标准编号:	GB 3565-2005
中文名称:	自行车安全要求
英文名称:	Safety requirements for bicycles
中标分类:	Y14    自行车
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	43.150 43.150    自行车 43.150
发布机构:	中国国家标准化管理委员会 国家质量监督检验检疫总局
发布日期:	2005-5-17
实施日期:	2005-12-1
标准状态:	superseded
被新标准替代:	GB 3565.2-2022 自行车安全要求 第2部分：城市和旅行用自行车、青少年自行车、山地自行车与竞赛自行车的要求
被替代日期:	2023-10-1
作废日期:	2023-10-01
替代旧标准:	GB 3565-1993 自行车安全要求
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	25000 字
翻译价格(元):	1000.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Clause 4, Clause 5; 6.2, 6.5 and 6.6 of Clause 6; Clause 7; 8.2 of Clause 8; 9.3 of Clause 9; 11.2 of Clause 11; 12.2 and 12.6 of Clause 12; Clause 14, Clause 15, Clause 17 and Clause 18 of this standard are mandatory; and the rest are recommendatory. This standard is identical with International Standard ISO 4210:1996 "Cycles — Safety Requirements for Bicycles" (Fourth Edition). For the purposes of this standard, the following editorial changes have also been made on ISO 4210:1996: for example, the section numbers of ISO 4210:1996 are deleted; ISO standards referenced in ISO 4210:1996 are changed to corresponding professional standards of bicycle parts in China, the technical provisions of which are equivalent to the ISO standards referenced. In producing this standard, the aim has been to ensure that bicycles manufactured in compliance with it will be as safe as is practically possible. The tests are designed to ensure the strength and durability of individual parts as well as of the bicycle as a whole, demanding high quality throughout and consideration of safety aspects from the design stage onwards. This standard cancels and replaces GB 3565-1993 (idt ISO 4210:1989, the third edition), the following technical deviations have been made with respect to the GB 3565-1993 (the previous edition). — Enhance brake performance requirements and test methods; — Add requirements for wheel quick-release mechanisms; — Enhance requirements for chainguards to cover multi-chainwheel assemblies; — Add new requirements for fatigue testing of handlebar assemblies, front forks, pedal crank assemblies and saddle pillars. The scope of this standard limited to safety considerations, and has specifically avoided standardization of components (dimensions). The Annex A and Annex B of this standard are for informative only. This standard was proposed by China National Light Industry Council. This standard was prepared by National Technical Committee on Bicycle of Standardization Administration of China. The previous editions of the standard replaced by this standard are as follows: — GB 3565-1983, GB 3565-1993. Safety Requirements for Bicycles General 1 Scope This standard specifies safety and performance requirements for the design, assembly and testing of bicycles and sub-assemblies, and lays down guidelines for instructions on the use and care of bicycles. This standard is applicable to bicycles intended for use on public roads, and on which the saddle can be adjusted to provide a saddle height of 635 mm or more. This standard does not apply to specialized types of bicycle such as tradesmen’s delivery bicycles, tandems, toy bicycles and bicycles designed and equipped for use in sanctioned competitive events. 2 Normative References The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections), or revisions, of any of these publications do not apply to this standard. However parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. QB/T 1716-1993 Cycle Chains QB/T 1723-1993 Bells for Bicycles QB 2191-1995 Cycle reflectors 3 Terms and Definitions For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 cycle Any vehicle that has at least two wheels and is propelled solely by the muscular energy of the person on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals 3.2 bicycle Two-wheeled cycle 3.3 delivery bicycle Bicycle designed for the primary purpose of carrying goods 3.4 tandem Bicycle with saddles for two or more riders, one behind the other 3.5 saddle height Dimension from the ground plane to the top of the saddle, measured in the centre of the seating area normal to the ground plane when the bicycle is upright 3.6 braking distance Distance travelled by a bicycle between the commencement of braking (3.7) and the point at which the bicycle comes to rest 3.7 commencement of braking Point on the test track at which the brake actuating mechanism is moved from its rest position. In tests with two brakes, this point is determined by the first mechanism to operate 3.8 gear development Distance travelled by a bicycle during one revolution of the pedal cranks 3.9 exposed protrusion Protrusion that can be contacted by the central 75 mm of the lateral surface of a cylinder 250 mm long and 83 mm in diameter (simulating a limb), see Figure 1 Dimensions in millimeters Figure 1 Exposed Protrusion Test Cylinder 3.10 (pedal) tread surface Surface of a pedal that is presented to the underside of the foot, the design of which incorporates a slip-resistant characteristic 3.11 ferrous component Component composed of structural members made entirely from ferrous materials excluding any jointing media such as brazing materials or adhesives 3.12 non-ferrous component Component composed of structural members made entirely from non-ferrous materials excluding any jointing media such as adhesives Note: For the purposes of the choice of fatigue test forces, any component made from a mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous members shall be classified as non-ferrous. 3.13 crank assembly Crank assembly for fatigue testing consists of the two cranks, the pedal spindles, the bottom bracket spindle, and the first component of the drive system, e.g. chainwheel Requirements of Sub-assemblies 4 General 4.1 Sharp edges Exposed edges that could come into contact with the rider’s hands, legs, etc., during normal riding or normal handling and normal maintenance shall not be sharp. 4.2 Protrusions Any rigid exposed protrusion longer than 8 mm after assembly shall terminate in a radius of not less than 6.3 mm. Such protrusions shall have a major end dimension greater than 12.7 mm and a minor end dimension greater than 3.2 mm. There shall be no protrusions on the top tube of a bicycle frame between the saddle and a point 300 mm forward of the saddle, with the exception that control cables no greater than 6.4 mm in diameter and cable clamps made from material no thicker than 4.8 mm may be attached to the top tube. Foam pads attached to the bicycle frame to act as protective cushions are permitted, provided that the bicycle meets the requirements for protrusions when the pads are removed. A screw thread that is an exposed protrusion (3.9) shall be limited to a protrusion length of one major diameter of the screw beyond the internally threaded mating part.   5 Brakes 5.1 Braking systems A bicycle shall be equipped with two braking systems. One shall operate on the front wheel and one on the rear wheel. The braking systems shall operate without binding and shall be capable of meeting the braking performance requirements of 5.5. Brake blocks containing asbestos shall not be permitted. 5.2 Hand-operated brakes 5.2.1 Brake lever position Hand brake levers for front and rear brakes shall be positioned according to the legislation or custom and practice of the country in which the bicycle is to be sold. 5.2.2 Brake lever dimensions The maximum grip dimension, d, measured between the outer surfaces of the brake lever and the handlebar, or the handlebar grip or any other covering where present, shall not exceed 90 mm between points A and B, and 100 mm between points B and C (see Figure 2). Note: The range of adjustment on the brake lever should permit these dimensions to be obtained. 5.2.3 Attachment of brake assembly The screws used to attach a brake assembly to the frame, fork or handlebar shall be provided with suitable locking devices, for example a lock-washer, lock-nut or stiff-nut. Cable pinch-bolts shall not sever any of the cable strands when assembled to the manufacturer’s instructions. In the event of a brake cable failing, no part of the brake mechanism shall inadvertently inhibit the rotation of the wheel. The cable end shall either be protected with a cap that shall withstand a removal force of 20 N or be otherwise treated to prevent unravelling. 5.2.4 Brake block assembly The brake block shall be securely attached to the backing plate or holder and there shall be no failure of the block assembly when tested by the method specified in Clause 22. The brake system shall be capable of meeting the strength test specified in 5.4.1 and the braking performance requirements of 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 after completion of the test specified in Clause 22. 5.2.5 Brake adjustment The brakes shall be capable of adjustment to an efficient operating position until the brake blocks have worn to the point of requiring replacement as recommended in the literature provided by the manufacturer. When correctly adjusted, the brake block shall not contact anything other than the intended braking surface. The brake blocks of a bicycle with rod brakes shall not come into contact with the rim of the wheels when the steering angle of the handlebars is set at 60°, nor shall the rods bend, or be twisted after the handlebars are reset to the central position. Dimensions in millimeters Figure 2 Brake Lever Grip Dimensions 5.3 Back-pedal brakes The brake shall be actuated by the operator’s foot applying force to the pedal in a direction opposite to that of the drive force. The brake mechanism shall function independently of any drive-gear positions or adjustments. The differential between the drive and brake positions of the crank shall not exceed 60°. The measurement shall be taken with the crank held against each position with a torque of at least 14 N. m. 5.4 Strength of brake system 5.4.1 Hand-operated brakes When tested by the method described in 23.1, there shall be no failure of the brake system or of any component thereof. 5.4.2 Back-pedal brakes When tested by the method described in 23.2, there shall be no failure of the brake system or any component thereof. 5.5 Braking performance 5.5.1 Braking under dry conditions When tested by the method described in Clause 24, a bicycle shall be brought to a smooth safe stop within the relevant distances and from the relevant velocities given in Table 1. 5.5.2 Braking under wet conditions When tested by the method described in Clause 24, a bicycle shall be brought to a smooth safe stop within the relevant distances and from the relevant velocities given in Table 1. Table 1 Brake Test Velocities and Braking Distances Test conditions Test velocity (km/h) Brakes in use Braking distance (m) Dry 25 Both 7 Rear only 15 Wet 16 Both 9 Rear only 19 5.5.3 Extension levers Where a bicycle is fitted with extension levers, separate tests shall be conducted for the operation of the extension levers in addition to tests using the normal levers to which the extensions are attached. 5.5.4 Linearity of back-pedal brake When tested by the method described in Clause 25, the brake force shall be linearly proportional (within ±20%) for a pedal force from 90 N to 300 N and shall be not less than 150 N for a pedal force of 300 N. 6 Steering 6.1 Handlebars The handlebars shall have an overall width between 350 mm and 700 mm. The vertical distance between the top of the handlebar grips, when assembled to the highest riding position according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the seat surface of the saddle in its lowest position shall not exceed 400 mm. The ends of the handlebars shall be fitted with handgrips or end plugs that will withstand a removal force of 70 N.

Foreword II General 1 Scope 2 Normative References 3 Terms and Definitions Requirements of Sub-assemblies 4 General 5 Brakes 6 Steering 7 Frame-fork assembly 8 Front fork 9 Wheels 10 Rims, Tyres and Tubes 11 Pedals and Pedal/Crank Drive System 12 Saddle 13 Chain 14 Chainguard 15 Spoke Protector 16 Lighting 17 Reflectors 18 Warning Device 19 Instructions 20 Marking Requirements of Complete Bicycle 21 Road Test Test Methods 22 Brake Block Test 23 Brake System Load Test 24 Braking Performance Test 25 Back-pedal Brake Linearity Test 26 Steering Assembly Test 27 Impact Tests on Frame-fork Assembly 28 Static Load Test (Wheel) 29 Pedal Tests 30 Saddle and Saddle Pillar Tests 31 Road Test Annex A (Informative) Explanation of Method of Least Squares for Obtaining Line of Best Fit and ±20% Limit Lines for Back-pedal Brake Linearity Test Annex B (Informative) Steering Geometry Bibliography

自行车安全要求 总论 1 范围 本标准规定了自行车及其零部件的设计、组装和试验方面的安全与性能要求，并制定了一些自行车的使用和保养准则。 本标准只适用于在公路上骑行的自行车，其鞍座高度可以调整到635 mm或更高一些。 本标准不适用于其他特殊种类的自行车，诸如零售商用来运送货物的自行车、串列自行车、童车以及设计和制作用来正式比赛的自行车。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本标准，然而，鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本标准。 QB/T 1716-1993 自行车 链条 QB/T 1723-1993 自行车 车铃 QB 2191-1995 自行车 反射器 3 术语和定义 下列术语和定义适用于本标准。 3.1 自行车cycle 仅借骑行者的人力，主要以脚蹬驱动，至少有两个车轮的车辆。 3.2 两轮车bicycle 两个车轮的自行车。 3.3 送货车 delivery bicycle 主要设计用于运送货物的自行车。 3.4 串列自行车tandem 装有双人或多人鞍座，前后依次排列的自行车。 3.5 鞍座高度saddle height 从地平面到鞍座面的高度。测量时，自行车应垂直置于地面，然后从鞍座面的中心垂直测量到地面的距离。 3.6 制动距离 braking distance 从制动初始点(3.7)到自行车停住所行驶的一段距离。 3.7 制动初始点 commencement of braking 当车闸的操纵机构从它的原始位置开始动作时，自行车在试验跑道上的位置点。用两个车闸试验时，初始点的位置由首先动作的车闸来决定。 3.8 行程 gear development 曲柄转动一周，自行车所行驶的距离。 3.9 外露突出物 exposed protrusion 与长250 mm，直径83 mm之圆柱棒（模拟人的肢体）的中间75 mm长的那一段圆弧面相碰的突出物体，见图1。 单位为毫米 图1 外露突出物测试圆柱棒 3.10 （脚蹬）脚踩面 (pedal) tread surface 位于脚下的脚蹬表面，设计时要考虑其防滑性能。 3.11 铁类部件 ferrous component 全部由铁类材料制成的构件组成的部件，但其间的连接介质除外，如铜焊材料或粘结剂。 3.12 非铁类部件 non-ferrous component 全部由非铁类材料制成的构件组成的部件，但其间的连接介质除外，如粘结剂。 注：在选择疲劳试验中的试验力时，凡由铁类和非铁类构件混合构成的部件均应视作非铁类部件。 3.13 曲柄组合件 crank assembly 包括两曲柄、两脚蹬轴、中轴棍和链轮。 零部件的要求 4 总则 4.1 锐边 在正常的骑行、搬运和维修时，凡骑行者的手、腿等可能触及之处，都不应有外露的锐边。 4.2 突出物 经组装后，凡长度大于8 mm的刚性外露突出物，其尾端均应倒圆，倒圆半径应不小于6.3 mm，这类突出物的大端尺寸应大于12.7 mm，小端尺寸应大于3.2 mm。 自行车车架的上管上面，自鞍座至鞍座前300 mm处不应有任何突出物，但直径不大于6.4 mm的控制钢绳套管和由厚度不大于4.8 mm的材料制作的套管夹则允许系附在上管上。 自行车车架上允许附有起保护作用的泡沫塑料缓冲垫，但将它除去之后仍应符合有关突出物之要求。 螺钉的外露突出部分(3.9)，应限制在与螺母旋紧之后小于螺钉的大径尺寸。 5 车闸 5.1 制动系统 每辆自行车应装有两个制动系统。一个制动前轮，一个制动后轮。制动系统应操纵灵活，并能满足5.5的要求。 闸皮中不允许含有石棉材料。 5.2 手闸 5.2.1 闸把位置 手闸前后闸把的位置应按自行车销售地所在国家的立法、习惯和实际使用状况而定，在我国是前闸把在右，后闸把在左。 5.2.2 握闸尺寸 从闸把的外表面量到车把、或车把把套、或其他防护物的外表面的最大握闸尺寸d，在A和B两点之间应不大于90 mm，B和C两点之间应不大于100 mm（见图2）。 注：闸把应能在其调节范围内达到这些尺寸。 5.2.3 车闸部件的安装 把车闸部件安装到车架、前叉、或车把上时，所用的螺钉应有合适的锁紧防松装置，如防松垫圈、防松螺母或对顶螺母。 按制造厂说明书安装车闸时，紧绳螺钉不应割坏钢绳的丝股。万一车闸的钢绳断裂，也不应导致车闸机构的任何零件妨碍车轮的旋转。 钢绳尾端应装有一个能承受20 N拉脱力的尾套，以资防护；或作防止丝股松散的其他处置。 5.2.4 闸皮组装 闸皮应牢固地安装在背板或闸盒上，按第22章规定之方法试验时，闸皮组合件不应损坏。在做完第22章规定之试验以后，制动系统应能满足5.4.1的强度试验，以及能满足5.5.1和5.5.2的制动性能要求。 5.2.5 车闸的调整 车闸应能调整到有效的操纵位置，除非闸皮已磨损到根据制造厂建议、需要掉换的程度。 车闸经正确调整后，除了受闸表面外不能与其他面相碰。 安装杆闸的自行车，当车把转角定在60°时，闸皮不能与车轮的轮辋相碰；在车把回复到正中位置时，闸杆应该既无弯曲，也无扭转。 单位为毫米 支点 支点 图2握闸尺寸 5.3 脚闸 脚闸应在骑行者用脚对脚蹬施以与驱动方向相反的力时得以制动。制动机构应独立有效，与驱动齿轮位置或调整无关。曲柄的驱动位置和制动位置之间的位差应不大于60°，测量时，对曲柄每一个位置施加的力矩应不小于14 N·m。 5.4 制动系统的强度 5.4.1 手闸 按23.1规定之方法试验时，制动系统及其任何零部件不应断裂。 5.4.2 脚闸 按23.2规定之方法试验时，制动系统及其任何零部件不应断裂。 5.5 制动性能 5.5.1 干态制动 按第24章规定之方法试验时，自行车应以表1给定的骑行速度并在相应的制动距离以内平稳而安全地停住。 5.5.2 湿态制动 按第24章规定之方法试验时，自行车应以表1给定的骑行速度并在相应的制动距离以内平稳而安全地停住。 表1 制动试验的速度和制动距离 试验条件 试验速度/（km/h） 使用的车闸 制动距离/m 干态 25 使用两个车闸 7 单用后闸 15 湿态 16 使用两个车闸 9 单用后闸 19 5.5.3 副闸把 对装有副闸把的自行车，除了对附有副闸把的主闸把进行试验以外，还应对副闸把另行试验。 5.5.4 脚闸线性 按第25章规定之方法试验时，在脚蹬力为90 N~300 N的范围内，制动力应与脚蹬力呈线性比例（误差在±20%以内）。此外，脚蹬力为300 N时，制动力应不小于150 N。 6 车把 6.1 把横管 把横管的总宽度应在350 mm~700 mm之间。按制造厂的说明书安装时，处于最高位置时的把套上端面与处于最低位置时的鞍座面之间的垂直距离应不大于400 mm。 把横管末端应装有把套或把盖，它们应能承受70 N的拉脱力。 6.2 把立管 把立管上应有一个永久性标记，清楚地表示把立管插入前叉立管的最少深度，或者用一个可靠的永久性装置来保证其最少插入深度。插入标记或插入深度从把立管末端量起应不小于管径的2.5倍，且在标记下面至少应有一个管径长度的管子材料没有切槽。插入标记不应损伤把立管的强度。 6.3 把立管的丝杆 把芯丝杆的最小断裂力矩至少应比制造厂规定的最大旋紧力矩大50%。 6.4 车把稳定性 车把经正确调整后，应在正前方位置的左右两侧各不小于60°的范围内转向灵活，轴承处不应出现紧点、僵呆或松弛现象。 当骑行者坐在鞍座上，双手握住车把把套，并使鞍座和骑行者尽量往后靠时，自行车和骑行者的总质量至少应有25%压在前轮上。 车把的几何位置图推荐于附录B（资料性附录）。 6.5 车把部件的强度 把立管应能承受26.1.1和26.1.2规定的试验而不断裂。 按26.2规定之方法试验时，把横管相对于把立管应无转动。 按26.3规定之方法试验时，把立管相对于前叉立管应无转动，但在拧紧其密接面之间的间隙之前所需要的转动除外，这种转动应不大于5°。 6.6 把横管和把立管组合件的疲劳试验 按26.4规定之方法试验时，把横管或把立管应无断裂或肉眼能见之裂纹。 注：在本标准中所有裂纹的检测，我们推荐采用ISO 3452中规定的标准的裂纹检验方法。 7 车架/前叉组合件 7.1 冲击试验（重物落下） 按27.1规定之方法试验时，组合件应无肉眼能见之裂纹，在其前后轴中心距（轮距）上测得的永久变形应不大于40 mm。 7.2 冲击试验（车架/前叉组合件落下） 按27.2规定之方法试验时，组合件应无肉眼能见之裂纹。 8 前叉 8.1 定位装置 前叉安装前轴处的槽口或其他的前轴定位装置，必须是：当前轴或轴挡紧贴在槽口的顶部时，前轮应位于前叉的中央。 8.2 前叉的疲劳试验 按27.3规定之方法试验时，前叉之各部分应无断裂或肉眼能见之裂纹。 9 车轮 9.1 转动精度 转动精度就是指（轴的）圆跳动公差。在9.1.1和9.1.2中给定的圆跳动公差是指车轮完全组装好 以后，在没有轴向窜动的情况下旋转一周，轮辋位置的最大允许变动范围（即指示器的最大动程）。 9.1.1 径向圆跳动公差 对装有轮缘闸的自行车，在轮辋上适当点处沿轮辋作径向测量时，其跳动量应不大于2 mm（见图3）。 轮胎 轮辋 辐条 轮轴支承架 仪表支架 百分表（径向） 百分表（端面） 仪表支架 图3 车轮的转动精度 对不是装轮缘闸的自行车，其跳动量应不大于4 mm。 9.1.2 端面圆跳动公差 对装有轮缘闸的自行车，在轮辋上适当点处沿轮辋作轴向测量时，其跳动量应不大于2 mm（见图3）。 对不是装轮缘闸的自行车，其跳动量应不大于4 mm。 9.2 间隙 车轮部件经装车校正后，其轮胎对于车架和前叉上之任何附件之间的间隙应不小于2 mm。 9.3 静负荷试验 组装好的车轮按第28章规定之方法试验时，其任何零部件不应断裂，轮辋上挂重点的永久变形应不大于1.5 mm。