标准编号:	NB/T 47013.3-2015
中文名称:	承压设备无损检测 第3部分:超声检测
英文名称:	Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments Part 3:Ultasonic testing
行业分类:	NB    能源行业标准
发布机构:	国家能源局
发布日期:	2015-04-02
实施日期:	2015-9-1
标准状态:	被替代
被新标准替代:	NB/T 47013.3-2015/XG1-2018 承压设备无损检测 第3部分:超声检测，含行业标准第1号修改单 NB/T 47013.3-2023 承压设备无损检测 第3部分：超声检测
被替代日期:	2024-6-28
替代旧标准:	JB/T 4730.3-2005 承压设备无损检测 第3部分 超声检测
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	60000 字
翻译价格(元):	1700.00 元
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.

This Standard "Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments" (NB/T 47013) comprises the following 13 parts:

- Part 1: General Requirements;

- Part 2: Radiographic Testing;

- Part 3: Ultrasonic Testing;

- Part 4: Magnetic Particle Testing;

- Part 5: Penetrant Testing;

- Part 6: Eddy Current Testing;

- Part 7: Visual Testing;

- Part 8: Leak Testing;

- Part 4: Sound Emission Testing;

- Part 10: Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction Technique;

- Part 11: X-ray Digital Radioscopic Testing;

- Part 12: Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing;

- Part 13: Pulsed Eddy Current Testing.

This part is Part 3 of NB/T 47013: Ultrasonic Testing.

This Part was drafted according to the rules given in "Directives for Standardization - Part 1: Structure and Drafting of Standards" (GB/T 1.1-2009).

This Part supersedes "Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 3: Ultrasonic Testing" (JB/T 4730.3-2005). Compared with JB/T 4730.3-2005, this Part has the following main technical changes:

- "Terms and Definitions" was added, including the terms and definitions concerning ultrasonic testing in the former JB/T 4730.1;

- "Commonly Used Specification for A-mode Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Using Pulse Echo Technique" (JB/T 10061) was superseded by "Non-destructive Testing - Characterization and Verification of Ultrasonic Test Equipment - Part 1: instruments" (GB/T 27664.1), and more scientific requirements for the performance of ultrasonic testing equipment were proposed;

- The specific performance indexes of ultrasonic testing instrument and probe were added;

- Requirements for probe calibration, checking, operation checking and inspection of ultrasonic testing instrument and probe were added;

- "Safety Requirements" was added, proposing safety requirements for the personnel during ultrasonic testing;

- The requirements of process documents were added and relevant factors regarding process specification were listed;

- The types of test blocks (standard test block and reference block) used in this Part were re-defined mainly according to the requirements of relevant general standards in China instead of defining the types of standard test blocks and reference blocks in this Part separately;

- The contents order of "ultrasonic testing method and quality grading of raw materials or spare parts for the pressure equipment" was adjusted to plate, clad plate, carbon and low-alloy steel forging, steel bolt blank, austenitic steel forging and seamless steel pipe, etc.;

- The ultrasonic testing methods and quality grading of carbon steel and low-alloy steel plates, aluminium and aluminium alloy plates, titanium and titanium alloy plates, nickel and nickel alloy plates, as well as austenitic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel plates were merged. Reference block was redesigned. The testing sensitivity was mainly determined according to the distance amplitude curve of flat bottom hole of reference block. The requirements of quality grades were modified and the acceptable indexes of all grades were stricter. In JB/T 4730.3-2005, the requirements of quality grades of plates were lower, and insufficient to control the quality any more. Moreover, there existed a large gap from the specific indexes of relevant quality requirements in ISO, EN standards. Therefore, the quality grading was modified by reference to EN standards, etc.;

- Two Chapters of 2005 Edition "ultrasonic testing and quality grading for butt joint of the pressure equipment" and "ultrasonic testing and quality grading for circumferential butt joint of pipes and pressure pipeline of the pressure equipment" were integrated. Grading was made according to the welded joint type, workpiece thickness and curvature of testing surface, etc.;

- The applicable workpiece thickness of welded joint of pressure equipment expanded from 8mm~400mm to 6mm~500mm;

- The position and quantity of artificial reflector on CSK-IIA and CSK-IVA test blocks were redesigned. This not only guarantees the coverage over the testing area, but also applies to the regulation of reference sensitivity of normal probe. New CSK-IIA test block is applicable to workpiece thickness of 6mm~200mm by mainly reference to EN and JIS standards; new CSK-IVA test block is applicable to workpiece thickness larger than 200mm~500mm by making improvement mainly based on ASME codes. The artificial reflector diameters of test blocks were unified to Φ6mm;

- Ultrasonic testing requirements for different types of welded joints were further detailed, including plate welded joint, T-type welded joint, insert-type nozzle fillet joint, L-type welded joint, fillet joint between abutting nozzle and cylinder (or head), cruciform joint, butt joint between embedded nozzle and cylinder (or head), etc.;

- GS test block was redesigned. Arc reflecting surface and others were added, which is mainly beneficial to the time baseline adjustment of cambered surface probe;

- The length of non-crack-type flaws in Zone I (quality grade) of welded joint was limited;

- The overall programming structure involving ultrasonic testing of welded joints was adjusted. The ultrasonic testing of fillet joint between nozzle and cylinder (head), ultrasonic testing of T-type welded joint, ultrasonic testing and quality grading of welding overlay were placed in the appendix;

- "ultrasonic testing method for thickness of pressure equipment" was added according to actual demand of testing, including the measurement method for stainless steel overlay thickness;

- As for ultrasonic testing of the pressure equipment in-service, selection of ultrasonic testing technique, testing position and testing ratio based on such factors as the possible failure modes of main materials, spare parts or welded joints during operation, or the risk assessment results were added.

This Part was proposed and is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Boilers and Pressure Vessels of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 262).

Drafting organizations of this Part: Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Shanghai Electric Nuclear Power Equipment Co., Ltd., Dalian Hydrogenation Reactor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. of China First Heavy Industries, Special Equipment Safety Supervision Inspection Institute of Jiangsu Province, Lanzhou LS Heavy Equipment Co., Ltd.

Chief drafters of this Part: Yan Changzhou, Zheng Hui, Xu Zunyan, Zhou Fengge, Zhou Yufeng, Tao Yuanhong, Zheng Kai, Gu Jie, Zhang Baozhong, Pan Qianghua.

The previous editions of the standard superseded by this Part are:

- JB 4730-1994, JB/T 4730.3-2005.



NATIONAL STANDARD

OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

中华人民共和国能源行业标准

NB/T 47013.3-2015

Supersedes JB/T 4730.3-2005

Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments

- Part 3: Ultrasonic Testing

承压设备无损检测

第3部分：超声检测



1 Scope



1.1 This Part of NB/T 47013 specifies the ultrasonic testing methods and quality grading requirements for workpiece flaws of pressure equipment by Type A pulse-echo ultrasonic testing instrument.

1.2 This Part is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of raw materials or spare parts and welded joints of metal pressure equipment, as well as the metal pressure equipment in-service.

1.3 This Part specifies the ultrasonic measurement methods for the thickness of pressure equipment.

1.4 The ultrasonic testing of the supporting and structural members related to the pressure equipment may also make reference to this Part.



2 Normative References



The following documents for the application of this document are essential. Any dated reference, just dated edition applies to this document. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies to this document.

GB/T 11259 Non-destructive Testing - Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing

GB/T 12604.1 Non-destructive Testing -Terminology - Terms Used in Ultrasonic Testing

GB/T 27664.1 Non-destructive Testing - Characterization and Verification of Ultrasonic Test Equipment - Part 1: Instruments

GB/T 27664.2 Non-Destructive Testing - Characterization and Verification of Ultrasonic Test Equipment - Part 2: Probes

JB/T 8428 Non-destructive Testing - General Specification for Ultrasonic Test Block

JB/T 9214 Non-destructive Testing - Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of A Scope Ultrasonic Pulse - Echo Testing Systems

JB/T 10062 Testing Methods for Performance of Probes Used in Ultrasonic Flaw Detection

NB/T 47013.1 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments - Part 1: General Requirements



3 Terms and Definitions



For the purpose of this Part, the terms and definitions in GB/T 12604.1 and NB/T 47013.1 as well as the following ones apply.

3.1

Reduction of backwall echo caused by the presence of discontinuities BG/BF

The ratio of the first bottom echo amplitude BG in the good area near the flaw area to the first bottom echo amplitude BF in the flaw area when testing the forgings. It is expressed by dB.

3.2

Grouped discontinuities

When testing the forgings, there are five or more flaw reflection signals within the range equal to 50mm sound path at the scanning line on display screen; or five or more flaw reflection signals are found within the same depth range on 50mm×50mm testing surface; their reflected wave amplitudes are greater than or equal to the flaw of a specific equivalent of flat-bottom pore diameter.

3.3

Reference sensitivity

The sensitivity of regulating the artificial reflector echo height of reference block or the bottom echo height of tested workpiece to some certain benchmark.

3.4

Scanning sensitivity

The sensitivity of actual testing by properly improving dB (gain) based on reference sensitivity and according to the surface condition, flaw testing requirements, probe type, etc.

3.5

Through thickness dimension of the flaw (flaw height)

Dimension of flaw at the direction of workpiece thickness.

3.6

Echo dynamic patterns

The envelope line of probe movement distance and the echo amplitude variation of corresponding flaw reflector.

3.7

Base material nominal thicknesses (workpiece thickness)/t

Workpiece thickness is defined as follows:

a) As for plate welded joints, if the base material thicknesses at both sides of weld are the same, t is the nominal thickness of base material; if not, t is the nominal thickness of the thinner side of the base material;

b) As for insert-type nozzle fillet joint, t is the nominal thickness of cylinder or head; as for abutting-type fillet joint between nozzle and cylinder (or head), t is the nominal thickness of nozzle;

c) As for T-type welded joint, t is the nominal thickness of web.



4 General Requirements



4.1 Testing personnel

4.1.1 The general requirements for ultrasonic testing personnel shall meet the relevant requirements of NB/T 47013.1.

4.1.2 Ultrasonic testing personnel shall have the basic knowledge of metal materials, equipment manufacture and installation, welding and heat treatment, etc., shall be familiar with the materials, geometric dimension, sonolucency and the like of the tested workpieces, and be able to analyze, judge and handle the problems occurring during test.

4.2 Testing apparatus and equipment

4.2.1 Product quality certificates of instrument and probe

The ultrasonic testing instrument quality certificate shall give out at least the following main performance parameters: preheating time, low voltage for alarming and automatic shutdown, transmitted pulse repetition frequency, effective output impedance, transmitted pulse voltage, transmitted pulse rise time, transmitted pulse width (where square-wave pulse is transmitted), frequency band of receiving circuit, etc. The probe quality certificate shall give out the main parameters such as center frequency, bandwidth, impedance or static capacitance, relative pulse echo sensitivity, angle probe sound beam performance (including front distance of probe (incidence point), K value (refraction angle β), etc.) etc.

4.2.2 Testing instrument, probe and combination performance

4.2.2.1 Testing instrument

Type A pulse-echo ultrasonic testing instrument is adopted, of which the operating frequency shall at least cover the range of 0.5MHz~10MHz when measured by -3dB. The testing conditions and index requirements of its performance shall meet the requirements of Appendix A and documentation shall be provided. The testing methods meet those specified in GB/T 27664.1.

4.2.2.2 Probe

Generally, the diameter of round wafer and every side of square wafer shall not be larger than 40mm. Their performance indexes shall meet the requirements of Appendix B and documentation shall be provided. The testing methods meet those specified in GB/T 27664.2.

4.2.2.3 Combination performance of instrument and probe

4.2.2.3.1 Combination performance of instrument and probe includes horizontal linearity, vertical linearity, combination frequency, surplus sensitivity, dead zone (normal probe only) and far-field resolution.

4.2.2.3.2 The combination performance of instrument and probe shall be measured under the following circumstances:

a) The newly-purchased ultrasonic testing instrument and (or) probe;

b) The main components of instrument and probe are repaired or replaced;

c) Where the testing personnel have doubts.

4.2.2.3.3 The horizontal linearity deviation is not greater than 1% and the vertical linearity deviation is not greater than 5%.

4.2.2.3.4 The deviation between the instrument-probe combination frequency and the nominal frequency of probe shall not be greater than ±10%.

4.2.2.3.5 Instrument-normal probe combination performance shall also meet the following requirements:

a) The surplus sensitivity shall not be less than 32dB;

b) Under reference sensitivity, as for probe with nominal frequency of 5MHz, the dead zone is not larger than 10mm; as for probe with nominal frequency of 2.5MHz, the dead zone is not larger than 15mm;

c) The far-field resolution of normal probe is not less than 20dB.

4.2.2.3.6 Instrument-angle probe combination performance shall also meet the following requirements:

a) The surplus sensitivity shall not be less than 42dB;

b) The far-field resolution of angle probe is not less than 12dB.

4.2.2.3.7 Where the maximum testing sound path of the tested workpiece is reached, the effective sensitivity surplus shall not be less than 10dB.

4.2.2.3.8 The instrument-probe combination frequency is tested according to the methods specified in JB/T 10062; the testing methods for other combination performance refer to JB/T 9214.

4.2.3 Test block

4.2.3.1 Standard test block

4.2.3.1.1 Standard test block refers to the material block possessed of specified chemical compositions, surface roughness, heat treatment and geometrical shape, and used to assess and calibrate the ultrasonic testing equipment, i.e. the test block used to calibrate the performance of instrument and probe system. The standard test blocks adopted herein are CSK-IA, DZ-I and DB-P Z20-2 made from No.20 high-quality carbon structural steel.

4.2.3.1.2 The specific shape and dimension of CSK-IA test block are detailed in this Part, and that of DZ-I and DB-P Z20-2 are detailed in JB/T 9214.

4.2.3.1.3 The manufacture of standard test block shall meet the requirements of JB/T 8428. The manufacturer shall provide product quality certificate and ensure that the maximum reflected wave amplitude difference shall be less than or equal to 2dB by comparing the same reflectors (surfaces) of every standard test block it produces and the national standard sample or the standard test block with similar quantity transmission reference under the same testing conditions.

4.2.3.2 Reference block

4.2.3.2.1 Reference block refers to the one similar to the tested piece, of similar chemical composition in materials with the tested piece, containing definite reference reflector (reflector shall be manufactured by machining process), and used to regulate the amplitude and sound path of ultrasonic testing equipment to compare the detected flaw signal with the signal phase generated by the known reflector, i.e. the test block used for testing and calibration.

4.2.3.2.2 The overall dimension of reference block shall be able to represent the characteristics of the tested workpiece. The thickness of test block shall be the same with that of the tested workpiece. Where the butt joint between different-thickness workpieces is tested, the thickness of test block shall adopt the thicker one.

4.2.3.2.3 The reference block shall be made of materials having the same or similar acoustic performance with the tested materials. Where normal probe is adopted for testing, there shall be no flaw larger than or equal to the equivalent diameter of Φ2mm flat bottom hole.

4.2.3.2.4 The shape, dimension and quantity of artificial reflectors of the reference blocks used for ultrasonic testing of different tested workpieces shall meet the requirements of relevant chapters in this Part.

4.2.3.2.5 If the dimension accuracy of reference block is specified in this Part, the corresponding documentation shall be provided; if not, refer to the requirements of JB/T 8428.

4.2.4 Couplant

4.2.4.1 The couplant shall be of good sonolucency and shall not damage the testing surface, such as engine oil, chemical paste, glycerin, water.

4.2.4.2 Control of contaminant content in couplant

4.2.4.2.1 The sulfur content in the couplant used on nickel base alloy shall not be greater than 250mg/L.

4.2.4.2.2 The total content of halogen (chlorine and fluorine) in couplant used on austenitic stainless steel or titaniumtim shall not be greater than 250mg/L.

4.2.5 Calibration, checking, operation checking or inspection requirements for ultrasonic testing equipment and apparatus

4.2.5.1 The calibration, checking and operation checking shall be conducted on the standard test block. The main sound beam of probe shall be made vertical to the reflecting surface of the reflector so as to obtain stability and the maximum reflected signal.

4.2.5.2 Calibration or checking

4.2.5.2.1 The ultrasonic instrument-probe combination performances, such as horizontal linearity, vertical linearity, combination frequency, dead zone (normal probe only), surplus sensitivity, resolution and attenuator accuracy of the instrument are calibrated and recorded at least once a year. The testing requirements shall comply with those specified in 4.2.2.3.

4.2.5.2.2 The surface corrosion and mechanical damage of standard test block and reference block are checked at least once a year.

4.2.5.3 Operation checking

4.2.5.3.1 At least the horizontal linearity and vertical linearity among the instrument-probe combination performances shall be checked and recorded every 3 months for analog ultrasonic testing instrument and every 6 months for digital ultrasonic testing instrument. The testing requirements shall comply with those specified in 4.2.2.3.

4.2.5.3.2 At least the dead zone (normal probe only), surplus sensitivity and resolution shall be checked and recorded every 3 months. The testing requirements shall comply with those specified in 4.2.2.3.

4.2.5.4 Inspection

4.2.5.4.1 Before each testing, the appearance, cable connection and start-up signal display shall be inspected to judge if they are normal.

4.2.5.4.2 Where angle probe is adopted, the incidence point (front distance) and refraction angle (K value) shall be determined before testing.

4.2.5.5 Precautions of calibration, operation checking and inspection

During calibration, operation checking and inspection, the controllers (e.g. suppression switch or filter switch) affecting the instrument linearity shall be placed at "off" positon or at the lowest level.

Contents
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 General Requirements
5 Ultrasonic Testing Method and Quality Grading of Raw Materials or Spare Parts for Pressure Equipment
6 Ultrasonic Testing Method and Quality Grading of Welded Joint for Pressure Equipment
7 Ultrasonic Testing Method for Pressure Equipment Thickness
8 Ultrasonic Testing Method for Pressure Equipment In-service
9 Ultrasonic Testing Record and Report
Appendix A (Normative) Requirements for Electrical Performance Index of Ultrasonic Testing Instrument
Appendix B (Normative) Performance Index Requirements of Probe for Ultrasonic Testing
Appendix C (Normative) Performance Requirements of Double Crystal Normal Probe
Appendix D (Normative) Ultrasonic Angle Probe Testing Method and Acceptance Standard of Plates for Pressure Equipment
Appendix E (Normative) Ultrasonic Angle Probe Testing Method and Quality Grading of Steel Forgings for Pressure Equipment
Appendix F (Normative) Ultrasonic Angle Probe Testing Method of Austenite Steel Forgings for Pressure Equipment
Appendix G (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing Method and Quality Grading of Welding Overlay for Pressure Equipment
Appendix H (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing Method and Quality Grading of Butt Joint for Aluminum, Aluminum Alloy and Titanium Pressure Equipment
Appendix I (Informative) Ultrasonic Testing Method and Quality Grading of Austenitic Stainless Steel Butt Joints
Appendix J (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing Method for Longitudinal Butt Joints on Curved Surface of Pressure Equipment
Appendix K (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing Method for Circumferential Butt Joints on Curved Surface of Pressure Equipment
Appendix L (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing Method for Fillet Joint between the Nozzle of Pressure Equipment and Cylinder (or Head)
Appendix M (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing Methods for T-shaped Welded Joint
Appendix N (Normative) Specific Requirements for Ultrasonic Testing of Different Types of Welded Joints
Appendix O (Normative) CSK-IIIA Test Block
Appendix P (Normative) Determination of Sound Energy Transmission Loss Difference
Appendix Q (Normative) Echo Dynamic Pattern
Appendix R (Normative) Flaw Height Measurement (I) – Flaw Height Measurement by Tip Diffraction Wave Method
Appendix S (Normative) Flaw Height Measurement (II) - Flaw Height Measurement by Maximum Tip Echo Method
Appendix T (Normative) Flaw Height Measurement (III) – Flaw Height Measurement by -6dB Method

承压设备无损检测
第3部分：超声检测
1 范围
1.1 NB/T 47013的本部分规定了承压设备采用A型脉冲反射式超声检测仪检测工件缺陷的超声检测方法和质量分级要求。
1.2本部分适用于金属材料制承压设备用原材料或零部件和焊接接头的超声检测，也适用于金属材料制在用承压设备的超声检测。
1.3本部分规定了承压设备厚度的超声测量方法。
1.4与承压设备有关的支承件和结构件的超声检测，也可参照本部分使用。
2规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T 11259 无损检测 超声检测用钢参考试块的制作与检验方法
GB/T 12604.1 无损检测 术语 超声检测
GB/T 27664.1 无损检测 超声检测设备的性能与检验 第1部分：仪器
GB/T 27664.2 无损检测 超声检测设备的性能与检验 第2部分：探头
JB/T 8428 无损检测 超声试块通用规范
JB/T 9214 无损检测 A型脉冲反射式超声检测系统工作性能测试方法
JB/T 10062 超声探伤用探头性能测试方法
NB/T 47013.1 承压设备无损检测 第1部分：通用要求
3术语和定义
GB/T 12604.1和NB/T 47013.1界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本部分。
3.1
底波降低量BG/BF reduction of backwall echo caused by the presence of discontinuities BG/BF
锻件检测时，在靠近缺陷处的完好区域内第一次底面回波波幅BG与缺陷区域内的第一次底面回波波幅BF的比值，用dB值来表示。
3.2
密集区缺陷grouped discontinuities
锻件检测时，在显示屏扫描线上相当于50mm声程范围内同时有5个或5个以上的缺陷反射信号，或是在50mm×50mm的检测面上发现在同一深度范围内有5个或5个以上的缺陷反射信号，其反射波幅均大于等于某一特定当量平底孔直径的缺陷。
3.3
基准灵敏度reference sensitivity
将对比试块人工反射体回波高度或被检工件底面回波高度调整到某一基准时的灵敏度。
3.4
扫查灵敏度scanning sensitivity
在基准灵敏度基础上，根据表面状况、检测缺陷要求及探头类型等适当提高dB数(增益)进行实际检测的灵敏度。
3.5
缺陷自身高度through thickness dimension of the flaw
缺陷在工件厚度方向上的尺寸。
3.6
回波动态波形echodynamic patterns
探头移动距离与相应缺陷反射体回波波幅变化的包络线。
3.7
工件厚度t base material nominal thicknesses
工件厚度定义如下：
a)对于平板对接接头，焊缝两侧母材厚度相等时，工件厚度t为母材公称厚度；焊缝两侧母材厚度不等时，工件厚度t为薄侧母材公称厚度；
b)对于插入式接管角接接头，工件厚度t为筒体或封头公称厚度；安放式接管与筒体(或封头)角接接头，工件厚度t为接管公称厚度；
c)对于T型焊接接头，工件厚度t为腹板公称厚度。
4一般要求
4.1检测人员
4.1.1 超声检测人员的一般要求应符合NB/T 47013.1的有关规定。
4.1.2超声检测人员应具有一定的金属材料、设备制造安装、焊接及热处理等方面的基本知识，应熟悉被检工件的材质、几何尺寸及透声性等，对检测中出现的问题能作出分析、判断和处理。
4.2检测设备和器材
4.2.1 仪器和探头产品质量合格证明
超声检测仪器产品质量合格证中至少应给出预热时间、低电压报警或低电压自动关机电压、发射脉冲重复频率、有效输出阻抗、发射脉冲电压、发射脉冲上升时间、发射脉冲宽度(采用方波脉冲作为发射脉冲的)以及接收电路频带等主要性能参数；探头应给出中心频率、带宽、电阻抗或静电容、相对脉冲回波灵敏度以及斜探头声束性能(包括探头前沿距离(入射点)、K值(折射角β)等)等主要参数。
4.2.2检测仪器、探头和组合性能
4.2.2.1 检测仪器
采用A型脉冲反射式超声检测仪，其工作频率按-3dB测量应至少包括0.5MHz～10MHz频率范围，超声仪器各性能的测试条件和指标要求应满足附录A的要求并提供证明文件，测试方法按GB/T27664.1的规定。
4.2.2.2探头
圆形晶片直径一般不应大于40mm，方形晶片任一边长一般不应大于40mm，其性能指标应符合附录B的要求并提供证明文件，测试方法按GB/T 27664.2的规定。
4.2.2.3仪器和探头的组合性能
4.2.2.3.1 仪器和探头的组合性能包括水平线性、垂直线性、组合频率、灵敏度余量、盲区(仅限直探头)和远场分辨力。
4.2.2.3.2 以下情况时应测定仪器和探头的组合性能：
a)新购置的超声检测仪器和(或)探头；
b)仪器和探头在维修或更换主要部件后；
c)检测人员有怀疑时。
4.2.2.3.3水平线性偏差不大于1％，垂直线性偏差不大于5％。
4.2.2.3.4仪器和探头的组合频率与探头标称频率之间偏差不得大于±10％。
4.2.2.3.5仪器一直探头组合性能还应满足以下要求：
a)灵敏度余量应不小于32dB；
b)在基准灵敏度下，对于标称频率为5MHz的探头，盲区不大于10mm；对于标称频率为2.5MHz的探头，盲区不大于15mm；
c)直探头远场分辨力不小于20dB。
4.2.2.3.6仪器-斜探头组合性能还应满足以下要求：
a)灵敏度余量应不小于42dB；
b)斜探头远场分辨力不小于12dB。
4.2.2.3.7在达到所探工件的最大检测声程时，其有效灵敏度余量应不小于10dB。
4.2.2.3.8仪器和探头组合频率的测试方法按JB/T 10062的规定，其他组合性能的测试方法参照JB/T 9214的规定。
4.2.3试块
4.2.3.1标准试块
4.2.3.1.1 标准试块是指具有规定的化学成分、表面粗糙度、热处理及几何形状的材料块，用于评定和校准超声检测设备，即用于仪器探头系统性能校准的试块。本部分采用的标准试块为20号优质碳素结构钢制CSK-IA、DZ-I和DB-P Z20-2。
4.2.3.1.2 CSK-IA试块的具体形状、尺寸见本部分，DZ-I和DB-P Z20-2的具体形状和尺寸见JB/T 9214。
4.2.3.1.3标准试块的制造应满足JB/T 8428的要求，制造商应提供产品质量合格证，并确保在相同测试条件下比较其所制造的每一标准试块与国家标准样品或类似具备量值传递基准的标准试块上的同种反射体(面)时，其最大反射波幅差应小于等于2dB。
4.2.3.2对比试块
4.2.3.2.1 对比试块是指与被检件或材料化学成分相似，含有意义明确参考反射体(反射体应采用机加工方式制作)的试块，用以调节超声检测设备的幅度和声程，以将所检出的缺陷信号与已知反射体所产生的信号相比较，即用于检测校准的试块。
4.2.3.2.2对比试块的外形尺寸应能代表被检工件的特征，试块厚度应与被检工件的厚度相对应。如果涉及到不同工件厚度对接接头的检测，试块厚度的选择应由较大工件厚度确定。
4.2.3.2.3对比试块应采用与被检材料声学性能相同或相似的材料制成，当采用直探头检测时，不得有大于或等于φ2mm平底孔当量直径的缺陷。
4.2.3.2.4不同被检工件超声检测用对比试块人工反射体的形状、尺寸和数量应符合本部分相关章节的规定。
4.2.3.2.5对比试块的尺寸精度在本部分有明确要求时应提供相应的证明文件，无明确要求时参照JB/T 8428的规定。
4.2.4耦合剂
4.2.4.1 耦合剂透声性应较好且不损伤检测表面，如机油、化学浆糊、甘油和水等。
4.2.4.2耦合剂污染物含量的控制
4.2.4.2.1镍基合金上使用的耦合剂含硫量不应大于250mg/L。
4.2.4.2.2奥氏体不锈钢或钛材上使用的耦合剂卤素(氯和氟)的总含量不应大于250mg/L。
4.2.5超声检测设备和器材的校准、核查、运行核查和检查的要求
4.2.5.1 校准、核查和运行核查应在标准试块上进行，应使探头主声束垂直对准反射体的反射面，以获得稳定和最大的反射信号。
4.2.5.2校准或核查
4.2.5.2.1 每年至少对超声仪器和探头组合性能中的水平线性、垂直线性、组合频率、盲区(仅限直探头)、灵敏度余量、分辨力以及仪器的衰减器精度，进行一次校准并记录，测试要求应满足
4.2.2.3的规定。
4.2.5.2.2每年至少对标准试块与对比试块的表面腐蚀与机械损伤，进行一次核查。
4.2.5.3运行核查
4.2.5.3.1 模拟超声检测仪每3个月或数字超声检测仪每6个月至少对仪器和探头组合性能中的水平线性和垂直线性，进行一次运行核查并记录，测试要求应满足4.2.2.3的规定。
4.2.5.3.2每3个月至少对盲区(仅限直探头)、灵敏度余量和分辨力进行一次运行核查并记录，测试要求应满足4.2.2.3的规定。
4.2.5.4检查
4.2.5.4.1 每次检测前应检查仪器设备器材外观、线缆连接和开机信号显示等情况是否正常。
4.2.5.4.2使用斜探头时，检测前应测定入射点(前沿距离)和折射角(K值)。
4.2.5.5校准、运行核查和检查时的注意事项
校准、运行核查和检查时，应将影响仪器线性的控制器(如抑制或滤波开关等)均置于“关”的位置或处于最低水平上。
4.3检测工艺文件
4.3.1 检测工艺文件包括工艺规程和操作指导书。
4.3.2工艺规程除满足NB/T 47013.1的要求外，还应规定表1和相关章节所列相关因素的具体范围或要求。相关因素的变化超出规定时，应重新编制或修订工艺规程。
4.3.3 应根据工艺规程的内容以及被检工件的检测要求编制操作指导书。其内容除满足NB/T47013.1的要求外，至少还应包括：
a)检测技术要求：检测技术(直探头检测、斜探头检测、直接接触法、液浸法等)和检测波形等；
b)检测对象：承压设备类别，检测对象的名称、规格、材质和热处理状态、检测部位等；
c)检测设备器材：仪器型号、探头规格、耦合剂、试块种类，仪器和探头性能检测的项目、时机和性能指标等；
d)检测工艺相关技术参数：扫查方向及扫查范围、缺陷定量方法、检测记录和评定要求、检测示意图等。
表1 超声检测工艺规程涉及的相关因素
序 号 相关因素的内容
1 工件形状包括规格、材质等
2 检测面要求
3 检测技术(直探头检测、斜探头检测、直接接触法、液浸法等)
4 探头折射角及在工件中的波形(横波、纵波)；探头标称频率、晶片尺寸和晶片形状
5 检测仪器类型
6 耦合剂类型
7 校准(试块及校准方法)
8 扫查方向及扫查范围
9 扫查方式(手动或自动)
10 缺陷定量方法
11 计算机数据采集(用到时)；自动报警和/或记录装置(用到时)
12 人员资格要求；检测报告要求

4.3.4操作指导书在首次应用前应进行工艺验证，验证方式可在相关对比试块上进行，验证内容包括检测范围内灵敏度、信噪比等是否满足检测要求。
4.4安全要求
检测场所、环境及安全防护应符合NB/T 47013.1的规定。
4.5检测实施
4.5.1检测准备
4.5.1.1 在承压设备的制造、安装及在用检验中，超声检测时机及检测比例的选择等应符合相关法规、标准及有关技术文件的规定。
4.5.1.2所确定的检测面应保证工件被检部分能得到充分检测。
4.5.1.3焊缝的表面质量应经外观检查合格。检测面(探头经过的区域)上所有影响检测的油漆、锈蚀、飞溅和污物等均应予以清除，其表面粗糙度应符合检测要求。表面的不规则状态不应影响检测结果的有效性。
4.5.2扫查覆盖
为确保检测时超声声束能扫查到工件的整个被检区域，探头的每次扫查覆盖应大于探头直径或宽度的15％或优先满足相应章节的检测覆盖要求。
4.5.3探头的移动速度
探头的扫查速度一般不应超过150mm/s。当采用自动报警装置扫查时，扫查速度应通过对比试验进行确定。
4.5.4扫查灵敏度
扫查灵敏度的设置应符合相关章节的规定。
4.5.5灵敏度补偿：
a)耦合补偿：在检测和缺陷定量时，应对由对比试块与被检工件表面粗糙度不同引起的耦合损失进行补偿；
b)衰减补偿：在检测和缺陷定量时，应对由对比试块与被检工件材质衰减不同引起的灵敏度下降和缺陷定量误差进行补偿；
c)曲面补偿：在检测和缺陷定量时，对检测面是曲面的工件，应对由工件和对比试块曲率半径不同引起的耦合损失进行补偿。
4.5.6仪器和探头系统的复核
4.5.6.1 发生以下情况时应对系统进行复核：
a)探头、耦合剂和仪器调节发生改变时；
b)怀疑扫描量程或扫查灵敏度有变化时；
c)连续工作4h以上时；
d)工作结束时。
4.5.6.2扫描量程的复核
如果任意一点在扫描线上的偏移量超过扫描线该点读数的10％或全扫描量程的5％，则扫描量程应重新调整，并对上一次复核以来所有的检测部位进行复检。
4.5.6.3扫查灵敏度的复核
复核时，在检测范围内如发现扫查灵敏度或距离-波幅曲线上任一深度人工反射体回波幅度下降2dB，则应对上一次复核以来所有的检测部位进行复检；如回波幅度上升2dB，则应对所有的记录信号进行重新评定。
5承压设备用原材料或零部件的超声检测方法和质量分级
5.1 范围
本章规定了承压设备用原材料或零部件的超声检测方法和质量分级。
5.2承压设备用原材料或零部件的超声检测工艺文件
原材料或零部件的超声检测工艺文件除了应满足4.3的要求之外，还应包括表2所列的相关因素。
表2原材料或零部件超声检测工艺规程涉及的相关因素
序号 相关因素的内容
1 产品形式(板材、管材、锻件等)
2 检测时机(如热处理前或后)
3 检测范围
4 质量验收等级

5.3承压设备用板材超声检测方法和质量分级
5.3.1 范围
5.3.1.1 本条适用于板厚6mm～250mm的碳素钢、低合金钢制承压设备用板材的超声检测方法和质量分级。
5.3.1.2铝及铝合金板材、钛及钛合金板材、镍及镍合金板材和铜及铜合金板材的超声检测方法参照本条执行，质量分级按本条。
5.3.1.3奥氏体不锈钢和奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢板材超声检测方法可参照本条执行，质量分级按本条。
5.3.2检测原则
5.3.2.1 板材一般采用直探头进行检测。
5.3.2.2在检测过程中对缺陷有疑问或合同双方技术协议中有规定时，可采用斜探头进行检测。
5.3.2.3可选板材的任一轧制表面进行检测。若检测人员认为需要或技术条件有要求时，也可选板材的上、下两轧制表面分别进行检测。
5.3.3探头选用
5.3.3.1 直探头
5.3.3.1.1直探头选用应按表3的规定进行。