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GB/T 4146 consists of the following three parts under the general title Textiles - Man-made fibers:
——Part 1: Generic name;
——Part 2: Terms of products;
——Part 3: Terms of inspection.
This is Part 1 of GB/T 4146.
This part was developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009
This part replaces GB/T 4146.1-2009 Textiles - Man-made fibers - Part 1: Generic names. In addition to editorial changes, the following technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 4146.1-2009:
——The term and definition of “man-made fibre” are added (see 2.1);
——The generic names, codes, distinguishing attribute and chemical formulae of 11 kinds of man-made fibres are added, such as modacrylic fibres, chitosan, melamine, protein, trivinyl, polybenzimi-dazol, elastomultiester, polyamidoester, silicon carbide, polyhydroxy and polyarylate (see Table 1);
——The vinylal in 4.21 of Table 1 is classified into acetalized and unacetalized, acetalized poly (vinyl alcohol) is referred to as "vinylon” (see Table 1; Table 1 of Edition 2009);
——The name of “bicomponent fibre” is added (see Clause 5);
——Table 2 and Table 3 of Edition 2009 are adjusted to Annex D and Annex E (see Annex D and Annex E; Table 2 and Table 3 of Edition 2009).
This standard has been redrafted and modified in relation to ISO 2076:2013 Textiles - Man-made fibres - Part 1: Generic names.
The main technical differences with respect to ISO 2076:2013 and their reasons are as follows:
——The applicable scope of the standard is added in Clause 1;
——The specification of “In both the English and French languages, the generic name shall be written without capital letters” in 3.2 is deleted;
——The generic names, codes, distinguishing attribute and chemical formulae of 6 kinds of man-made fibres are added in Table 1, such as chitosan, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, polyamidoester, silicon carbide, polyhydroxy and polyarylate;
——The vinylal in 4.21 of Table 1 is classified into acetalized and unacetalized;
——The polypropylene/polyamide bicomponent in Table 1 is adjusted to Table 2, and polyethylene/polypropylene bicomponent and polyester/polyamide bicomponent with 2 different kinds of polymer couple structures are added in Table 2,
——The names of the man-made fibres are added and the column of “other denominations” is deleted in Table 1.
The following editorial changes have also been made in this part:
——To be consistent with the existing standard series, the standard name is changed to Textiles - Man-made fibres - Part 1: Generic names;
——The note in 2.1 is deleted and the "chemical fibre" in the note is added to the English name of the term "man-made fibre";
——The structures of bicomponent fibre (examples) are added in Annex B;
——The generic names of the fibres in Table F.1 that are different from the ISO standards in China are deleted, and the numbers of other tables in Annex F are adjusted.
This part was proposed by the China National Textile and Apparel Council.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 209 National Technical Committee on Textiles of Standardization Administration of China.
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
——GB/T 4146-1984;
——GB/T 4146.1-2009.
Textiles - Man-made fibres - Part 1: Generic names
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 4146 lists the generic names used to designate the different categories of man-made fibres, based on a main polymer, currently manufactured on an industrial scale for textile and other purposes, together with the distinguishing attributes that characterize them.
This part presents recommendations of rules for the creation of the generic name (see Annex A), the description of the fibre structures in case of fibre made of several components (see Annex B) and the description of modified fibres (see Annex C), and lists the index of generic names in English (See Annex D) and the index of generic name codes (See Annex E).
This part is applicable to the generic names of various chemical fiber fibers.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
man-made fibre; chemical fibre
fibers made by human beings, excluding natural fiber
3 General
3.1 Introduction
The entries in Table 1 are organized into four principal elements: generic name, code, distinguishing attribute and chemical formulae.
3.2 Generic name
This is the name to be used for the fibre whose attributes are described under the heading “Distinguishing attribute” in Table 1. The use of this name shall be limited to those fibres that contain not more than 15% by mass of property-enhancing additives during spinning (no limit is placed upon the proportion of additives that are not property enhanced).
The generic name may also apply to a man-made fibre which results from a manufacturing process that can confer a distinguishing attribute.
3.3 Other denominations
When relevant, this is the denomination used for the fibre name in the regulation of some countries, which differs from the generic name. The given denominations are relative to the following countries: countries of the European Union (EU), Japan (JP) and the USA (US). For further information on the regulation related to these countries, see Annex F.
3.4 Code
This is a two- to four-letter designation used to facilitate the naming of man-made fibres, e.g. in sales and technical literature. In some cases, the coding system given to textile fibres is different from the one used for plastics.
3.5 Distinguishing attributes
These are attributes that differentiate one fibre from all the others. Chemical difference, which often results in distinctive property differences, is the main basis for classification in this part; other attributes are used, where necessary, to differentiate between otherwise similar man-made fibres. The distinguishing attributes are not necessarily those by which the fibres might be identified or the same as those used for naming chemical molecules, nor are they necessarily suitable for the analysis of fibre mixtures.
Note: In these descriptions, the concepts “group”, “linkage” and “unit” have been used in the following manner:
——"group” is used to denote a functional chemical unit, e.g. hydroxyl groups on acetate;
——“linkage” is used to denote a chemical bond;
——“unit” is used to denote a repeating element.
3.6 Chemical formulae
These are indications of the chemical structure of the fibre. The examples do not comprise mandatory elements of this part given that, in some cases, the same chemical formula may be shared by more than one fibre category; e.g. cellulose II is shared by cupro, lyocell, modal and viscose.
4 Generic name
The generic name of man-made fibers are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Generic names
No. Generic name Code Distinguishing attribute Examples of chemical formulae
4.1 Cupro CUP Cellulose fibre obtained by the cuprammonium process Cellulose II:
4.2 Lyocell CLY Cellulose fibre obtained by an organic solvent spinning process. It is understood that:
1) an “organic solvent” means essentially a mixture of organic chemicals and water;
2) “solvent spinning” means dissolving and spinning without the formation of a derivative Cellulose II:
4.3 Modal CMD Cellulose fibre having a high breaking strength and a high wet modulus. The breaking strength Bc in the conditioned state and the force Bw required to produce an elongation of 5% in its wet state are
where LD is the mean linear density (mass per unit length), in dtex.
Bc and Bw are expressed in centinewtons (cN). Cellulose II:
4.4 Viscose CV Cellulose fibre obtained by the viscose process. Cellulose II:
4.5 Acetate CA Cellulose acetate fibre in which less than 92%, but at least 74%, of the hydroxyl groups are acetylated. Secondary cellulose acetate:
where X=H or CH3CO and the degree of esterification is at least 2.22 but less than 2.76.
4.6 Triacetate CTA Cellulose acetate fibre in which at least 92% of the hydroxyl groups are acetylated. Cellulose triacetate:
where X=H or CH3CO and the degree of esterification is between 2.76 and 3.
4.7 alginate ALG Fibre obtained from the metal salts of alginic acid. Calcium alginate:
4.8 Acrylic PAN Fibre composed of linear macromolecules having, in the chain, at least 85% by mass of acrylonitrile repeating units. Acrylonitrile:
and acrylic copolymers:
4.9 Aramida AR Fibre composed of linear macromolecules made up of aromatic groups joined by amide or imide linkages, at least 85% of the amide or imide linkages being joined directly to two aromatic rings and the number of imide linkages, if the latter are present, not exceeding the number of amide linkages. Example 1:
Example 2:
Note: In Example 1, the aromatic groups can be the same or different.
4.10 Chlorofibre CLF Fibre composed of linear macromolecules having, in the chain, more than 50% by mass of vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride units (more than
65% in the case in which the rest of the chain is made up of acrylonitrile, the modacrylic fibres being thus excluded). Poly (vinyl chloride):
And
poly (vinylidene chloride):
4.11 Elastaneb EL Fibre composed of at least 85% by mass of a segmented polyurethane and which, if stretched to three times its unstretched length, rapidly reverts
substantially to the unstretched length when the tension is removed. Macromolecules having alternate elastic and rigid segments with repetition of the group
4.12 Elastodieneb ED Fibre composed of natural or synthetic polyisoprene, or of one or more dienes polymerized with or without one or more vinyl monomers, and which, if stretched to three times its unstretched length, rapidly reverts substantially to the unstretched length when the tension is removed. Natural polyisoprene extracted from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis, vulcanized:
4.13 Fluorofibre PTFE Fibre composed of linear macromolecules made from aliphatic fluorocarbon monomers. Polytetrafluoroethylene:
4.14 Modacrylic MAC Fibre composed of linear macromolecules having, in the chain, at least 50% and less than 85% by mass of acrylonitrile. Acrylic copolymers:
If X=H and Y=CI: acrylonitrile (vinyl chloride) copolymer
If X=Y=CI: acrylonitrile (vinylidene chloride) copolymer
4.15 Polyamidec PA Fibre composed of linear macromolecules having, in the chain, recurring amide linkages, at least 85% of which are joined to aliphatic or cycloaliphatic units. Polyhexamethylene adipamide (polyamide 6-6):
Polycaproamide (polyamide 6):
4.16 Polyester PES Fibre composed of linear macromolecules having, in the chain, at least 85% by mass of an ester of a diol and terephthalic acid. Poly (ethylene terephthalate) - (PET):
Poly (trimethylene terephthalate) - (PTT)
Poly(butylene terephthalate) - (PBT):
4.17 Polyethylened PE Fibre composed of linear macromolecules of unsubstituted saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Polyethylene:
4.18 Polyimide PI Fibre composed of synthetic linear macromolecules having, in the chain, recurring imide units. Polyimide:
where, R1 = aryl and R2 = alkyl
4.19 Polypropylened PP Fibre composed of linear macromolecules made up of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon units in which one carbon atom in two carries a methyl side group, generally in an isotactic configuration and without further substitution. Polypropylene:
4.20 Glass fibre GF Fibre obtained by drawing molten glass. -
4.21 Vinylal (acetalized poly (vinyl alcohol) is referred to as "vinylon”) PVAL Fibre composed of linear macromolecules of poly (vinyl alcohol) with different levels of acetalization. Acetalized poly (vinyl alcohol):
where n>0 and R is: CH2
Unacetalized poly (vinyl alcohol):
4.22 Carbon fibre CF Fibre containing at least 90% by mass of carbon obtained by thermal carbonization of organic precursors. -
4.23 Metal fibree MTF Fibre obtained from metal. -
4.24 Polylactidef,g PLA Fibre formed of linear macromolecules having in chain at least 85% by mass of lactic acid ester units.
4.25 Elastolefin EOL Fibre composed of at least 95% by mass of partially cross-linked macromolecules, made up from ethylene and at least one other olefin, which, when stretched to one and a half times its original length and released, reverts rapidly and substantially to its initial length.
4.26 Melamine MEL Fibre formed of at least 85% by mass of cross-linked macromolecules made up of melamine derivatives
4.27 Polyphenylene sulphide PPS Fibre composed of linear macromolecules having in the main chain p-phenylthio group
4.28 Protein - Fibre obtained from natural protein substances regenerated and stabilized through the action of chemical agents -
4.29 Polycarbamide - Fibre formed of linear macromolecules having in the chain the recurring ureylene (NH-CO-NH) functional group
4.30 Trivinyl - Fibre formed of acrylonitrile terpolymer, a chlorinated vinyl monomer and a third vinyl monomer, none of which represents as much as 50% of the total mass -
4.31 Polybenzimi-dazol PBI Fibre formed of a long chain aromatic polymer having reoccurring imidazole groups as an integral part of the polymer chain
4.32 Elastomultiesterh ELE Fibre formed by the interaction of two or more chemically distinct linear macromolecules in two or more phases (of which none exceeds 85% by mass), which contains ester groups (at least 85%) as the dominant function and suitable treatment, and which, when stretched by 50%, and released, durably and rapidly reverts substantially to its unstretched length At least two ester macromolecules in each filament form an elastomer, e.g.:
Example of physical arrangement:
Parts A and B consist of different macromolecules with ester groups.
GT = Glycol terephthalate
4.33 Ceramic fibre CEF A fibre composed of at least 40% by mass of alumina (Al2O3) -
4.34
(a) Chitin CHT a fibre made from chitin derivative with a degree of deacetylation of less than 75% Chitin:
4.34
(b) Chitosan CTS A fibre made from chitin derivative with a degree of deacetylation of at least 75% Chitosan:
4.35 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UMPE Usually a fibre made from linear polyethylene with a relative molecular mass greater than 106
4.36 Polyamidoester PAET A fiber made by copolymerization of terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol and caprolactam
4.37 Silicon carbide SIC A continuous fiber bundle composed of β crystallites with Si—C bond as the main bond -
4.38 Polyhydroxy PHA A fiber composed of at least 85% by mass of linear macromolecules of hydroxy fatty acid ester units Polyhydroxy:
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer (PHBV):
4.39 Polyarylate PAR A fiber composed oflinear aromatic polyester macromolecules -
The Chinese in parentheses in the "generic name" column is the Chinese abbreviation of the generic name.
a The prefixes “para-” and “meta-” refer to the chemical vocabulary related to the positions of the linkages on the aromatic ring.
b The term “rubber” is used in some cases.
c The unique number following the name refers to the number of carbon in the monomer (e.g. polyamide 6: 6 carbon in the monomer). The numbers following the name refer to the numbers of carbon in the monomers (e.g. polyamide 6.10 with 6 carbons in one monomer and 10 in the other monomer).
d Forms part of the polyolefin class.
e Fibres can also be coated with metals, in which case they are described as “metallized fibres” and not “metal fibres”.
f The prefix “levo-” (or “L-”) refers to the important proportion of levorotary lactic acid occurring during the enzymatic process when produced from natural sugars (in this case, the melting point is at least 135℃). In opposite, the prefix “dextro/levo-” (or “D/L-”) refers to the presence of both dextrorotary and levorotary lactic acid when produced from other diesel sources.
g The given definition in Table 1 slightly differs from the definition in EU, Japan and the USA. Refer to F.3, F.4 and F.5, respectively, in Annex F for further information.
h Polyester/polyester bicomponent (cf. Table 2, 5.1).
5 Designation of the bicomponent fibres
Table 2 lists only some bicomponent fibres currently in use and is not exhaustive as all possible combinations (in relation to polymer couples and their structures – cf. B.2) are not developed.
Table 2 Bicomponent fibre designation
No. Designations Polymer couples Structure
5.1 Polyester/polyester bicomponent Polyester (4.16), and polyester (4.16) [S/S type]
5.2 Polyester/polyester bicomponent Polyester (4.16), and polyester (4.16) [Sh/C type]
5.3 Polyethylene/polypropylene bicomponent Polyethylene (4.17), and polypropylene (4.19) [Sh/C type]
5.4 Polypropylene/polyamide bicomponent Polypropylene (4.19), and polyamide (4.15) [M/F type]
5.5 Polyester/polyamide bicomponent Polyester (4.16), and polyamide (4.15) [M/F type]
5.6 Polyester/polyamide bicomponent Polyester (4.16), and polyamide (4.15) [Sp/Sp type]
5.7 Polyethylene/polyester bicomponent Polyethylene (4.17), and polyester (4.16) [Sh/C type]
Foreword II
1 Scope
2 Terms and definitions
3 General
4 Generic name
5 Designation of the bicomponent fibres
Annex A (Informative) Rules related to the creation of a generic name
Annex B (Informative) Fibres made of several components
Annex C (Informative) Modified fibres
Annex D (Informative) Index of generic names in English, in Chinese and in French
Annex E (Informative) Index of generic name codes with English， French and Chinese equivalents
Annex F (Informative) Regional and national requirements related to generic names
Bibliography
