This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard is identical to ISO 25197:2012 Small craft - Electrical/electronic control systems for steering, shift and throttle by means of translation.
The Chinese documents consistent and corresponding with the normative international documents in this standard are as follows:
——GB/T 10250-2007 Electrical and electronic installations in ships - Electromagnetic compatibility (IEC 60533:1999, IDT);
——GB/T 17726-1999 Small craft - Electrical devices - Protection against ignition of surrounding flammable gases (ISO 8846:1990, IDT);
——GB/T 17844-1999 Small craft - Remote steering systems (ISO 8848:1990, IDT);
——GB/T 18814-2002 Small craft - Electrical systems - Alternating current installations (ISO 13297:2000, IDT);
——GB/T 18815-2013 Small craft, engine-driven - Field of vision from helm position (ISO 11591:2011, IDT);
——GB/T 19311-2003 Small craft - Electrical systems - Extra-low-voltage d.c. installations (ISO 10133:2000, IDT);
——GB/T 19318-2003 Small craft - Hydraulic steering systems (ISO 10592:1994, IDT);
——GB/T 28046.2-2011 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 2: Electrical loads (ISO 16750-2:2006, MOD);
——GB/T 28046.3-2011 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 3: Mechanical loads (ISO 16750-3:2007, MOD);
——GB/T 28046.4-2011 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 4: Climatic loads (ISO 16750-4:2006, MOD);
——GB/T 28560-2012 Electrical installations in ships - Small vessels (IEC 60092-507:2008, IDT).
This standard was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 241 National Technical Committee on Small Craft of Standardization Administration of China.
Small craft - Electrical/electronic control systems for steering, shift and throttle
1 Scope
This standard establishes the requirements for design, construction and testing of electrical/electronic steering, shift and throttle and dynamic positioning control systems, or combinations thereof, on small craft.
This standard is applicable to the small craft of up to 24m length of hull.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8846 Small craft - Electrical devices - Protection against ignition of surrounding flammable gases
ISO 8848 Small craft - Remote steering systems
ISO 10133 Small craft - Electrical systems - Extra-low-voltage d.c. installations
ISO 10240 Small craft - Owner's manual
ISO 10592 Small craft - Hydraulic steering systems
ISO 11591 Small craft, engine-driven - Field of vision from helm position
ISO 12215-8 Small craft - Hull construction and scantlings - Part 8: Rudders
ISO 13297 Small craft - Electrical systems - Alternating current installations
ISO 16750-2:2010 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 2: Electrical loads
ISO 16750-3:2007 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 3: Mechanical loads
ISO 16750-4 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 4: Climatic loads
IEC 60068-2-27 Environmental testing - Part 2-27: Tests - Test Ea and guidance: Shock
IEC 60068-2-52 Environmental testing - Part 2-52: Tests - Test Kb: Salt mist, cyclic (sodium chloride solution)
IEC 60092-507 Electrical installations in ships - Part 507: Small vessels
IEC 60533:1999 Electrical and electronic installations in ships - Electromagnetic compatibility
IEC 60945:2002 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems - General requirements - Methods of testing and required test results
IEC 61000-4-5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques - Surge immunity test
IEC 61508 (all parts) Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
electric/electronic steering system
all components, including CPU (central processing unit) and cable harnesses, from the manual steering input device up to and including the device (actuator or electrical motor) regulating the rudder or propulsion unit steering angle
Note: It includes the joystick and components, i.e. GPS antennas for dynamic positioning, if installed.
3.2
dynamic-positioning system
computer-controlled system to automatically maintain a craft’s position and heading by using her own propulsion systems with or without the assistance of bow or stern thrusters
3.3
electrical/electronic shift and throttle system
all components, including CPU (central processing unit) and cable harnesses, from the shift and throttle input device up to and including the device controlling the shift and speed of engines
3.4
ignition-protected equipment
electrical equipment designed and tested for use in explosive atmospheres without igniting surrounding flammable gases
3.5
accessible
capable of being reached for inspection, removal or maintenance without removal of permanent structure of the craft
3.6
readily accessible
capable of being reached for operation, inspection or maintenance without the use of tools, or removal of any structures of the craft, or removal of any locations such as cabinet, chamber or shelf intended for storage of portable devices
3.7
nominal voltage(s)
those commonly used voltages, such as 12V, 24V or 36V DC
3.8
manoeuvring mode
reduced power mode for manoeuvring, determined by the manufacturer
3.9
cruising mode
power mode above manoeuvring mode up to full power, determined by the manufacturer
3.10
X axis
direction of a craft fore or aft, longitudinally
3.11
Y axis
direction of a craft port or starboard, transversely
3.12
Z axis
axis normal to the X-Y plane
3.13
control head
single oriented device, other than a steering wheel, for the simultaneous control of steering and propulsion
Example: Joystick, track-ball or slide levers.
3.14
control lever
operator input device for the control of thrust
3.15
steering helm
operator input device for the control of steering
3.16
joystick
operator input device for the simultaneous control of thrust, steering and propulsion
3.17
helm station
location from which steering, propulsion and thrust can be controlled
3.18
multiple helm stations
more than one location in the boat from which steering, propulsion and thrust can be controlled
3.19
command station
helm station location that is in active control
3.20
portable helm
helm providing a combination of shift or throttle or steering, not permanently affixed to the craft’s structure, communicating with the system through wired or wireless means
3.21
propulsion
component or components of thrust that permit a craft’s movement in any direction
Note: Examples of propulsion-generating devices include outboards, stern drives, pod drives, jet drives, inboards and thrusters.
3.22
radio frequency; RF
frequency within the range of frequencies suitable for utilization in radio communication
3.23
actuator
electromechanical, electropneumatic and/or electrohydraulic device that converts an electrical signal into a mechanical displacement
3.24
thrust
propulsive force from craft’s main propulsion system or bow or stern thrusters or a combination thereof in order to move or rotate the craft
3.25
wireless
mode of communication, monitoring and/or control through the use of electromagnetic, acoustic or optical transmission through atmospheric space
3.26
damp area
area where moisture is either permanently or intermittently present
EXAMPLE: Bilge, head, galley.
3.27
wet area
area exposed to weather
3.28
interior
protected area inside the craft
3.29
EUT
equipment under test
3.30
performance criteria
standard by which the functional status of an EUT during and after testing is judged
3.31
failure modes and effects analysis; FMEA
procedure in product development and operations development for analysis of potential failure modes
3.32
fail-safe mode
device or feature which, in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or minimize the harm, to other devices and cause no danger, or minimize the danger, to personnel
4 General requirements
4.1 All electronic/electrical components shall be designed to withstand a reversed-polarity connection of the power leads. This shall not render the component inoperable when subsequently connected to the power correctly.
4.2 All electronic/electrical components shall be designed with reverse polarity protection from internal surges.
4.3 DC systems shall comply with ISO 10133. AC systems shall comply with ISO 13297. An acceptable alternative to ISO 10133 and ISO 13297 is given in IEC 60092-507.
4.4 The system shall be energized whenever the propulsion engine(s) are running.
4.5 The system, except for dynamic positioning and displays, shall be fully operational within 5s after being turned on (powered).
4.6 Multi-installed engine steering systems shall be redundant by virtue of the fact that they are both mechanically and electrically independent of each other. A single device is allowed for control of multiple engines (e.g. steering wheel, joystick).
4.7 Each helm station shall give a visual indication when active. A main steering position shall be designated and meet the applicable requirements of ISO 11591, with the location included in the owner’s manual.
4.8 Each helm station shall, by visible and/or audible means, alert the operator when the system enters the fail-safe mode.
4.9 The sound pressure of an audible alarm 1m from the command station shall be at least 75dB(A), but not greater than 85dB(A). Systems incorporating a mute feature shall maintain the visual alert as long as the failure persists.
If an audible-only alert system is utilized: muting of the alarm is not allowed
4.10 Instructions for proper installation and use of the steering system shall be made available by the manufacturer.
4.11 Operational characteristics, instructions and warnings for proper use shall be described in the owner’s manual and/or by on-product labelling.
4.12 With the exception of an optional temporary override for emergency situations, it shall only be possible to start propulsion equipment in neutral.
Note: This includes any equipment that drives the propeller or water-jet drive.
4.13 The steering, shift and throttle actuators shall react/adjust input on a physical input command within 0.5s.
4.14 Steering wheels shall comply with the requirements of ISO 8848.
4.15 Hydraulic systems shall comply with the requirements of ISO 10592.
4.16 Electrical components intended to be installed in petrol engine or petrol tank compartments shall be ignition-protected in accordance with ISO 8846.
4.17 A risk identification/analysis, using an established method, shall be carried out for each system design.
Example: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), fault-tree analysis (FTA).
Risk identification and functional safety may be carried out as given in the relevant part of IEC 61508.
4.18 Systems that provide both cruising- and manoeuvring modes shall provide an indication to the operator at the command station of which mode the system is in, and shall not change modes without input from the operator.
Foreword II
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General requirements
5 Control head
6 Command station transfer
7 Portable helm station controls
8 Dynamic-positioning system (DPS)
9 Failure modes and responses
10 Test requirements
11 Labeling
12 Instructions to be included with the owner’s manual
小艇 操舵、换挡和油门的电气或电子控制系统
1 范围
本标准规定了小艇电气或电子操舵系统、换挡和油门、动力定应控制系统的设计、建造和试验要求。
本标准适用于艇体长度不大于24 m的小艇。
2规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
ISO 8846 小艇 电气装置 防止点燃周围可燃性的保护(Small craft—Electrical devices—Protection against ignition of surrounding flammable gases)
ISO 8848小艇 遥控操舵系统(Small craft—Remote steering systems)
ISO 10133 小艇 电气系统 超低压直流装置(Small craft—Electrical systems—Extra-low-voltage d.c. installations)
ISO 10240小艇 艇主手册(Small craft—Owner's manual)
ISO 10592小艇 液压操舵系统(Small craft—Hydraulic steering systems)
ISO 11591 机动小艇 操舵部位的视野(Small craft，engine-driven—Field of vision from helm position)
ISO 12215-8小艇 艇体结构和构件尺寸 第8部分：舵(Small craft-Hull construction and scantlings—Part 8：Rudders)
ISO 13297 小艇 电气系统 交流系统(Small craft—Electrical systems—Alternating current installations)
ISO 16750-2：2010 道路车辆 电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验 第2部分：电气负荷(Road vehicles—Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment—Part 2：Electrical loads)
ISO 16750-3：2007 道路车辆 电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验 第3部分：机械环境(Road vehicles—Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment—Part 3：Mechanical loads)
ISO 16750-4道路车辆 电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验 第4部分：气候负荷(Road vehicles—Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment—Part 4：Climatic loads)
IEC 60068-2-27环境试验 第2-27部分：试验 试验Ea和导则：冲击(Environmental testing—Part 2-27：Tests—Test Ea and guidance：Shock)
IEC 60068-2-52 环境试验 第2-52部分：试验 试验Kb：循环盐雾(氯化钠溶液)[Environmental testing—Part 2-52：Tests—Test Kb：Salt mist，cyclic(sodium chloride solution)]
IEC 60092-507 船舶电气设备 第507篇 小船(Electrical installations in ships—Part 507：Small vessels)
IEC 60533：1999船舶电气和电子装置 电磁兼容性(Electrical and electronic installations in ships—Electromagnetic compatibility)
IEC 60945：2002 航海和无线电通讯设备和系统 一般要求 试验方法和要求试验结果(Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems—General requirements—Methods of testing and required test results)
IEC 61000-4-5电磁兼容性(EMC)第4-5部分：试验和测量技术 电涌抗扰试验[Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)—Part 4-5：Testing and measurement techniques—Surge immunity test]
IEC 61508(所有部分)电气/电子/可编程电子安全系统的功能安全(Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems)
3术语和定义
下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1
电气或电子操舵系统electric/electronic steering system
从人工操舵输入设备到调节艇舵或推进单元操舵角设备(驱动器或电机)的所有元件，包括CPU(中央处理器)和电缆束。
注：包括操作杆和其他元件，例如已安装的动力定位GPS天线。
3.2
动力定位系统dynamic-positioning system
通过其本身推进系统以自动维持艇位置与方向的计算机控制系统，无论是否有艏艉推进器辅助。
3.3
电气或电子换挡和油门系统 electrical/electronic shift and throttle system
从换挡和油门输入设备到包括控制换挡和主机速度设备的所有元件，包括CPU(中央处理器)和电缆束。
3.4
点火保护装置ignition-protected equipment
经设计和试验可以在易爆气体中使用，并且不会点燃周围易燃性气体的电子设备。
3.5
可达性 accessible
无需拆除艇上的永久性结构便可通达进行检测、拆除或维护的能力。
3.6
易达性 readily accessible
无需使用工具或者拆除艇上的任何结构.或移开放置在预定作为贮存便携设备的处所，如箱柜、橱柜或物品架等便携设备，而立即通达进行操作、检测或维护的能力。
3.7
额定电压nominal voltage(s)
普遍使用的电压，诸如直流电压12 V、24 V或36 V。
3.8
手动模式manoeuvring mode
手动操纵时的小功率模式，由制造商定义。
3.9
自动模式cruising mode
在手动模式和全功率输出之间的动力模式，由制造商定义。
3.10
X轴 X axis
沿艇体艏部至艉部的纵向方向。
3.11
Y轴Y axis
沿艇体左舷到右舷的横向方向。
3.12
Z轴Z axis
垂直于X-Y平面的方向。
3.13
控制端control head
独立的导向设备，而不是操舵盘，用于同时控制操舵和推进。
示例：操纵杆、跟踪球或滑动杆。
3.14
控制杆control lever
操作员用于控制推力的输入设备。
3.15
操舵台 steering helm
操作员用于控制操舵的输入设备。
3.16
操纵杆joystick
操作员同时控制推力、操舵和推进的输入设备。
3.17
操舵台helm station
可以控制操舵、推进和推力的位置。
3.18
多操舵台 multiple helm stations
在艇上超过一处可以控制操舵、推进和推力的位置。
3.19
控制室 command station
处于有效控制状态的操舵台。
3.20
便携舵柄portable helm
通过有线或无线方式与系统进行交流，将换挡或油门或操舵连接起来的转舵装置，不是永久性安装在艇体结构上。
3.21
推进propulsion
单个或多个推力部件，可推动艇沿任意方向运动。
注：典型的推进装置包括舷外，舷内外驱动，吊舱驱动，喷水驱动，舷内和推进器。
3.22
无线电频率radio frequency；RF
处于一定频率范围内的频率，该频率范围内可以利用无线电进行交流。
3.23
执行器 actuator
可以将电信号转化为机械运动的电动机械、电动气动、电动液压装置。
3.24
推力thrust
从船艇主推进系统、艏艉推进器或他们的联合提供的推进力，以便移动或旋转船艇。
3.25
无线通信 wireless
通过在大气中使用电磁、声学或光学传递的通信、监控或控制模式。
3.26
潮湿区域damp area
永久性或间接性出现水的区域。
示例：舱底，船首，厨房。
3.27
雨水区域、wet area
露天区域。
3.28
内部interior
在船艇内受保护的区域。
3.29
EUT
经过测试的设备。
3.30
性能标准performance criteria
试验设备在试验过程中及试验后所呈现的功能状态。
3.31
故障模式和影响分析 failure modes and effects analysis；FMEA
为产品开发和操作开发而制定的程序，用于分析产品潜在的故障模式。
3.32
故障安全模式fail-safe mode
在故障情况下，设备产生对其他设备引起最小伤害，对人员造成最小危险的反应。
4 通用要求
4.1 所有电子电气部件都应设计成可以承受导线电极接反的情况，当电源重新正确连接时，电极接反不会导致部件无法工作。
4.2所有电子电气部件均应设计有防止内部浪涌的反向极性保护。
4.3直流系统应符合ISO 10133，交流系统应符合ISO 13297。IEC 60092-507给出了ISO 10133和ISO 13297的替代标准。
4.4 不论主机是否运行都应给系统供电。
4.5启动后，除了动力定位和显示器.其他系统应在5 s内充分地运行。
4.6 由于机械和电力操纵系统彼此独立运行，安装的多个主机操纵系统应具有冗余功能。允许单个设备独立控制多台主机(例如操纵轮、操纵杆)。
4.7 每个操舵台在启动时都应给出明显信号，主要操纵位置应指定，并满足ISO 11591的要求，同时该位置应配备使用手册。
4.8 每个操舵台在系统进入故障安全模式时，应通过明显可见或者发出声音的方法来警告操作员。
4.9 距控制站1 m以外的声音警报应保证声压至少在75 dB(A)，但不应超过85 dB(A)，包含消音功能的系统则应在失效存在的情况下，保持有明显视觉上的警告提醒。
若只使用了声音警报，则不允许降低警报声音。
4.10 制造商应提供适当的安装和操舵系统使用的指导说明。
4.11 正确使用的操作特性、用法说明和警告应体现在艇主手册或产品标签上。
4.12 只有在空挡时才可以启动推进设备，除非在紧急情况下需要临时性非空挡启动。
注：这包括了螺旋桨或喷水推进的任何设备。
4.13 操舵、转向和油门的传动装置应在0.5 s内执行或调整人力操作的输入。
4.14操纵轮应符合ISO 8848的要求。
4.15液压系统应符合ISO 10592的要求。
4.16 准备安装到汽油机或汽油舱室的电气部件应按照ISO 8846的要求进行点火保护。
4.17对每一个系统设计都应使用现有的方法进行风险识别或分析。
示例：故障模式和影响分析(FMEA)、故障树分析(FTA)。
风险识别和功能安全可以按照IEC 61508进行。
4.18 提供巡航和应急两种模式的系统应给控制站操作员一个指示，表明系统处于哪种模式，不应在操作员没有进行输入操作时改变模式。
5 控制端
5.1 控制端支持自动和手动两种模式的运行。
5.2 当操作员松开控制柄时，控制端位置应恢复到X、Y和Z坐标轴的空挡位置。见图1。
说明：
1——左侧；
2——艉侧。
图1 X、Y与Z指令
5.3 在自动模式运行时，控制端对发动机油门的控制在释放时，不必回复到低转速或生产商指定的怠速状态。
5.4在手动模式时，松开控制柄到空挡位置导致：
——自由变速器或喷水斗位于空挡位置；
——发动机处于生产商指定的怠速状态或电机处于停止状态。
5.5 随着艇上控制柄调整方向，艇应向同一方向移动。
5.6 便携式操舵应明确指示出其控制艇的方向。
5.7 如果控制柄包含了转动功能。那么控制柄的启动、顺时针和逆时针转动应使艇沿同一方向转动。
6指令台传输
指令台之间指令的传输应在预激活的操舵台完成。
7便携式操舵台的控制
7.1 便携操舵台控制(控制器或控制系统)应只有在手动模式时才允许使用。
7.2通讯失败或便携式操舵控制站控制的故障会导致变速器脱离、热机的空转和电机的停止。应通知操作者有关通讯失败的情况，并且系统应不妨碍信号传递到另一个操舵台。
7.3应在便携操舵台或使用前所存放或充电的地方提供警示标签，通过使用文字或国际标准图形符号来对操作员进行以下的警告：
——保持适当瞭望；
——抓紧以避免跌倒，艇可能突然移动；
——阅读有关系统安全操作的艇主手册。
7.4对于无线设备，信号强度应在便携控制器上显示，或者声音警告信号应提醒操作者信号过弱，可能会失去控制。
7.5无线设备应只能控制本船。
7.6无线便携操舵控制器应有充电状态指示。若充电不足以维持15 min连通且没有无线通信损失时，设备应不会启动。
7.7若设备由于电源不足无法支持15 min，无线便携操舵控制器应通知操作者。
