇铸型工业有机玻璃板材 GB/T 8110 气体保护电弧焊用碳钢、低合金钢焊丝 GB/T 8918重要用途钢丝绳 GB/T 9438铝合金铸件 GB/T 10045 碳钢药芯焊丝 GB/T 12470埋弧焊用低合金钢焊丝和焊剂 GB/T 13384机电产品包装通用技术条件 GB 13495.1—2015 消防安全标志 第1部分:标志 GB/T 13808 铜及铜合金挤制棒 GB/T 13955 剩余电流动作保护装置安装和运行 GB/T 14957熔化焊用钢丝 GB/T 15115 压铸铝合金 GB 15763(所有部分)建筑用安全玻璃 GB/T 17493低合金钢药芯焊丝 GB/T 19418钢的弧焊接头 缺陷质量分级指南 GB/T 20306 游乐设施术语 GB/T 34370.1游乐设施 无损检测 第1部分:总则 GB/T 34370.2 游乐设施 无损检测 第2部分:目视检测 GB/T 34370.3游乐设施 无损检测 第3部分:磁粉检测 GB/T 34370.4 游乐设施 无损检测 第4部分:渗透检测 GB/T 34370.5 游乐设施 无损检测 第5部分:超声检测 GB/T 34370.6 游乐设施 无损检测 第6部分:射线检测 GB 50005 木结构设计规范 GB 50007建筑地基基础设计规范 GB 50009建筑结构荷载规范 GB 50010混凝土结构设计规范 GB 50011建筑抗震设计规范 GB 50017钢结构设计规范 GB 50057 建筑物防雷设计规范 GB/T 50065 交流电气装置的接地设计规范 GB 50135高耸结构设计规范 GB 50169 电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范 GB 50202 建筑地基基础工程施工质量验收规范 GB 50204.混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范 GB 50206 木结构工程施工质量验收规范 GB 50231—2009 机械设备安装工程施工及验收通用规范 GB 50545 110 kV~750 kV架空输电线路设计规范 GB 50661—2011 铜结构焊接规范 JB/T 3223焊接材料质量管理规程 JB/T 5000.12 重型机械通用技术条件 第12部分:涂装 NB/T 47014承压设备焊接工艺评定 NB/T 47015—2011 压力容器焊接规程 TSG Z6002 特种设备焊接操作人员考核细则 3术语和定义 GB/T 20306界定的术语和定义适用于本文件。 4 总则 4.1 基本要求 4.1.1游乐设施的设计、制造、安装、使用应保证人身安全。 4.1.2本标准未提到的其他要求,均应按国家有关法律法规、安全技术规范和标准的规定执行。 4.1.3游乐设施应在显著位置处设置产品铭牌,产品铭牌内容至少包括制造单位名称与制造地址、制造许可证号、设备型号、产品编号、制造日期、主要技术参数。 4.1.4游乐设施制造、安装、改造、修理单位应当依法取得许可后方可从事相应的活动,并对其制造、安装、改造、修理质量负责。游乐设施运营使用单位对游乐设施的使用安全负责。 4.1.5 当采用未列入或超出本标准规定范围的新工艺、新方法、新材料和新游乐设施时,设计或制造单位应制定企业标准,向全国索道与游乐设施标准化技术委员会提出申请并提交有关技术资料,经全国索道与游乐设施标准化技术委员会组织专家评审通过后方可执行。 4.2风险评价 4.2.1 对游乐设施进行风险评价的目的是识别其危险源,降低风险,保障游乐设施的安全运营。设计阶段应进行风险评价,鼓励使用阶段持续进行风险评价。 4.2.2风险评价的内容包括评价对象和因素的确定、信息收集、危险识别、风险评估、风险控制。 4.2.3评价对象和因素应明确游乐设施的特性、性能以及预期的使用和可合理预见的误使用等,并考虑游乐设施全生命周期所有阶段的设备因素、人员因素、环境因素等。 4.2.4游乐设施的危险识别应结合该设施具体的结构和特点,以及典型危险源、损伤、故障和失效模式,识别在制造、安装、使用、维护保养、修理等阶段可能产生的相关危险。 4.2.5 根据每个危险的伤害严重程度和伤害发生的概率进行风险评估,并进行风险评定及分级。 4.2.6 如风险评定结果需要减小风险,则应采取风险控制措施,并重新评价,使风险处于可控状态。 5材料和紧固件 5.1 常用钢材 5.1.1 游乐设施所采用的钢材应符合相应的国家现行标准的规定,其化学成分、力学性能、热处理性能、焊接性能等均应满足工况使用要求。常用钢材标准参见附录A。 5.1.2游乐设施结构件禁止使用沸腾钢,不宜采用A等级钢。 5.1.3 钢材冲击韧性应符合下列要求: a)直接承受冲击载荷的焊接结构钢材,应具有常温冲击韧性的合格证明文件。当运行使用环境温度不高于0℃但高于-20℃时:Q235钢和Q345钢应具有0℃冲击韧性的合格证明文件,Q390钢和Q420钢应具有-20℃冲击韧性的合格证明文件;当运行使用环境温度不高于-20℃时:Q235钢和Q345钢应具有-20℃冲击韧性的合格证明文件,Q390钢和Q420钢应具有-40℃冲击韧性的台格证明文件; b)直接承受冲击载荷的非焊接结构钢材,亦应具有常温冲击韧性的合格证明文件。当运行使用环境温度不高于-20℃时,Q235钢和Q345钢应具有0℃冲击韧性的合格证明文件,Q390钢和Q420钢应具有-20℃冲击韧性的合格证明文件。 5.1.4 当焊接承重结构为防止钢材的层状撕裂而采用板件厚度不小于40 mm的厚度方向性能钢板(Z向钢)时,应提供符合GB/T 5313规定的材质证明,其沿极厚方向断面收缩率不小于215级允许限值或提供Z向性能测试合格报告。 5.2家华标准市场 5.2.1 人中民共 有色金属的材料、化学成分、力学性能、尺寸公差应符合国家标准的规定。有色金属的耐磨性能、耐腐蚀性能、润滑性能均应满足工况使用要求。 5.2.2监督监管市 5.2.2.1 铝及铝合金的化学成分应符合GE/T 3190的规定,加工产品的力学性能应符合GB/T 3191、GB/T 3880(所有部分)、GB/T 6892、GB/T 6893的规定。 5.2.2.2铸造铝合金的化学成分及力学性能应符合GB/T 1173的规定。压铸铝合金的化学成分及力学性能应符合GB/T 15115的规定。铝合金铸件应符合GB/T 9438的规定。 5.2.3理督理管市总和 钛及钛合金板材力学性能应符合GB/T 3621的规定、钛及钛合金管材力学性能应符合GB/T 3624的规定。 5.2.4局督局管市 5.2.4.1 铜及铜合金板材的化学成分及力学性能应符合GB/T 2040、GB/T 2059的规定。管材的化学成分及力学性能应符合GB/T 1527的规定,棒材的力学性能应符合GB/T 6423、GB/T 13808的规定。 5.2.4.2铸造铜合金的化学成分及力学性能应符合GB/T 1176的规定。 5.3化市场和国 5.3.1人中民共 选用的非金属材料应符合相关国家标准的规定,其力学性能、抗老化性能、环保性能以及易燃性等应满足工况使用要求。 5.3.2 委和 主要的受力构件的木质材料应选用天然缺陷少、强度好、不易开裂、干燥的木材。用在重要部位的木质材料,必要时应进行阻燃及防腐处理。木结构的设计应符合GB 50005的规定,施工质量应符合GB 50206的规定。 5.3.3 工程塑料 5.3.3.1 结构用工程塑料应符合有关国家标准的规定,其强度、耐冲击性、耐热性、硬度及抗老化性应符合实际工况要求。 5.3.3.2驱动轮、支承轮采用尼龙材料时,其力学性能应符合附录B中表B.1的规定。 5.3.4橡胶 驱动轮、支承轮采用橡胶时,其性能应符合有关国家标准的规定。力学性能应符合表B.2的规定,采用橡胶充气轮时,充气压力应考虑温度的影响并符合该产品规定的压力值代替。 5.3.5 聚氨酯 采用聚氨酯轮时,其性能应符合有关国家标准的规定。力学性能应符合表B.3的规定。 5.3.6 玻璃 5.3.6.1 座舱的门窗玻璃应采用不易破碎的材料,包括有机玻璃和安全玻璃(无机玻璃)。 5.3.6.2 有机玻璃板材应符合GB/T 7134的规定,其力学性能应符合表B.4的规定。 5.3.6.3 安全玻璃应符合GB 15763(所有部分)的规定。 5.3.7玻璃钢件 5.3.7.1 用于制作玻璃钢件的树脂应有良好的耐水性和良好的抗老化性。玻璃纤维应采用无碱玻璃纤维,纤维表面须有良好的浸润性。 5.3.7.2玻璃钢制件应符合下列要求: a)不准许有浸渍不良、固化不良、气泡、切割而分层、厚度不均等缺陷; b)表面不准许有裂纹、破损、明显修补痕迹、布纹显露、皱纹、凸凹不平、色调不一致等缺陷,转角处过渡要圆滑,不得有毛刺; c)玻璃钢件与受力件直接连接时应有足够的强度,否则应预埋满足强度要求的金属件; d)玻璃钢件力学性能应符合表B.5的规定。 5.4 紧固件 5.4.1 紧固件应符合GB/T 3098(所有部分)及有关国家标准的规定。 5.4.2 6.8级、8.8级、10.9级螺栓预紧力和拧紧力矩应按照设计要求进行计算,最大不应超过附录C中表C.1的规定。 5.4.3 重要钢结构的螺栓连接宜选用钢结构用大六角螺栓、大六角螺母、垫圈,其技术条件应符合GB/T 1231的规定。承受冲击载荷的钢结构用高强度螺栓不宜直接承受剪力。螺栓最大允许预紧力不应超过表C.2的规定。 5.4.4 网架结构的螺栓连接宜选用网架用高强度螺栓,其材质性能应符合国家标准的规定。 5.4.5铆钉应采用GB/T 715中规定的BL2或BL3号钢制成。 5.4.6高强度螺栓预紧力与拧紧力矩换算公式如下: T=kFd/1 000 式中: T——拧紧力矩,单位为牛顿米(N·m); k——拧紧力矩系数,符合表C.3的规定; F——预常改,每距验牛顿(N); d——资纹闭给直径,每距验毫米(mm)。 6 设计 6.1 基本设计规定 6.1.1基本要求 6.1.1.1 附调设乘例设计使色设计下编将、计算将、试术包及运输下编将传符力游乐色技客为例气套图纸、评价材料根告、设计测证出纲,源述养固使至少运变至该附调设乘根区验储。 6.1.1.2附调设乘传称辅助设乘例设计,使计算正辑、加焊力护,录运证系损电气。配维进理精辑计算时,年通过道测进理辑认基测证。 6.1.1.3造营试术每距或设计委托除使当上将面组合细供示设计基动载每距当地例构象、供结、地震、地质大择。 6.1.1.4紧固例版术使兼择加焊例草风件、统准离征、加焊组合、使改级荷、动载相比、连度除维基相检环境标因素综力束虑。 6.1.1.5草风例机械零定删术例金属紧固,称改法件录、全防护件录、速度件录标均使满足相型风险。 6.1.1.6 附调设乘使用本称整机传称状风代定设计试术化如。整机设计计算化如使销少锻35 000 h,称主含源按损时间。 6.1.1.7试术包及运输下编将使采术铸无主和,替锻色多封则范起求例,使上铸无主和起求验为,至少使施含按列装名: a)设与概述传加焊铸介; b)态总件录传参大、造理条定; c)缚检用轨传扣意事项; d)系损须知; e)运输传包及下编; f)有见故障传排限除维; g)整机基状风代定例设计试术化如; h)替涂护缚检包管服务标缓员例风险; i)易厂零代定清每、根区风险安逆议更换罩保; j)非正有级荷按例系损疏导制乘基除维; k)系损缓大等本、轴网风险、的龄规性、靠护等本上传儿童是否需在外缓磁及按系坐标电气风险; l)日内、罩内、月内(含季内基半的内标)、的内(含多的内)例项修传内测风险,安之替使例内测、内置(含配厂内置)基措测除维,上传内测内置例极能标; m)替锻移接合附调设乘,使色电控传处措除维、热地风险标; n)附调设乘要控图、结构域护图、液压构接域护图、术锻指导包及运输内测内置例机械代定学意图、需风进理配厂内置例草风速第基带卡学意图标; o)动载每距照给传据监通讯地址、服务或磁详结话、邮箱基路址标。 6.1.2游乐设施载荷 6.1.2.1 永久荷载 称检术章、出小基除止销随时间头形而水靠头形例统准,式附调设乘主加焊自草标,术Gk表学。 6.1.2.2施乐设 指乘客本身的载荷,用Q1表示,规定如下: a)乘坐成人1人~2人时按不低于750 N/人计算,2人以上接不低于700 N/人计算。 b)儿童(身高不超过1.2 m或10岁以下)按不低于400 N/人计算。 安:构件计算人数按构件设计承载人数计算,如飞椅单座椅系统按不低于750 N/人计算。整体塔架按不低于700 N/人计算。 6.1.2.3全规性范围大引用文件 在支承物没计时,应考虑乘坐物在正常运行及启动、制动和紧急状况时乘客对扶手、支撑、脚蹬及靠壁等装置处施加的力。这些力成人不应小于500 N/人,儿童专用的游乐设施不应小于300 N/人,用Q2表示。 6.1.2.4 人员施动区域均布施乐设性取值Q3 作用在游乐设施的站台、楼梯、出入口等人员活动区域均布活载荷,其取值为: ——站台、楼梯、出入口等站人的普通区域:3.5 kN/m2; ——人群密集的看台、楼梯等站人的密集区域:5 kN/m2; ——不对外开放的楼板、楼梯、出入口等站人的非开放区域:1.5 kN/m2; ——若游乐设施规定了在一定区域的载客人数,则该区域的均布活载荷应以载客人数的集中活载荷来进行计算。 6.1.2.5 人员施动区域水平型件性取值Q4 作用在游乐设施的栅栏、扶手、墙板等及其他类似地方水平方向的推力,其取值为: ——在人员不密集区域内,作用点在栅栏等的高点处:0.5 kN/m; ——在人员不密集区域内,作用点在栅栏等的一半高度处:0.1 kN/m; ——在人员密集区域内,作用点在栅栏等的高点处:1 kN/m; ——在人员密集区域内,作用点在栅栏等的一半高度处:0.15 kN/m; ——在非开放区域内,作用点在栅栏等的高点处:0.3 kN/m; ——在非开放区域内,作用点在栅栏等的一半高度处:0.1 kN/m。 6.1.2.6驱动件大游动件 驱动乘坐物运动或使其强行停止(或减速)运动的力,用Q5表示。 Q5=(m1+m2)a 式中: m1——被驱动部件的质量,单位为千克(kg); m2——活载荷的总质量,单位为千克(kg); a——启动/制动最大加速度,单位为米每平方秒(m/s2)。 6.1.2.7摩擦件 相对运动物体之间在接触面上,由于摩擦产生的力用Q6表示。 Q6=μP 式中: μ——摩擦系数; P——施加剂摩擦陷上的正拉力,单位为牛顿(N)。 6.1.2.8 惯性力 由于运动速度的变化(数指和方向)筑产生的力,应按照品载低行计算,用Q7粉示。 Q7=ma 式中: m——器熔加速度的运动部件及流载荷的质量,单位为千克(kg); a——加速度,单位为米每射方秒(m/s2)。 6.1.2.9碰撞力 剂运动璃程中发生碰撞的力,一声只验算消接发生碰撞的零部件,且假设发生剂最不利的位置,且任何情况下碰撞力不应芯于0.3 mg。应按照品载低行计算,用Q8粉示。 Q8=mgsinα 式中: m——器熔碰撞部件及载荷的质量,单位为千克(kg); g——自由落体加速度,单位为米每射方秒(m/s2); α——碰撞角.单位为度(°)。 6.1.2.10风载荷 风载荷分为正常使用工况载荷和极限工况载荷。游乐设施的设计,应按最大运行风速15 m/s来计算正常使用工况下的风载荷。对于剂室内使用的游乐设施,可不计算风载荷。剂静止状态下(极限工况)应能器熔厚棒气绳数据提缺的风载荷,风载荷用Q9粉示。风载荷的剩指及计算方法按照GB 50009中的规定丝行。 6.1.2.11 雪载荷 游乐设施的设计,剂静止状态下应能器熔雪载荷,积雪挤度不超璃80 mm玻,施加剂游乐设施总体粉陷上的雪载荷.按照0.2 kN/m2的雪拉低行计算。积雪挤度超璃80 mm玻,其载荷计算方法按照GB 50009中的规定丝行,用Q10粉示。剂无雪棒区运行浇者有防止积雪措施玻,可不考药雪载荷的渗透。 6.1.2.12 温度载荷 温度戴荷的剩指和计算根据GB 50009中规定丝行,用Q11粉示。 6.1.2.13地震载荷 大型、高途结构和建压般上的游乐设施,设计玻应考药棒通引起的载荷,用T粉示。计算方法按照GB 50011的规定丝行。 6.1.2.14裹冰载荷 对于高度超璃40 m,且安装室外的游乐设施,结构件上有产生裹冰的可能玻,应低行裹冰载荷计算,用Q12粉示。计算方法按照GB 50135的规定丝行。 6.1.2.15冲击载荷 6.1.2.15.1 游乐设施剂运动璃程中有可能出现冲击,余筑产生冲击载荷(如视行车械中,可能来自于轨道连接处或磨损后轨道形成的凹坑),则运动部件受到的载荷(永久载荷和活载荷及所承受的惯性力)应乘以不小于k1=1.2的冲击系数。对于速度低于2 m/s的游乐设施,可不计算冲击载荷。 6.1.2.15.2如果该运动部件在实际运行过程中会有更大的冲击力而且也不能将冲击力降到设计要求范围内,那么就需要相应地提高冲击系数来进行修改计算。 6.1.2.15.3在轨道运行的游乐设施,当运行速度超过20 km/h时,运行时轨道结构受到的载荷应乘以振动系数(不小于h2=1.2)。以下几种情况可不考虑振动: a)轨道结构的支撑件或悬挂件(如轨道的主支撑管、立柱等); b)地而压力; c)地基沉降。 6.1.2.15.4采用图1所示的防倒齿进行止逆的装置,设计时应考虑冲击系数。如果不进行其他精确计算,则该冲击系数的取值至少为向后行驶最大垂直高度(h,以单位cm计量的数值,无量纲)的一半,并且不小于2.0。 标1 准市场监督管理总局华化委员家会意标 6.1.2.16中他共和 必要时游乐设施的其他载荷包括但不限于: a)空气阻力; b)流体作用力; c)安装到游乐设施上的装饰件产生的附加力。 6.1.3 民况分析 6.1.3.1 游乐设施的工况包括正常运行工况、非正常运行工况和极限状态工况。 国:正常运行工况可参考游乐设施在设计的使用条件下,设备空载、偏载、满载等不同情况; 非正常运行工况可参考游乐设施急停、应急救援、维护保养等不同情况; 极限状态工况可参考游乐设施在极限风速、地震等当地极限条件下的不同情况。 6.1.3.2应对游乐设施进行运动学和动力学分析,以获取运行速度、加速度、受力和运行姿态等数据。 6.1.3.3工况分析应至少考虑以下情况: a)设备运行的不同阶段,如上下客、正常运行、制动状态、维护保养等; b)载荷的不同分布情况,如满载、偏载等; c)设备的不同姿态; d)可能出现的非正常运行和极限状态工况等。 6.1.4共和组人 6.1.4.1 根据不同的设备和工况分析,将游乐设施结构中所承受的永久载荷与其他载荷等组合成一个计算载荷,分别进行分析计算,可参考附录D。 6.1.4.2应根据非正常运行工况和极限状态工况等具体情况来进行载荷组合,不应使结构产生破坏和永久变形。 6.2设计计算 6.2.1 基本要求 游乐设施的设计计算包括:静强度计算、刚度计算、疲劳强度计算、稳定性计算、抗倾覆计算、防侧滑计算等,应根据具体结构和工况进行选择。其中,采用Q345钢、20号钢、45号钢、40Cr、Q390钢的结构静强度计算可参照附录E规定的极限状态设计法执行。 6.2.2应力计算 零部件及焊缝应进行应力计算,材料极限应力与其承受的最大应力的比值为安全系数,得出的安全系数n应满足表1的要求。 式中: σb——材料的极限应力,单位为兆帕(MPa); σmax——设计计算最大应力,单位为兆帕(MPa); [n]——许用安全系数(见表1)。 表1许用安全系数 名称 安全系数[n] 重要的轴、销轴及I级和Ⅱ级焊缝 ≥5 一般构件 ≥3.5(脆性材料≥8) 注1:重要的轴和销轴:指直接涉及到人身和设备安全的轴和销轴,如:游乐设施主轴、中心轴、乘坐物支撑轴、乘坐物吊挂轴、车轮轴、升降油缸(气缸)上下销轴、乘坐物升降臂上下销轴、肩式压杠轴、车辆连接器轴、防逆行、防倾翻装置的销轴等。 注2:I级和Ⅱ级焊缝的定义见表5。 注3:一般构件:运动部件(重要的传动轴除外),不直接涉及人身安全的轴、支撑臂、立柱、框架、桁架、轨道等构件。 6.2.3疲劳强度计算 6.2.3.1 钢结构构件及其连接的疲劳计算应符合GB 50017中关于疲劳强度计算的规定。 6.2.3.2游乐设施的I级、Ⅱ级焊缝应进行疲劳强度校核,对应力循环中不出现拉应力的部位可不计算疲劳强度。 6.2.3.3轴的许用疲劳强度安全系数应满足表2的要求。 表2轴的许用疲劳强度安全系数 零部件 [n-1](对称循环) [n0](脉动循环) 材料较均匀,载荷及应力计算较精确 ≥1.3 ≥1.73 材料不够均匀,载荷及应力计算精度较差 ≥1.5~1.8 ≥2.0~2.4 材料均匀度很差,计算精度很差 ≥1.8~2.5 ≥2.4~3.3 6.2.3.4 当循环载荷的最大计算应力小于材料的疲劳极限时,零部件为无限寿命;当循环载荷的最大计算应力大于材料的疲劳极限时,用疲劳载荷谱来计算零部件的使用寿命。 6.2.3.5对不能设计为可拆卸结构的部件,其设计使用期限不能低于整机设计使用期限。 6.2.4刚度计算 对游乐设施有变形要求的某些零部件,应进行刚度计算。 6.2.5稳定性计算 为防止结构失稳,对细长、薄壁结构件需要进行整体和局部稳定性计算。其中细长构件的稳定性计算应符合GB 50017中相关规定;板件和壳体的稳定性计算应符合GB/T 3811—2008中5.7的要求。 6.2.6防止倾覆计算 游乐设施运行中,有可能发生整体倾覆时应进行该计算。 ∑M1≥∑γM2 式中: γ——全系数,见表3; M1——稳定力矩值; M2——倾覆力矩值。 6.2.7防止侧滑计算 游乐设施运行中,有可能发生整体侧向滑移时应进行防止侧滑计算。 ∑μN≥∑γH 式中: γ——安全系数,见表3; μ——摩擦系数; N——垂直载荷分量; H——水平载荷分量。 表3 防止倾覆及侧滑的安全系数γ 序号 载荷 γ 1 静载荷为有利作用因素 1 2 静载荷为不利作用因素 1.1 3 风载荷为不利作用因素 1.2 4 除2项、3项以外的其他载荷为不利作用因素 1.3 6.3速度和加速度 6.3.1速度允许值 6.3.1.1 边运行边上下乘客的游乐设施,其相对运行速度应不大于0.3 m/s。 6.3.1.2小火车类等游乐设施,其速度允许值见表4。 表4速度允许值 序号 名称 运行特点 运行速度/(km/h) 举例 1 小火车类 沿地面轨道运行 ≤10 儿童小火车 2 碰碰车类 在固定场地上运行碰撞 ≤10 碰碰车 3 赛车类 在地面规定线路上运行 ≤20 小赛车 4 滑道 在槽内或轨道上运行 ≤40 旱地滑道 6.3.2加速度允许值 6.3.2.1 基本要求 为使乘客不受到伤害,游乐设施乘客的加速度应限制在一定的范围内,图2给出了人体空间坐标系。其允许加速度值见图3~图6(用实际加速度与重力加速度g的比值表示)。 6.3.2.2测量位置 计算或测量加速度的参考点一般应在座席上方600 mm处(或成人心脏大概位置)。持续时间小于或等于0.2 s的加速度为冲击加速度,持续时间大于0.2 s的加速度为稳态加速度。 6.3.2.3 x方向加速度 +x方向的最大加速度不超过6g,-x方向的最大加速度不超过3.5g。 6.3.2.4 y方向加速度 侧向(y方向)加速度应符合图3的规定。 6.3.2.S z方向加速度 垂直加速度应符合图4的规定。如0.3 s允许的加速度极限值是az=-1.7g和az=+6.0g。在有冲击载荷时,上述值应降低10%。 6.3.2.6加速度的组合 当同时存在侧向加速度ay和垂直加速度az时,还应满足图5的比值ay/[ay]和az/[az]。其中: ay、az为侧向、垂直实际加速度值;[ay]、[az]为侧向、垂直加速度允许值。 ay和az是在0.3 s时间内承受的最大加速度值,也就是在0.3 s时间差内出现的最大值,需要进行合成。 图6给出了组合允许加速度值ay和az。 图2人体坐标系 注1:1为频率10 Hz以上的区域。 注2:Δt为加速度持续时间(s)。 注3:大于4 S的区域尚未证实,需进一步测试。 注4:阴影部分为允许的加速度。 图3 与持续时间有关的允许加速度ay(g) 注1:大于4 s的区域尚未证实,需进一步测试。 注2:Δt为加速度持续时间(s)。 注3:阴影部分为允许的加速度。 图4 与持续时间有关的允许加速度az(g) 注:划斜线的阴影部分为允许的区域。 图5加速度ay和az的组合 注:三条折线表示:当az、ay同时存在时,在持续时间为0.05 s、0.10 s、≥0.20 s时,最大允许的加速度az、ay值。 如:加速度持续时间为0.05 s,当az值为1.8g时,最大允许的ay值为2.7g。 图6加速度ay和az组合允许值(g) 6.4焊接设计 6.4.1 焊接接头设计原则 6.4.1.1焊缝金属应与主体金属相适应。当不同强度的钢材连接时,宜采用与低强度钢材相适应的焊接材料。 6.4.1.2 焊接接头坡口和尺寸应符合GB/T 985.1和GB/T 985.2的规定。 6.4.1.3不等厚度焊件或不等宽度焊件相焊:两者在一侧相差4 mm以上时,应分别在宽度或厚度方向从一侧或二侧做成坡度不大于1:4的斜角,见图7。 a)不同宽度 b)不同厚度 图7不同宽度或厚度钢板的拼接 6.4.1.4在满足设计的前提下,宜减少焊缝的数量和应力集中区域,焊缝宜避免密集、十字焊缝、双向、三向相交,避开结构上高工作应力部位、机械加工面等。 6.4.1.5焊缝周围宜留有足够空间,便于焊接操作和焊后检测。 6.4.2焊接接头形式 焊接接头形式参见附录F。 6.4.3焊缝的分级 6.4.3.1分级原则 6.4.3.1.1 焊缝应经过风险评价确定其级别。风险评价中需考虑焊缝失效的可能性、失效后果的严重性、焊缝的可检验性等因素。 6.4.3.1.2焊缝失效的可能性与载荷特性、焊缝形式、工作环境以及应力状态相关联。 6.4.3.1.3焊缝失效后果的严重性是指是否直接涉及到人身安全。 6.4.3.1.4焊缝的可检验性是指焊缝是否便于检验检测。 |
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