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All technical contents of this standard are mandatory.
This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces GB/T 31485-2015 Safety requirements and test methods for traction battery of electric vehicle and GB/T 31467.3-2015 Lithium-ion traction battery pack and system for electric vehicles - Part 3: Safety requirements and test methods. The following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 31485-2015 and GB/T 31467.3-2015:
——The safety requirements for secondary cell during overdischarge are modified (see 5.1.1, and 5.1.1 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The test methods for overcharge test of secondary cell are modified (see 8.1.3, and 6.2.3 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The test methods for extrusion test of secondary cell are modified (see 8.1.7, and 6.2.7 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for drop test of secondary cell are deleted (see 5.1.4 and 6.2.5 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for needling test of secondary cell are deleted (see 5.1.7 and 6.2.8 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for seawater immersion test of secondary cell are deleted (see 5.1.8 and 6.2.9 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for low pressure test of secondary cell are deleted (see 5.1.10 and 6.2.11 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for battery module are deleted (see 5.2 and 6.3 of GB/T 31485-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for vibration test of battery pack or system are modified (see 5.2.1 and 8.2.1, and 7.1.1 and 7.1.3.1 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for vibration test of electronic devices of battery pack or system are deleted (see 7.1.2 and 7.1.3.2 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The test methods for mechanical shock test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.2, and 7.2 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The test methods for simulated impact test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.3, and 7.5 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The test methods of extrusion test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.4, and 7.6 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The test methods for damp heat cyclic test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.5, and 7.8 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for water immersion test of battery pack or system are modified (see 5.2.6 and 8.2.6, and 7.9 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for external fire test of battery pack or system are modified [see 5.2.7a) and 8.2.7.1, and 7.10 of GB/T 31467.3-2015];
——The safety requirements and test methods for thermal propagation test of battery pack or system are added [see 5.2.7b), 8.2.7.2 and Annex C];
——The test methods for temperature shock test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.8, and 7.7 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for salt mist test of battery pack or system are modified (see 5.2.9 and 8.2.9, and 7.11 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for high altitude test of battery pack or system are modified (see 5.2.10 and 8.2.10, and 7.12 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for over-temperature protection test of battery pack or system are modified (see 5.2.11 and 8.2.11, and 7.13 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for overcurrent protection test of battery pack or system are added (see 5.2.12 and 8.2.12);
——The test methods for external short-circuit protection test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.13, and 7.14 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The test methods for overcharge protection test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.14, and 7.15 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The test methods for overdischarge protection test of battery pack or system are modified (see 8.2.15, and 7.16 of GB/T 31467.3- 2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for drop test of battery pack or system are deleted (see 7.3 of GB/T 31467.3-2015);
——The safety requirements and test methods for turnover test of battery pack or system are deleted (see 7.4 of GB/T 31467.3-2015).
This standard was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China.
The previous editions of this standard are as follows:
——GB/T 31485-2015;
——GB/T 31467.3-2015.
Introduction
This introduction is intended to introduce the principles for the requirements of this standard, and the understanding of such principles is necessary for the design and application of secondary cell, pack or system of electric vehicles traction battery. It shall be noted that for the purposes of this standard, only the most basic safety requirements for the secondary cell, pack or system of electric vehicles traction battery are considered to provide personal safety protection, while production, transportation, maintenance and recycling safety, as well as performance and functional characteristics are not involved.
Further development of technology and process will require revision of this standard.
The hazards caused by the secondary cell, pack or system of electric vehicles traction battery within the scope of this standard refer to:
——Leakage, which may cause high voltage and insulation failure of battery system, thus indirectly causing hazards such as personnel electric shock and battery system fire;
——Fire, which directly causes burns of human body;
——Explosion, which directly harms the human body, including high temperature burn, shock wave injury and explosive debris injury;
——Electric shock, i.e., the injury caused by current flowing through the human body.
The safety of the secondary cell, pack or system of electric vehicles traction battery depends on its material selection, design and service conditions. Thereof, service conditions include normal service conditions, foreseeable misuse conditions, and foreseeable fault conditions, as well as environmental conditions such as temperature and altitude that affect its safety.
Electric vehicles traction battery safety requirements
1 Scope
This standard specifies the safety requirements and test methods for secondary cell, pack or system of traction battery (hereinafter referred to as battery) of electric vehicles.
This standard is applicable to rechargeable electrical energy storage devices such as lithium-ion battery and NI-MH battery for electric vehicles.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 2423.4 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test method - Test Db: Damp heat, cyclic (12h+12h cycle)
GB/T 2423.17 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ka: Salt mist
GB/T 2423.43 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test methods - Mounting of specimens for vibration, impact and similar dynamic tests
GB/T 2423.56 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Fh: Vibration, broad-band random and guidance
GB/T 4208-2017 Degrees of protection provided by enclosure (IP code)
GB/T 19596 Terminology of electric vehicles
GB/T 28046.4-2011 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 4: Climatic loads
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 19596 and the following apply.
3.1
secondary cell
basic unit device that converts the chemical energy and electric energy mutually
Note: it generally includes electrode, diaphragm, electrolyte, housing and terminal, and is also designed to be rechargeable.
3.2
battery module
an assembly composed of two or more secondary cells in series connection, parallel connection or combination thereof, which is used as a power supply
3.3
battery pack
unit which is capable of obtaining external electric energy and outputting electric energy outwards
Note: it generally includes secondary cell, battery management module (excluding BCU), battery compartment and corresponding accessories (cooling components, connecting cables, etc.).
3.4
battery system
energy storage device consisting of one or more battery pack(s) and corresponding accessories (management system, high voltage circuit, low voltage circuit, mechanical assembly, etc.)
3.5
battery electronics
electronic device collecting or simultaneously monitoring the electric and thermal data of battery pack
Note: the battery electronics may include a cell controller and the electronic components for equalization of secondary cells. The equalization between secondary cells may be controlled by the battery electronics or battery control unit.
3.6
battery control unit
electronic device controlling, managing, detecting, or calculating relevant electric and thermal parameters of the battery system and providing communication between the battery system and other vehicle controllers
3.7
rated capacity
capacity of secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system declared by the manufacturer after measurement under the conditions specified by the manufacturer
Note: generally, the rated capacity is expressed in Ah or mAh.
3.8
practical capacity
capacity released from a fully charged secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system under the conditions specified by the manufacturer
3.9
state-of-charge
percentage of capacity which may be released by the current secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system under the discharge conditions specified by the manufacturer in respect of the practical capacity
3.10
explosion
sudden release of sufficient energy to generate pressure waves or jets which may cause structural or physical damage to the surrounding area
3.11
fire
situation that any part of the secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system keeps burning (with the flame duration greater than 1s of single fire), with spark and arc discharge not considered as combustion
3.12
housing crack
mechanical damage to the housing of secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system due to internal or external factors, resulting in exposure or spillage of inner matter
3.13
leakage
phenomenon that visible matter is leaked out of the test object from secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system
3.14
thermal runaway
uncontrollable temperature rise of the battery caused by the exothermic chain reaction of the secondary cell
3.15
thermal propagation
successive thermal runaway of the rest secondary cells caused by the thermal runaway of a secondary cell in a battery pack or system
3.16
end-of-charge voltage
allowable maximum voltage of secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system during normal charge
3.17
end-of-discharge voltage
allowable minimum voltage of secondary cell, battery module, battery pack or system during normal discharge
4 Abbreviations and symbols
4.1 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply.
BCU: battery control unit
FS: full scale
PSD: power spectral density
RMS: root mean square
SOC: state-of-charge
4.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
I1: the discharge current per hour-rate (A), which is equal to the rated capacity.
I3: the discharge current (A) per 3h-rate, which is equal to 1/3 of the rated capacity.
5 Safety Requirements
5.1 Safety requirements for secondary cell
5.1.1 When subjected to overdischarge test in accordance with 8.1.2, the secondary cell shall be free from fire and explosion.
5.1.2 When subjected to overcharge test in accordance with 8.1.3, the secondary cell shall be free from fire and explosion.
5.1.3 When subjected to external short-circuit test in accordance with 8.1.4, the secondary cell shall be free from fire and explosion.
5.1.4 When subjected to heating test in accordance with 8.1.5, the secondary cell shall be free from fire and explosion.
5.1.5 When subjected to temperature cycle test in accordance with 8.1.6, the secondary cell shall be free from fire and explosion.
5.1.6 When subjected to extrusion test in accordance with 8.1.7, the secondary cell shall be free from fire and explosion.
5.2 Safety requirements for battery pack or system
5.2.1 When subjected to vibration test in accordance with 8.2.1, the battery pack or system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion, without triggering abnormal termination conditions. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.2 When subjected to mechanical shock test in accordance with 8.2.2, the battery pack or system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.3 When subjected to simulated impact test in accordance with 8.2.3, the battery pack or system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.4 When subjected to extrusion test in accordance with 8.2.4, the battery pack or system shall be free from fire and explosion.
5.2.5 When subjected to damp heat cyclic test in accordance with 8.2.5, the battery pack or system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion. The insulation resistance within 30min after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.6 When subjected to water immersion test in accordance with 8.2.6, the battery pack or system shall meet one of the following requirements:
a) It shall be free from fire or explosion when tested according to Method I;
b) It shall meet the IPX7 requirements and be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion after being tested according to Method II. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.7 The battery pack or system shall be subjected to thermal stability test in accordance with 8.2.7, except for NI-MH battery pack or system, including:
a) When subjected to external fire test in accordance with 8.2.7.1, the battery pack or system shall be free from explosion;
b) The analysis and verification for passenger protection against thermal propagation shall be performed in accordance with 8.2.7.2. The battery pack or system shall send a thermal event alarm signal 5min before any passenger compartment hazard caused by thermal propagation resulted from thermal runaway of secondary cell.
5.2.8 When subjected to temperature shock test in accordance with 8.2.8, the battery pack or system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.9 When subjected to salt mist test in accordance with 8.2.9, the battery pack or system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.10 When subjected to high altitude test in accordance with 8.2.10, the battery pack or system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion, without triggering abnormal termination conditions. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.11 When subjected to over-temperature protection test in accordance with 8.2.11, the battery system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion, without triggering abnormal termination conditions. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.12 When subjected to overcurrent protection test in accordance with 8.2.12, the battery system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion, without triggering abnormal termination conditions. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.13 When subjected to external short-circuit protection test in accordance with 8.2.13, the battery system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.14 When subjected to overcharge protection test in accordance with 8.2.14, the battery system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion, without triggering abnormal termination conditions. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
5.2.15 When subjected to overdischarge protection test in accordance with 8.2.15, the battery system shall be free from leakage, housing crack, fire or explosion. The insulation resistance after the test shall not be less than 100Ω/V.
6 Test conditions
6.1 General conditions
6.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, the temperature is 22℃±5℃, the relative humidity is 10%~90% and the atmospheric pressure is 86kPa~106kPa for the test environment.
6.1.2 In 8.1, a secondary cell shall be taken as the test object; if the secondary cell cannot work alone, a battery module may be used for test and the safety requirements for it are still performed according to 5.1.
6.1.3 For a battery pack or system covered by a vehicle body and forming a battery pack compartment, it may be tested together with the compartment or vehicle body.
6.1.4 Necessary operation documents and the interface components (e.g., connector and plug, including cooling system interface) required for connection with the test equipment shall be included when battery pack or system test is delivered; see Annex A for the typical structure of battery pack or system. The manufacturer shall provide the safe working limits of battery pack or system.
6.1.5 The battery pack or system shall be subjected to insulation resistance test before all tests as well as after some tests. The test position is between the two terminals and electric chassis. The measured insulation resistance divided by the maximum working voltage of the battery pack or system shall not be less than 100Ω/V. See Annex B for the specific test method.
6.1.6 If the battery pack or system is not suitable for some tests for some reason (e.g., size or mass), the manufacturer and test organization may agree to take the subsystem of battery pack or system as the test object to perform all or some tests; however, the subsystem to be tested shall contain all the parts (e.g., connecting components or protective components, etc.) related to the vehicle requirements.
6.1.7 Method for adjusting SOC to n% of the test target value: charge the battery pack or system fully according to the charging method provided by the manufacturer, keep it still for 1h, and then let it discharge at 1 I3 constantly for T; wherein T is calculated using Equation (1); or adjust SOC according to the method provided by the manufacturer. After each adjustment of SOC, the test object shall be kept still for 30min before starting a new test.
Foreword I
Introduction IV
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Abbreviations and symbols
4.1 Abbreviations
4.2 Symbols
5 Safety Requirements
5.1 Safety requirements for secondary cell
5.2 Safety requirements for battery pack or system
6 Test conditions
6.1 General conditions
6.2 Accuracy of measuring apparatuses and meters
6.3 Error in test process
6.4 Data recording and its interval
7 Test preparation
7.1 Preparation for secondary cell test
7.2 Test preparation for battery pack or system
8 Test methods
8.1 Test methods for secondary cell safety
8.2 Test methods for battery back or system safety
9 Implementation date
Annex A (Informative) Typical structure of battery pack or system
Annex B (Normative) Test methods for insulation resistance of battery pack or system
Annex C (Normative) Report on analysis and verification for passenger protection against thermal propagation
Bibliography
