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GB/T 230 consists of the following three parts under the general title of Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test:
——Part 1: Test method;
——Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines;
——Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks.
This part is Part 1 of GB/T 230.
This part is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part replaces GB/T 230.1-2009 Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test - Part 1: Test method. The following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 230.1-2009:
——The materials of standard type of Rockwell ball indenter are modified (see Clause 1; Clause 1 of Edition 2009);
——The serviceable range of the steel indenter balls is modified (see Clause 1; Clause 1 of Edition 2009);
——The applicable range of Rockwell hardness HRA and HRB is modified (see Table 1; Table 1 of Edition 2009);
——The rules for applicable range of Rockwell hardness HRC extending to 10HRC are modified (see note in Table 1; note in Table 1 of Edition 2009);
——The durations of the preliminary force F0 and the additional test force F1 are modified (see 7.6 and 7.9; 7.3 and 7.5 of Edition 2009);
——The distance between the centers of two adjacent indentations is modified (see 7.13; 7.8 of Edition 2009);
——The rounding requirements for Rockwell hardness value are deleted [see d), Clause 9 of Edition 2009];
——The requirements of specimen roughness are modified (see 6.1 of Edition 2009);
——The indenter used in the thin products HR30TSm and HR15TSm in Annex A is modified (see Note 1 of Annex A; A.1 in Annex A of Edition 2009);
——Annex C is changed as normative annex, and the contents of the daily verification procedures in Annex C are modified (see Annex C; Annex E of Edition 2009);
——Annex D is changed as normative annex (see Annex D; Annex F of Edition 2009);
——The evaluation method related to uncertainty of measured hardness values in Annex G is modified (see Annex G; Annex G of Edition 2009).
This part is modified in relation to international standard ISO 6508-1:2016 Metallic Materials - Rockwell Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method”.
The structure of this part is basically consistent with ISO 6508-1:2016. Technical differences between this part and ISO 6508-1:2016 are marked with perpendicular single line (|) in the outside page margin of the provisions concerned. Compared with ISO 6508-1:2016, technical differences and their reasons are as follows:
——The adjustment in "Normative references" of this part has technical differences to meet the technical specification in China; the adjustment situations are embodied in a concentrated way in Clause 2 "Normative references" and the specific adjustments are as follows:
● ISO 6508-2 is replaced by GB/T 230.2 which is modified in relation to the international standard;
● ISO 6508-3 is replaced by GB/T 230.3 which is modified in relation to the international standard;
● JJG 112 is added for reference (see Clause 5).
● JJG 1059.1 is added for reference (see Clause 8).
The following editorial changes are also made in this part:
——Figure G.1 and corresponding notes are added in Annex G;
——The order of Annex C, Annex D, Annex E, and Annex F is adjusted according to the appearing order in the standard;
——Annex H and Annex I of the international standard are deleted.
This part was proposed by China Iron and Steel Association.
This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Iron and Steel of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 183).
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
——GB/T 230-1983, GB/T 230-1991, GB/T 230.1-2004 and GB/T 230.1-2009;
——GB/T 1818-1979, GB/T 1818-1994.
Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test -
Part 1: Test method
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 230 specifies the method for Rockwell regular and Rockwell superficial hardness tests for metallic materials with scales of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T, and 45T.
It is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines. For specific materials or products, other specific standards apply (for instance, GB/T 3849.1[1], GB/T 9097[2]).
Note: Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of tungsten carbide composite for ball indenters is considered to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball. Steel indenter balls are allowed to continue to be used only when complying with Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 230.2-2012 Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test - Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines (Scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) (GB/T 230.2-2012, ISO 6508-2: 2005, MOD)
GB/T 230.3 Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test - Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks (Scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) (GB/T 230.3-2012, ISO 6508-3: 2005, MOD)
JJG 112 Metallic Rockwell hardness testers (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)
JJF 1059.1 Evaluation and expression of uncertainty in measurement
3 Principle
An indenter of specified size, shape, and material is forced into the surface of a test specimen under two force levels using the specific conditions defined in Clause 7. The specified preliminary force is applied and the initial indentation depth is measured, followed by the application and removal of a specified additional force, returning to the preliminary force. The final indentation depth is then measured and the Rockwell hardness value is derived from the difference, h, in the final and initial indentation depths and the two constants N and S (see Figure 1, Table 1, and Table 2) as shown in Formula (1):
Rockwell hardness= (1)
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and designations
4.1 The symbols, abbreviations terms and designations used in this part are shown in Figure 1, Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3. Indenters with diameters of 6.350mm and 12.70mm are also available, as permitted by product standards or agreement. See the indenter used in other scales in ASTM E18 [10].
Note 1: For some materials, the applicable range may be narrower than that shown in the table.
Note 2: The previous unit of test force is kgf. For example, the total test force of 30kgf is converted to 294.2N.
Key
X——time
Y——indenter position
1——indentation depth by preliminary force, F0
2——indentation depth by additional test force, F1
3——elastic recovery just after removal of additional test force, F1
4——permanent indentation depth, h
5——surface of specimen
6——reference plane for measurement
7——position of indenter
8——curve of indentation depth relative to time
Figure 1 Principle diagram of Rockwell hardness test
Table 1 Rockwell Regular hardness scales
Rockwell regular hardness scale Hardness symbol unit Type of indenter Preliminary force F0 Total force F Scaling constant S Full range constant N Applicable range of application (Rockwell regular hardness scales)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
K HRA
HRBW
HRC
HRD
HREW
HRFW
HRGW
HRHW
HRKW Diamond cone
Ball 1.587 5mm
Diamond cone
Diamond cone
Ball 3.175mm
Ball 1.587 5mm
Ball 1.587 5mm
Ball 3.175mm
Ball 3.175mm 98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 NP 588.4 N
980.7 N
1.471 kN
980.7 N
980.7 N
588.4 N
1.471 kN
588.4 N
1.471 kN 0.002mm
0.002mm
0.002mm
0.002mm
0.002mm
0.002mm
0.002mm
0.002mm
0.002mm 100
130
100
100
130
130
130
130
130 20 HRA~95 HRA
10 HRBW~100 HRBW
20 HRCa~70 HRC
40 HRD~77 HRD
70 HREW~100 HREW
60 HRFW~100 HRFW
30 HRGW~94 HRGW
80 HRHW~100 HRHW
40 HRKW~100 HRKW
a The applicable range of the test can be extended to 10 HRC if the surfaces of the diamond cone and spherical tip are polished along the axis of diamond cone and at least 0.4mm away from the tip.
Table 2 Rockwell Superficial scales
Rockwell superficial hardness scale Hardness symbol unit Type of indenter Preliminary force F0 Total force F Scaling constant S Full range constant N Applicable range of application (Rockwell superficial hardness scales)
15N
30N
45N
15T
30T
45T
HR15N
HR30N
HR45N
HR15TW
HR30TW
HR45TW
Diamond cone
Diamond cone
Diamond cone
Ball 1.587 5mm
Ball 1.587 5mm
Ball 1.587 5mm
29.42N
29.42N
29.42N
29.42N
29.42N
29.42N
147.1N
294.2N
441.3N
147.1N
294.2N
441.3N
0.001mm
0.001mm
0.001mm
0.001mm
0.001mm
0.001mm
100
100
100
100
100
100
70 HR15N~94 HR15N
42 HR30N~86 HR30N
20 HR45N~77 HR45N
67 HR15TW~93 HR15TW
29 HR30TW~82 HR30TW
10 HR45TW~72 HR45TW
Table 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol/Abbreviated term Definition Unit
F0 Preliminary test force N
F1 Additional test force (total force minus preliminary force) N
F Total test force N
S Scaling constant, specific to the scale mm
N Full range constant, specific to the scale —
h Permanent depth of indentation under preliminary test force after removal of additional test force (permanent indentation depth) mm
HRA
HRC
HRD Rockwell regular hardness =
HRBW
HREW
HRFW
HRGW
HRHW
HRKW Rockwell regular hardness =
HRN
HRTW Rockwell superficial hardness=
4.2 The following is an example of the designation of Rockwell hardness.
Example:
Note 1: Previous versions of GB/T230 allowed the use of steel indenter balls, which required the suffix S.
Note 2: The HR30TSm and HR15TSm scales are defined in Annex A, a capital S and a lower-case m are used indicating the use of steel indenter balls and a diamond spot specimen holder.
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Principle
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and designations
5 Testing machine
6 Test piece
8 Uncertainty of the results
9 Test report
10 Conversions to other hardness scales or tensile strength values
Annex A (Normative) Special HR30TSm and HR15TSm test for thin products
Annex B (Normative) Minimum thickness of the test piece in relation to the Rockwell hardness
Annex C (Normative) Daily verification procedure
Annex D (Normative) Inspection of diamond indenters
Annex E (Normative) Corrections to be added to Rockwell hardness values obtained on convex cylindrical surfaces
Annex F (Normative) Corrections to be added to Rockwell hardness C scale values obtained on convex spherical test surfaces
Annex G (Informative) Uncertainty of the measured hardness values
Bibliography
金属材料 洛氏硬度试验
第1部分:试验方法
1 范围
GB/T 230的本部分规定了标尺为A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、K、15N、30N、45N、15T、30T和45T的金属材料洛氏硬度和表面洛氏硬度的试验方法。
本部分适用于固定式和便携式洛氏硬度计。对于特定的材料或产品,适用其他特定标准,例如:GB/T 3849.1[1]、GB/T 9097[2]。
注:碳化钨合金球形压头为标准型洛氏硬度压头,钢球压头仅在满足附录A的情况下才可使用。
2规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件,仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T 230.2—2012金属材料 洛氏硬度试验 第2部分:硬度计(A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、K、N、T标尺)的检验与校准(GB/T 230.2—2012,ISO 6508—2:2005,MOD)
GB/T 230.3金属材料 洛氏硬度试验 第3部分:标准硬度块(A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、K、N、T标尺)的标定(GB/T 230.3—2012,ISO 6508—3:2005,MOD)
JJG 112 金属洛氏硬度计(A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、K、N、T标尺)
JJF 1059.1测量不确定度评定与表示
3原理
将特定尺寸、形状和材料的压头按照第7章的规定分两级试验力压入试样表面,初试验力加载后,测量初始压痕深度。随后施加主试验力,在卸除主试验力后保持初试验力时测量最终压痕深度,洛氏硬度根据最终压痕深度和初始压痕深度的差值h及常数N和S(见图1、表1和表2)通过式(1)计算给出:
洛氏硬度= (1)
4符号、缩写术语和名称
4.1 本部分使用的符号、缩写术语和名称见图1、表1、表2及表3。如产品标准或协议允许,直径为6.350 mm和12.70 mm的压头也可以使用。参见ASTM E18[10]中其他标尺所使用的压头。
注1:对于某些材料,适用范围可能比表中所示要窄。
注2:试验力以前使用kgf为单位。例如:30 kgf的总试验力换算为294.2 N。
说明:
X——时间;
Y——压头位置;
1——在初试验力F0下的压入深度;
2——由主试验力F1引起的压入深度;
3——卸除主试验力F1后的弹性回复深度;
4——残余压痕深度h;
5——试样表面;
6——测量基准面;
7——压头位置;
8——压头深度相对时间的曲线。
图1 洛氏硬度试验原理图
表1洛氏硬度标尺
洛氏
硬度
标尺 硬度符号单位 压头类型 初试验力F0 总试验力F 标尺常数S 全量程常数N 适用范围
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
K HRA
HRBW
HRC
HRD
HREW
HRFW
HRGW
HRHW
HRKW 金刚石圆锥
直径1.587 5 mm球
金刚石圆锥
金刚石圆锥
直径3.175 mm球
直径1.587 5 mm球
直径1.587 5 mm球
直径3.175 mm球
直径3.175 mm球 98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 N
98.07 NP 588.4 N
980.7 N
1.473 kN
980.7 N
980.7 N
588.4 N
1.471 kN
588.4 N
1.471 kN 0.002 mm
0.002 mm
0.002 mm
0.002 mm
0.002 mm
0.002 mm
0.002 mm
0.002 mm
0.002 mm 100
130
100
100
130
130
130
130
130 20 HRA~95 HRA
10 HRBW~100 HRBW
20 HRCa~70 HRC
40 HRD~77 HRD
70 HREW~100 HREW
60 HRFW~100 HRFW
30 HRGW~94 HRGW
80 HRHW~100 HRHW
40 HRKW~100 HRKW
a当金刚石圆锥表面和顶端球面是经过抛光的,且抛光至沿金刚石圆锥轴向距离尖端至少0.4 mm,试验适用范围可延伸至10 HRC。
表2表面洛氏硬度标尺
表面洛氏硬度标尺 硬度符号单位 压头类型 初试验力F0 总试验力F 标尺常数S 全量程常数N 适用范围
(表面洛氏硬度标尺)
15 N
30 N
45 N
15 T
30 T
45 T HR15 N
HR30 N
HR45 N
HR15 TW
HR30 TW
HR45 TW 金刚石圆锥
金刚石圆锥
金刚石圆锥直径1.587 5 mm球
直径1.587 5 mm球
直径1.587 5 mm球 29.42 N
29.42 N
29.42 N
29.42 N
29.42 N
29.42 N 147.1 N
294.2 N
441.3 N
147.1 N
294.2 N
441.3 N 0.001 mm
0.001 mm
0.001 mm
0.001 mm
0.001 mm
0.001 mm 100
100
100
100
100
100 70 HR15 N~94 HR15 N
42 HR30 N~86 HR30 N
20 HR45 N~77 HR45 N
67 HR15 TW~93 HR15 TW
29 HR30 TW~82 HR30 TW
10 HR45 TW~72 HR45 TW
表3 符号及缩写术语
符号/缩写术语 说明 单位
F0 初试验力 N
F1 主试验力(总试验力减去初试验力) N
F 总试验力 N
S 给定标尺的标尺常数 mm
N 给定标尺的全量程常数 —
h 卸除主试验力,在初试验力下压痕残留的深度(残余压痕深度) mm
HRA
HRC
HRD 洛氏硬度=
HRBW
HREW
HRFW
HRGW
HRHW
HRKW 洛氏硬度=
HRN
HRTW 表面洛氏硬度=
4.2洛氏硬度的表示方法如下示例。
示例:
使用球形压头的类型
W=碳化钨合金
洛氏标尺符号(见表1或表2)
洛氏硬度符号
洛氏硬度值
注1:GB/T 230的以前版本允许使用钢球压头,并加后缀S表示。
注2:HR30TSm和HR15TSm在附录A进行了定义,使用大写S和小写m来表明使用钢球压头和金刚石试样支撑台。
5试验设备
5.1 硬度计
硬度计应能按表1和表2的部分或全部标尺及第7章的要求施加试验力,并符合GB/T 230.2—2012或JJG 112的规定。
5.2金刚石圆锥体压头
金刚石圆锥压头应满足GB/T 230.2—2012或JJG 112的要求,压头锥角应为120°,顶部曲率半径应为0.2 mm,可以证实用于以下试验:
——仅作为洛氏硬度标尺使用;
——仅作为表面洛氏硬度标尺使用;
——同时作为洛氏硬度标尺和表面洛氏硬度使用。
5.3球形压头
碳化钨合金球形压头的直径为1.587 5 mm或3.175 mm,并符合GB/T 230.2—2012的要求。
注1:球形压头通常由一个压头球和压头体组成。如果接触试样的端部为球形的单体压头满足GB/T 230.2—2012中6.3.1尺寸、形状、抛光、硬度的要求以及满足GB/T 230.2—2012中6.3.2的性能要求,这种端部为球形的单体压头也可以使用。
注2:碳化钨合金球形压头为标准型洛氏硬度压头,钢球压头仅在HR30TSm和HR15TSm时使用,见附录A。
6试样
6.1 除非材料标准或合同另有规定,试样表面应平坦光滑,并且不应有氧化皮及外来污物,尤其不应有油脂。在做可能会与压头粘结的活性金属的硬度试验时,例如钛;可以使用某种合适的油性介质,例如煤油。使用的介质应在试验报告中注明。
6.2试样的制备应使受热或冷加工等因素对试样表面硬度的影响减至最小。尤其对于压痕深度浅的试样应特别注意。
6.3 附录B给出了洛氏硬度与试样最小厚度关系图。对于用金刚石圆锥压头进行的试验,试样或试验层厚度应不小于残余压痕深度的10倍;对于用球压头进行的试验,试样或试验层的厚度应不小于残余压痕深度的15倍。除非可以证明使用较薄的试样对试验结果没有影响。通常情况下,试验后试样的背而不应有变形出现。对于特别薄的薄板金属,应符合HR30TSm和HR15TSm标尺的特别要求,见附录A。
6.4在凸圆柱而和凸球面上进行试验时,应采用洛氏硬度修正值,见7.11。
7试验程序
7.1 试验一般在10℃~35℃的室温下进行。当环境温度不满足该规定要求时,试验室需要评估该环境下对于试验数据产生的影响。当试验温度不在10℃~35℃范围内时,应记录并在报告中注明。
注:如果在试验或者校准时温度有明显的变化,测量的不确定度可能会增加,并且可能会出现测量超差的情况。
7.2 使用者应在当天使用硬度计之前,对所用标尺根据附录C进行日常检查。金刚石压头应按照附录D的要求进行检查。
7.3在变换或更换压头、压头球或载物台之后,应至少进行两次测试并将结果舍弃,然后按照附录C进行日常检查以确保硬度计的压头和载物台安装正确。
7.4压头应是上一次间接校准时使用的,如果不是上一次间接校准时使用的,压头应按照附录C中对常用的硬度标尺至少使用两个标准硬度块进行核查(硬度块按照GB/T 230.2—2012表1中选取高值和低值各1个)。该条款不适用于只更换球的情况。
7.5试样应放置在刚性支承物上,并使压头轴线和加载方向与试样表面垂直,同时应避免试样产生位移。应对圆柱形试样作适当支承,例如放置在洛氏硬度值不低于60 HRC的带有定心V型槽或双圆柱的试样台上。由于任何垂直方向的不同心都可能造成错误的试验结果,所以应特别注意使压头、试样、定心V型槽与硬度计支座中心对中。
7.6使压头与试样表面接触,无冲击、振动、摆动和过载地施加初试验力F0,初试验力的加载时间不超过2 s,保持时间应为3 s。
注:初试验力的保持时间范围是不对称的。
例如:3 s表示3 s是理想的保持时间,可接受的保持时间范围是1 s~4 s。
7.7初始压痕深度测量。手动(刻度盘)硬度计需要给指示刻度盘设置设定点或设置零位。自动(数显)硬度计的初始压痕深度测量是自动进行,不需要使用者进行输入,同时初始压痕深度的测量也可能不显示。
7.8无冲击、振动、摆动和过载地施加主试验力F1,使试验力从初试验力F0增加至总试验力F。洛氏硬度主试验力的加载时间为1 s~8 s。所有HRN和HRTW表面洛氏硬度的主试验力加载时间不超过4 s。建议采用与间接校准时相同的加载时间。
注:资料表明,某些材料可能对应变速率较敏感,应变速率的改变可能引起屈服应力值轻微变化,影响到压痕形成,从而可能改变测试的硬度值。
7.9总试验力F的保持时间为5 s,卸除主试验力F1,初试验力F0保持4 s后,进行最终读数。对于在总试验力施加期间有压痕蠕变的试验材料,由于压头可能会持续压入,所以应特别注意。若材料要求的总试验力保持时间超过标准所允许的6 s时,实际的总试验力保持时间应在试验结果中注明(例如65 HRF/10 s)。
7.10保持初试验力测量最终压痕深度。洛氏硬度值由式(1)使用残余压痕深度h计算,相应的信息由表1、表2和表3给出。对于大多数洛氏硬度计,压痕深度测量是采用自动计算从而显示洛氏硬度值的方式进行。图1中说明了洛氏硬度值的求出过程。
7.11 对于在凸圆柱面和凸球面上进行的试验,需要按附录E(表E.1、表E.2、表E.3和表E.4)和附录F(表F.1)进行修正,修正值应在报告中注明。未规定在凹面上试验的修正值,在凹面上试验时,应协商解决。
7.12在试验过程中,硬度计应避免受到冲击或振动。
7.13两相邻压痕中心之间的距离至少应为压痕直径的3倍,任一压痕中心距试样边缘的距离至少应为压痕直径的2.5倍。
8 结果的不确定度
一次完整的不确定度评定宜依照测量不确定度表示指南JJF 1059.1进行。对于硬度,与来源类型无关,有以下两种测量不确定度的评定方法可供选择:
——基于在直接校准中对所有出现的相关不确定度分量的评定,参考EURAMET Guide CG-16[3];
——基于用标准硬度块(有证标准物质)进行间接校准[2,3,4],测定指导参见附录G。
9试验报告
除非另有规定,试验报告应至少包括以下内容:
a) GB/T 230的本部分编号;
b)与试样有关的详细资料,包括试样表面的曲率;
c) 如果试验温度不在10℃~35℃之间.应注明试验温度;
d) 以4.2的格式表示的试验结果;
e) 不在本部分规定之内的操作或可选操作;
f) 可能影响试验结果的各种细节;
g)如果总试验力的保持时间超过6 s,应注明总试验力的保持时间;
h)试验日期;
i) 如果转换成其他硬度,转换的依据和方法应注明(参见GB/T 33362[11])。
10换算成其他硬度或抗拉强度值
尚无普遍适用的方法将洛氏硬度值精确地换成其他硬度或抗拉强度,因此应避免这种换算,除非通过对比试验得到可比较的换算方法(参见GB/T 33362[11])。
附 录A
(规范性附录)
薄产品HR30TSm和HR15TSm试验
A.1 一般要求
本试验适用于最大厚度为0.6 mm至产品标准所示最小厚度、最高硬度值为82HR30TSm或93HR15TSm的薄金属片。产品标准应规定何种情况下采用HR30TSm或HR15TSm进行硬度试验。
本附录的条件与本部分中规定的HR30TW或HR15TW试验条件相似,但允许在压痕背面出现变形痕迹。
注1:标尺中Sm表示在试验中使用钢球压头和金刚石试样支座。
注2:试验之前,需要在已知硬度值的薄样品上进行硬度测试,以确保试样支座表面不会影响测量结果。
除按本部分试验外,还应满足以下各项要求。
A.2球形压头
试验使用的硬化钢球直径为1.587 5 mm,并符合GB/T 230.2—2012的要求。
A.3试样支座
试样支座应包含直径约为4.5 mm经抛光和光滑平整的金刚石平板。支座面应与压头轴线垂直,支座轴线应与主轴同轴,并能稳固精确地安装于硬度计试样台上。
A.4试样制备
如有必要减薄试样,要对试样上下两面进行加工,加工中应避免如发热或冷作硬化等对基体金属性能的影响。基体金属不应薄于最小允许厚度。
A.5压痕距离
如无其他规定,两相邻压痕中心间距离或任一压痕中心距试样边缘距离不小于5 mm。
附 录 B
(规范性附录)
洛氏硬度与试样最小厚度关系
图B.1、图B.2和图B.3给出了试样或试验层的最小厚度。