标准编号:	GB/T 755-2019
中文名称:	旋转电机 定额和性能
英文名称:	Rotating electrical machines—Rating and performance
中标分类:	K20    旋转电机综合
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	29.160.01 29.160.01    旋转电机综合 29.160.01
发布机构:	中华人民共和国国家市场监督管理总局 中国国家标准化管理委员会
发布日期:	2019-12-10
实施日期:	2020-7-1
标准状态:	valid
替代旧标准:	GB/T 755-2008 GB 755-2008 旋转电机 定额和性能
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	40000 字
翻译价格(元):	1400.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This standard replaces GB/T 755-2008 Rotating electrical machines - Rating and performance. In addition to a number of editorial changes, the following technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 755-2008: ——the thermal equilibrium condition is modified as: the temperature rises of the heating parts of the machine do not vary by more than a gradient of 1K per half hour (see 3.25, 3.25 in 2008 version); ——the term "runaway speed" is added (see 3.33); ——the requirements on water coolant temperature are added (see 6.5, 6.5 of 2008 edition); ——the stipulation that the variable frequency motor shall meet the requirements of IVIC is added, and the bus transfer and fast reclosing requirements are added (see 7.1); ——Table 3 “CCC symbol designation” is added (see Table 3 of 7.2.4); ——Item 5 of Table 4 in 7.3 is modified: synchronous generator driven by steam turbines or combustion gas turbines with rated output ≥10 MVA (see Table 4, Table 3 in 2008 edition); ——provisions on the impulse voltage insulation class, in the case of machines designed to operate without partial discharges are added (see 7.5); ——a new insulation class 200(N) is added and some temperature rise limits in Table 8 are modified (see Table 8, Table 7 in 2008 edition); ——the calculation formula of Item 1b in Table 10 is modified (see Table 10, Table 9 in 2008 edition); ——marking of IC codes, IVIC for variable frequency motors, IE codes for energy efficiency grade is added (see 10.2); ——Items 1 and 2 for tolerances are added (see 12.2; 12.2 in 2008 edition); ——EMC requirements for excitation synchronous machines without brushes are added (see 13.1). This standard, by means of translation, is identical to IEC 60034-1:2017 Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: Rating and performance The Chinese documents consistent and corresponding with the normative international documents in this standard are as follows: ——GB/T 156-2017 Standard voltages (IEC 60038: 2009, MOD); ——GB/T 1971-2006 Rotating electrical machines - Terminal markings and direction of rotation (IEC 60034-8:2002, IDT); ——GB/T 1993-1993 Cooling methods for rotating electrical machines (eqv IEC 60034-6: 1991); ——GB/T 4026-2010 Basic and safety rules for logo identification of man-machine interface equipment terminals and conductor terminals (IEC 60445:2006, IDT); ——GB 4343.1-2018 Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus-Part 1: Emission (CISPR 14-1: 2011, IDT); ——GB 4706.1-2005 Household and similar electrical appliances-Safety-Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60335-1:2004, IDT); ——GB/T 4772.1-1999 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines -Part 1: Frame numbers 56 to 400 and flange numbers 55 to 1080 (IEC 60072-1:1991, IDT); ——GB/T 4772.2-1999 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines -Part 2: Frame numbers 355 to 1000 and flange numbers 1 180 to 2360 (IEC 60072-2: 1990, IDT); ——GB/T 4772.3-1999 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines-Part 3: Small built-in motors- Flange numbers BF10 to BF50 (IEC 60072-3: 1994, IDT); ——GB 4824-2013 Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment-Disturbance characteristics-Limits and methods of measurement (IEC/CISPR 11: 2010, IDT); ——GB/T 4942.1-2006 Degrees of protection provided by the integral design of rotating electrical machines (IP code) - Classification (IEC 60034-5: 2000, IDT); ——GB 5226.1-2008 Electrical safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1: 2005, IDT); ——GB/T 6113.101-2016 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus (CISPR 16-1-1: 2010, IDT); ——GB/T 11021-2014 Electrical insulation-Thermal evaluation and designation (IEC 60085:2007, IDT); ——GB/T 17948 (All Parts) Rotating electrical machines - Functional evaluation of insulation systems [IEC 60034-18 (All Parts)]; ——GB/T 22715-2016 Impulse voltage withstand levels of form-wound stator coils for rotating a.c. machines (IEC 60034-15:2009, IDT); ——GB/T 25442-2018 Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotation electrical machines from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles) (IEC 60034-2-1: 2014, IDT); ——GB/T 32877-2016 Specific test method for determining loss and efficiency of inverter-fed AC induction motors (IEC/TS 60034-2-3:2013, IDT). The following editorial changes have been made in this standard: ——the standard name is changed to Rotating electrical machines - Rating and performance; ——the clerical errors in the original document are corrected. This standard was proposed by China Electrical Equipment Industrial Association. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Electric Rotating Machinery of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 26). The previous editions of standard replaced by this standard are as follows: ——GB 755-1987, GB 755-2000, GB/T 755-2008. Rotating electrical machines - Rating and performance 1 Scope This standard is applicable to all rotating electrical machines except those covered by other IEC standards, for example, IEC 60349. Machines within the scope of this standard may also be subject to superseding, modifying or additional requirements in other standards, for example, IEC 60079 and IEC 60092. Note: If particular clauses of this document are modified to meet special applications, for example machines subject to radioactivity or machines for aerospace, all other clauses apply insofar as they are compatible. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 2900.25-2008 Electrotechnical terminology - Rotating electrical machines (IEC 60050-411: 1996, IDT) GB/T 21210-2016 Starting performance of single-speed three-phase cage induction motors (IEC 60034-12: 2016, IDT) IEC 60027-1 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology—Part 1: General IEC 60027-4 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology—Part 4: Rotating electric machines) IEC 60034-2 (all parts) Rotating electrical machines—Part 2: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)] IEC 60034-3 Rotating electrical machines—Part 3: Specific requirements for synchronous generators driven by steam turbines or combustion gas turbines IEC 60034-5 Rotating electrical machines—Part 5: Degrees of protection provided by the integral design of rotating electrical machines (IP code)—Classification IEC 60034-6 Rotating electrical machines—Part 6: Methods of cooling(IC code)] IEC 60034-8 Rotating electrical machines—Part 8: Terminal markings and direction of Rotation) IEC 60034-15 Rotating electrical machines—Part 15: Impulse voltage withstand levels of form-wound stator coils for rotating a.c. machines) IEC 60034-18 (all parts) Rotating electrical machines—Part 18: Functional evaluation of insulation systems IEC 60034-18-41 Rotating electrical machines—Part 18-41: Partial discharge free electrical insulation systems (Type I) used in rotating electrical machines fed from voltage converters—Qualification and quality control tests IEC TS 60034-25 Rotating electrical machines—Part 25: AC electrical machines used in power drive systems—Application guide IEC 60034-29 Rotating electrical machines—Part 29: Equivalent loading and superposition techniques—Indirect testing to determine temperature rise IEC 60034-30 (all parts) Rotating electrical machines—Part 30: Efficiency classes of A.C. motors(IE-code) IEC 60038 IEC standard voltages IEC 60060-1 High-voltage test techniques—Part 1: General definitions and test requirements) IEC 60072 (all parts) Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines IEC 60085 Electrical insulation—Thermal evaluation and designation IEC 60204-1 Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 1: General requirements) IEC 60204-11 Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 11: Requirements for HV equipment for voltages above 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. and not exceeding 36 kV) IEC 60335-1: 2010 Household and similar electrical appliances—Safety—Part 1: General requirements) IEC 60445 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification—Identification of equipment terminals, conductor terminations and conductors) IEC 60664-1 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems—Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests) IEC 61148 Terminal markings for valve de-vice stacks and assemblies and for power conversion equipment) IEC 61293 Marking of electrical equipment with ratings related to electrical supply—Safety Requirements) CISPR 11 Industrial, scientific and medical equipment—Radiofrequency disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement) CISPR 14 (all parts) Electromagnetic compatibility—Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus CISPR 16 (all parts) Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 2900.25- 2008 and the following apply. Note 1: For definitions concerning cooling and coolants, other than those in 3.17 to 3.22, see IEC 60034-6. Note 2: For the purposes of this document, the term ‘agreement’ means ‘agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser’. 3.1 rated value quantity value assigned, generally by a manufacturer, for a specified operating condition of a machine Note: The rated voltage or voltage range is the rated voltage or voltage range between lines at the terminals. [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-23] 3.2 rating set of rated values and operating conditions [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-24] 3.3 rated output value of the output included in the rating 3.4 load all the values of the, in case of a generator, electrical and, in case of a motor, mechanical quantities that signify the demand made on a rotating machine by an electrical circuit or a mechanism at a given instant Note: GB/T 2900.25-2008, modified, definition 411-51-01. 3.5 no-load (operation) state of a machine rotating with zero output power (but under otherwise normal operating conditions) Note: GB/T 2900.25-2008, modified, definition 411-51-02. 3.6 full load load which causes a machine to operate at its rating [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-10] 3.7 full load value quantity value for a machine operating at full load Note: This concept applies to power, torque, current, speed, etc. [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-11] 3.8 de-energized and rest complete absence of all movement and of all electrical supply or mechanical drive [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-03] 3.9 duty statement of the load(s) to which the machine is subjected, including, if applicable, starting, electric braking, no-load and rest and de-energized periods, and including their durations and sequence in time [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-06] 3.10 duty type continuous, short-time or periodic duty, comprising one or more loads remaining constant for the duration specified, or a non-periodic duty in which generally load and speed vary within the permissible operating range [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-13] 3.11 cyclic duration factor ratio between the period of loading, including starting and electric braking, and the duration of the duty cycle, expressed as a percentage [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-51-09] 3.12 locked rotor torque greatest steady-state r.m.s. current taken from the line with the motor held at rest, over all angular positions of its rotor, at rated voltage and frequency [GB/T 2900.25-2008, Definition 411-48-06] 3.13 locked rotor current greatest steady-state r.m.s. current taken from the line with the motor held at rest, over all angular positions of its rotor, at rated voltage and frequency [GB/T 2900.25-2008, Definition 411-48-16] 3.14 pull-up torque(of an a.c. motor) smallest steady-state asynchronous torque which the motor develops between zero speed and the speed which corresponds to the breakdown torque, when the motor is supplied at the rated voltage and frequency Note 1: this definition does not apply to those asynchronous motors of which the torque continually decreases with increase in speed. Note 2: in addition to the steady-state asynchronous torques, harmonic synchronous torques, which are a function of rotor load angle, will be present at specific speeds. At such speeds, the accelerating torque may be negative for some rotor load angles. Experience and calculation show this to be an unstable operating condition and therefore harmonic synchronous torques do not prevent motor acceleration and are excluded from this definition. 3.15 breakdown torque(of an a.c. motor) maximum steady-state asynchronous torque which the motor develops without an abrupt drop in speed, when the motor is supplied at the rated voltage and frequency Note: this definition does not apply to motors with torques that continually decrease with increase in speed. 3.16 pull-out torque(of a synchronous motor) maximum torque which the synchronous motor develops at synchronous speed with rated voltage, frequency and field current 3.17 cooling procedure by means of which heat resulting from losses occurring in a machine is given up to a primary coolant, which may be continuously replaced or may itself be cooled by a secondary coolant in a heat exchanger [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-44-01] 3.18 coolant medium, liquid or gas, by means of which heat is transferred [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-44-02] 3.19 primary coolant medium, liquid or gas, which, being at a lower temperature than a part of a machine and in contact with it, removes heat from that part [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-44-03] 3.20 secondary coolant medium, liquid or gas, which, being at a lower temperature than the primary coolant, removes the heat given up by this primary coolant by means of a heat exchanger or through the external surface of the machine [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-44-04] 3.21 direct cooled (inner cooled) winding winding mainly cooled by coolant flowing in direct contact with the cooled part through hollow conductors, tubes, ducts or channels which, regardless of their orientation, form an integral part of the winding inside the main insulation Note: in all cases when ‘indirect’ or ‘direct’ is not stated, an indirect cooled winding is implied. [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-44-08] 3.22 indirect cooled winding any winding other than a direct cooled winding Note: in all cases when ‘indirect’ or ‘direct’ is not stated, an indirect cooled winding is implied. [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-44-09] 3.23 supplementary insulation independent insulation applied in addition to the main insulation in order to ensure protection against electric shock in the event of failure of the main insulation 3.24 moment of inertia sum (integral) of the products of the mass elements of a body and the squares of their distances (radii) from a given axis 3.25 thermal equilibrium state reached when the temperature rises of the heating parts of the machine do not vary by more than a gradient of 1K per half hour Note 1: thermal equilibrium may be determined from the time-temperature rise plot when the straight lines between points at the beginning and end of two successive intervals of half hour each have a gradient of 1K or less per half hour or 2K or less per hour. Note 2: GB/T 2900.25-2008, modified, definition 411-51-08. 3.26 thermal equivalent time constant time constant, replacing several individual time constants, which determines approximately the temperature course in a winding after a step-wise current change 3.27 encapsulated winding winding which is completely enclosed or sealed by moulded insulation [GB/T 2900.25-2008, definition 411-39-06] 3.28 rated form factor of direct current supplied to a d.c. motor armature from a static power converter ratio of the r.m.s. maximum permissible value of the current Irms,max N to its average value IavN (mean value integrated over one period) at rated conditions: (1) 3.29 current ripple factor ratio of the difference between the maximum value Imax and the minimum value Imin of an undulating current to two times the average value Iav (mean value integrated over one period): (2) Note 1: for small values of current ripple, the ripple factor may be approximated by the following expression: (3) Note 2: the above expression may be used as an approximation if the resulting calculated value of qi is equal to or less than 0.4. 3.30 tolerance permitted deviation between the declared value of a quantity and the measured value 3.31 type test test of one or more machines made to a certain design to show that the design meets certain specifications Note: the type test may also be considered valid if it is made on a machine which has minor deviations of rating or other characteristics. These deviations should be subject to agreement. [GB/T 2900.25-2008, Definition 411-53-01]

Foreword I 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Duty 5 Rating 6 Site conditions 7 Electrical operating conditions 8 Thermal performance and tests 9 Other performance and tests 10 Rating plates 11 Miscellaneous requirements 12 Tolerances 13 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 14 Safety Annex A (Informative) Guidance for the application of duty type S10 and for establishing the value of relative thermal life expectancy TL Annex B (Informative) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) limits Bibliography

旋转电机 定额和性能 1 范围 本标准适用于所有的旋转电机，但其他国家标准和IEC标准所规定的电机除外，例如，IEC 60349。 本标准范围内的电机也可符合经取代、修改或补充的其他国家标准和IEC标准的要求，例如IEC 60079和IEC 60092。 注：如为了适用于特殊用途例如耐辐射电机或宇航电机而要对本标准的某些条文进行修改，则所有其他条文在其能适用时仍然有效。 2规范性引用文件 下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 GB/T 2900.25—2008 电工术语 旋转电机(IEC 60050-411：1996，IDT) GB/T 21210—2016 单速三相笼型感应电动机的起动性能(IEC 60034-12：2016，IDT) IEC 60027-1 电工技术应用的字母符号 第1部分：总则(Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology—Part 1：General) IEC 60027-4电工技术应用的字母符号 第4部分：旋转电机(Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology—Part 4：Rotating electric machines) IEC 60034-2(所有部分)旋转电机 第2部分：旋转电机(牵引电机除外)确定损耗和效率的标准试验方法[Rotating electrical machines—Part 2：Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests(excluding machines for traction vehicles)] IEC 60034-3旋转电机 第3部分：汽轮机或燃汽轮驱动的同步发电机的特殊要求(Rotating electrical machines—Part 3：Specific requirements for synchronous generators driven by steam turbines or combustion gas turbines) IEC 60034-5旋转电机 第5部分：旋转电机整体结构的防护等级(IP代码)分级[Rotating electrical machines—Part 5：Degrees of protection provided by the integral design of rotating electrical machines(IP code)—Classification] IEC 60034-6旋转电机 第6部分：冷却方法(IC代码)[Rotating electrical machines—Part 6：Methods of cooling(IC code)] IEC 60034-8旋转电机 第8部分：线端标志与旋转方向(Rotating electrical machines—Part 8：Terminal markings and direction of Rotation) IEC 60034-15 旋转电机 第15部分：交流电机定子成型线圈耐冲击电压水平(Rotating electrical machines—Part 15：Impulse voltage withstand levels of form-wound stator coils for rotating a.c. machines) IEC 60034-18(所有部分)旋转电机 第18部分：绝缘结构功能性评定(Rotating electrical machines—Part 18：Functional evaluation of insulation systems) IEC 60034-18-41旋转电机 第18-41部分：电压源变频器供电旋转电机用I型电气绝缘结构的鉴别和型式试验[Rotating electrical machines—Part 18-41：Partial discharge free electrical insulation systems(Type I)used in rotating electrical machines fed from voltage converters—Qualification and quality control tests] IEC TS 60034-25旋转电机 第25部分：用于电力传动系统的交流电机 应用导则(Rotating electrical machines—Part 25：AC electrical machines used in power drive systems—Application guide) IEC 60034-29旋转电机 第29部分：等效负载和叠加试验技术 间接法确定旋转电机温升(Rotating electrical machines—Part 29：Equivalent loading and superposition techniques—Indirect testing to determine temperature rise) IEC 60034-30(F3有部分)旋转电机 第30部分：交流电动机效率分级(IE代码)[Rotating electrical machines—Part 30：Efficiency classes of A.C. motors(IE-code)] IEC 60038 IEC标准电压(IEC standard voltages) IEC 60060-1高压试验技术 第1部分：一般定义和试验要求(High-voltage test techniques—Part 1：General definitions and test requirements) IEC 60072(所有部分)旋转电机尺寸和输出功率等级(Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines) IEC 60085 电气绝缘 耐热性评定和分级(Electrical insulation—Thermal evaluation and designation) IEC 60204-1机械的安全 机械的电气设备 第1部分：通用要求(Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 1：General requirements) IEC 60204-11机械的安全 机械的电气设备 第11部分：交流电压1 000 V或直流电压1 500 V以上和36 kV以下高压设备的要求(Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 11：Requirements for HV equipment for voltages above 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. and not exceeding 36 kV) IEC 60335-1：2010家用和类似用途电器的安全 第1部分：通用要求(Household and similar electrical appliances—Safety—Part 1：General requirements) IEC 60445 人机接口、作标记和识别的基本与安全原则 电器端子和用相应符号标志的接线端子的识别方法(Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface，marking and identification—Identification of equipment terminals，conductor terminations and conductors) IEC 60664-1低压系统内设备的绝缘配合 第1部分：原则要求和试验(Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems—Part 1：Principles，requirements and tests) IEC 61148 阀器件堆和组合装置以及电力变流设备的端子标记(Terminal markings for valve de-vice stacks and assemblies and for power conversion equipment) IEC 61293供电电气设备的额定值标记 安全性要求(Marking of electrical equipment with ratings related to electrical supply—Safety Requirements) CISPR 11工业、科学和医疗(ISM)射频设备 电磁骚扰特性 限值和测量方法(Industrial，scientific and medical equipment—Radiofrequency disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement) CISPR 14(所有部分)家用电器、电动工具和类似装置 电磁兼容要求(Electromagnetic compatibility—Requirements for household appliances，electric tools and similar apparatus) CISPR 16(所有部分)无线电骚扰和抗扰度测量设备和测量方法规范(Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods) 3术语和定义 GB/T 2900.25—2008界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。 注1：关于冷却及冷却介质，除3.17～3.22外，其余见IEC 60034-6。 注2：本文件中的“协议”指“制造商与用户间的协议”。 3.1 额定值 rated value 通常由制造商对电机在规定运行条件下所指定的一个量值。 注：额定电压或电压范围指的是线端额定电压或电压范围。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-23] 3.2 定额rating 一组额定值和运行条件。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-24] 3.3 额定输出rated output 定额中的输出值。 3.4 负载load 在给定时刻，通过电路或机械装置施加于电机的全部电量(发电机)和机械量(电动机)的数值。 注：改写GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-01。 3.5 空载(运行)no-load(operation) 电机处于零功率输出的旋转状态(其他均为正常运行条件)。 注：改写GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-02。 3.6 满载 full load 电机以其定额运行时的负载。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-10] 3.7 满载值 full load value 电机满载运行时的量值。 注：这一概念适用于功率、转矩、电流、转速等。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-11] 3.8 停机和断能de-energized and rest 电机处在既无运动，又无电能或机械能输入时的状态。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-03] 3.9 工作制duty 电机所承受的一系列负载状况的说明，包括起动、电制动、空载、停机和断能及其持续时间和先后顺序等。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-06] 3.10 工作制类型duty type 分为连续、短时、周期性或非周期性几种类型。周期性工作制包括一种或多种规定了持续时间的恒定负载；非周期性工作制中的负载和转速通常在允许的运行范围内变化。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-13] 3.11 负载持续率cyclic duration factor 工作周期中的负载(包括起动与电制动在内)持续时间与整个周期的时间比，以百分数表示。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-09] 3.12 堵转转矩locked rotor torque 电动机在额定电压、额定频率和转子在所有转角位置堵住时在其转轴上所产生的转矩的最小测得值。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-48-06] 3.13 堵转电流locked rotor current 电动机在额定电压、额定频率和转子在所有转角位置堵住时从供电线路输入的最大稳态电流有效值。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-48-16] 3.14 (交流电动机的)最小转矩pull-up torque(of an a.c. motor) 电动机在额定电压、额定频率下，在零转速与对应于最大转矩的转速之间所产生的稳态异步转矩的最小值。 注1：本定义不适用于转矩随转速增加而连续下降的异步电动机。 注2：在某些特定的转速下，除了稳态异步转矩外，还会产生与转子功角成函数关系的谐波同步转速。 在这些转速下，对应于某些转子功角的加速转矩可能成为负值。 经验和计算表明这是一种不稳定的运行状态，谐波同步转矩不会妨碍电动机的加速，可从本定义中排除。 3.15 (交流电动机的)最大转矩breakdown torque(of an a.c. motor) 电动机在额定电压、额定频率下所产生的无转速突降的稳态异步转矩最大值。 注：本定义不适用于转矩随转速增加而连续下降的异步电动机。 3.16 (同步电动机的)失步转矩pull-out torque(of a synchronous motor) 同步电动机在额定电压、额定频率和额定励磁电流下，在同步转速时所能产生的最大转矩。 3.17 冷却 cooling 一种热量传递过程，电机中因损耗而形成的热量被传递给初级冷却介质，该介质可连续地被更换或在冷却器中被次级冷却介质所冷却。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-44-01] 3.18 冷却介质 coolant 传递热量的气体或液体介质。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-44-02] 3.19 初级冷却介质primary coolant 温度低于电机某部件的气体或液体介质，它与电机的该部件相接触，并将其放出的热量带走。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-44-03] 3.20 次级冷却介质secondary coolant 温度低于初级冷却介质的气体或液体介质，通过冷却器或电机的外表面将初级冷却介质放出的热量带走。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-44-04] 3.21 直接冷却(内冷)绕组direct cooled(inner cooled)winding 一种绕组，其冷却介质流经位于主绝缘内部作为绕组组成部分的空心导体、导管、风道或通道，与被冷却部分直接接触，不管其取向如何。 注：在任何情况下，如未标明“间接”或“直接”字样则意味着是间接冷却绕组。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-44-08] 3.22 间接冷却绕组indirect cooled winding 除直接冷却绕组以外的其他任何绕组。 注：在任何情况下，如未标明“间接”或“直接”字样则意味着是间接冷却绕组。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-44-09] 3.23 附加绝缘 supplementary insulation 为了防止因主绝缘损坏而发生触电事故，在主绝缘之外增加的独立绝缘。 3.24 转动惯量 moment of inertia 物体的各个质点的质量与质点到规定轴线的距离(半径)平方乘积的总和(积分)。 3.25 热稳定thermal equilibrium 电机发热部件的温升在半小时内的变化不超过1 K的状态。 注1：热平衡可以用时间-温升图来定义，即相邻间隔半小时的起点和终点之间的连线每半小时有1 K或小于1 K的梯度或每小时有2 K或小于2 K的梯度。 注2：改写GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-51-08。 3.26 等效热时间常数thermal equivalent time constant 可取代几个单独的时间常数，以近似地确定绕组内电流发生阶跃性变化后的温度变化过程。 3.27 囊封式绕组encapsulated winding 用模塑绝缘完全封闭或密闭的绕组。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-39-06] 3.28 直流电动机电枢由静止电力变流器供电时的额定直流电流波形因数 rated form factor of direct current supplied to a d.c. motor armature from a static power converter 在额定条件下，最大允许电流的有效值Irms,max N与其平均值IavN(一个周期内的积分平均)之比，见式(1)： (1) 3.29 电流纹波因数current ripple factor 波动电流的最大值Imax和最小值Imin之差与其2倍平均值Iav(一个周期内的积分平均)之比，见式(2)： (2) 注1：如电流纹波值较小，纹波因数可近似由式(3)表示： (3) 注2：如qi的计算结果等于或小于0.4，式(3)可用于近似计算。 3.30 容差tolerance 一个量的标称值与其测量值之间的允许偏差。 3.31 型式试验type test 对按照某一设计而制造的一台或几台电机所进行的试验，以表明这一设计符合一定的标准。 注：如果电机型式试验和额定值或其他性能有轻微偏差也可以认为是有效的。这个偏差宜经过协议允许。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-53-01] 3.32 检查试验 routine test 对每台电机在制造期间或完工后所进行的试验，以判明其是否符合标准。 [GB/T 2900.25—2008，定义411-53-02] 3.33 飞逸转速runaway speed 在调速器不起作用时发电机突然卸载后发动机/发电机组达到的最大转速。 注：对电动机来说，最大过速…现在失去电源时，这意味着电动机可能被连接的设备所驱动。 [IEC 60050-411：1996，定义811-17-23] 4 工作制 4.1 工作制的表达 用户有责任表明工作制。用户可用下述方法之一来表明工作制： a)用数字表明负载不变或按已知的方式变化； b)用变化量的时间顺序图； c)在S1～S10中选出一个繁复程度不低于所期望的工作制。 工作制的类型应符合4.2的规定，用适当的简称来表示，写在负载值后面。 各类周期持续系数在相应的工作制类型图中有表示。 用户通常不能提出电动机的转动惯量(JM)或相对预热寿命(TL)，参见附录A。制造商要提供此类数据。 在用户未表明工作制时，制造商应认为是S1工作制(连续工作制)。 4.2工作制类型 4.2.1 S1工作制——连续工作制 保持在恒定负载下运行至热稳定状态，见图1。 本工作制简称S1。 说明： P——负载； PV——电气损耗； θ——温度； θmax——达到的最高温度； t——时间。 图1 连续工作制——S1工作制 4.2.2 S2工作制——短时工作制 在恒定负载下按给定的时间运行，电机在该时间内不足以达到热稳定，随之停机和断能，其时间足以使电机再度冷却到与冷却介质之差在2 K以内，见图2。 本工作制简称为S2，随后标以工作制的持续时间。 例：S2 60 min 说明： P——负载； PV——电气损耗； θ——温度； θmax——达到的最高温度； t——时间； ΔtP——恒定负载运行时间。 图2 短时工作制——S2工作制 4.2.3 S3工作制——断续周期工作制1) 按一系列相同的工作周期运行，每一周期包括一段恒定负载运行时间和一段停机和断能时间，见图3。这种工作制，每一周期的起动电流不致对温升有显著影响。 本工作制简称为S3，随后标以负载持续率。 例：S3 25％ 1)周期工作制是指负载运行期间电机未达到热稳定。 说明： P——负载； PV——电气损耗； θ——温度； θmax——达到的最高温度； t——时间； TC——负载周期； ΔtP——恒定负载运行时间； ΔtR——停机和断能时间； 负载持续率=ΔtP/TC。 图3 断续周期工作制——S3工作制 4.2.4 S4工作制——包括起动的断续周期工作制2) 按一系列相同的工作周期运行，每一周期包括一段对温升有显著影响的起动时间，一段恒定负载运行时间和一段停机和断能时间，见图4。 本工作制简称为S4，随后标以负载持续率以及归算至电动机转轴上的电动机转动惯量(JM)和负载转动惯量(Jext)。