Vehicles,boats and internal combustion engines-Radio disturbance characteristics-Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers
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This standard is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces GB/T 18655-2010 Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers. The following technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 18655-2010:
——the charging modes of electric and hybrid vehicles are added;
——ALSE performance validation procedure is added;
——the test methods for shielded power supply systems for high voltage networks in electric and hybrid vehicles are added.
This standard is modified in relation to CISPR 25: 2016 Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers.
The technical deviations, together with their justifications, between this standard and CISPR 25: 2016 are detailed as follows:
——terms 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.7, 3.10, 3.12, 3.14, 3.19, 3.20, 3.21 and 3.23 are deleted since they have been listed in GB/T 4365-2003 and GB/T 29259-2012;
——According to the actual use of the carrier frequency of the on-board receiver in China, the following adjustments have been in this standard with respect to the service/frequency range in CISPR25: 2016:
the TV Band I is adjusted to 48.5MHz~72.5MHz from 41MHz~88MHz;
the TV Band III is adjusted to 174MHz~223MHz from 174MHz~230MHz;
the TV Band IV/V is adjusted to 470MHz~566MHz and 606MHz~806MHz from 468MHz~944MHz;
the DTTV band is adjusted to 470MHz~566MHz and 606MHz~806MHz from 470MHz~770MHz;
the RKE band is adjusted to 314MHz~316MHz from 300MHz~330MHz;
the RKE band is adjusted to 430MHz~440MHz from 420MHz~450MHz;
the EGSM/GSM900 band is adjusted to 930MHz~960MHz from 925MHz~960MHz;
the GSM1800 (PCN) band is adjusted to 1805MHz~1850MHz from 1803MHz~1882MHz;
the 3G/IMT2000 band is adjusted to 1880MHz~1920MHz from 1900MHz~1992MHz;
the 3G/IMT2000 band is adjusted to 2110MHz~2170MHz from 2108MHz~2172MHz;
the CB band (originally 26MHz~28MHz), GSM800 band (originally 860MHz~895MHz) and GSM1900 band (originally 1850MHz~1990MHz) are deleted;
BDS, with B1I Beidou civil band of 1553MHz~1569MHz, is added;
——according to the principles of different test setups of inverter and charger, Figure I.3 in CISPR25: 2016 is divided into Figure I.3 and Figure I.4, Figure I.6 is divided into Figure I.7 and Figure I.8 and Figure I.9 is divided into Figure I.11 and Figure I.12;
——considering the actual situation in China, the informational Annex K "Items under consideration" is deleted.
This standard was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee on Radio Jamming of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 79).
The previous editions of standard replaced by this standard are as follows:
——GB18655-2002 and GB/T18655-2010.
Introduction
This standard is designed to protect on-board receivers from disturbances produced by conducted and radiated emissions arising in a vehicle.
Test procedures and limits given are intended to provide preventive control of vehicle radiated emissions, as well as component/module conducted/radiated emissions of long and short duration. To accomplish this end, this standard:
——establishes a test method for measuring the electromagnetic emissions from the electrical system of a vehicle;
——sets limits for the electromagnetic emissions from the electrical system of a vehicle;
——establishes test methods for testing on-board components and modules independent from the vehicle;
——sets limits for electromagnetic emissions from components to prevent objectionable disturbance to on-board receivers;
——classifies automotive components by disturbance duration to establish a range of limits.
Note: component tests are not intended to replace vehicle tests. Exact correlation between component and vehicle test performance is dependent on component mounting location, harness length, routing and grounding, as well as antenna location. Components may be evaluated with component testing prior to actual vehicle availability.
Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers
1 Scope
This standard contains limits and procedures for the measurement of radio disturbances in the frequency range of 150kHz~2500MHz. This standard applies to any electronic/electrical component intended for use in vehicles, trailers and devices. Refer to International Telecommunications Union (ITU) publications and the actual application conditions in China for details of frequency allocations. The limits are intended to provide protection for receivers installed in a vehicle from disturbances produced by components/modules in the same vehicle. The method and limits for a complete vehicle (whether connected to the power mains for charging purposes or not) are in Clause 5 and the methods and limits for components/modules are in Clause 6. Only a complete vehicle test may be used to determine the component compatibility with respect to a vehicle’s limit.
The receiver types to be protected are, for example, broadcast receivers (sound and television), land mobile radio, radio telephone, amateur, citizens' radio, Satellite Navigation (Beidou, GPS etc.), Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. For the purpose of this standard, a vehicle is a machine, which is self-propelled by an internal combustion engine, electric means, or both. Vehicles include (but are not limited to) passenger cars, trucks, agricultural tractors and snowmobiles. Annex A provides guidance in determining whether this standard is applicable to particular equipment.
This standard does not include protection of electronic control systems from radio frequency (RF) emissions or from transient or pulse-type voltage fluctuations. These subjects are included in publications of the Standardization Administration.
The limits in this standard are recommended and subject to modification as agreed between the vehicle manufacturer and the component supplier. This standard is also intended to be applied by manufacturers and suppliers of components and equipment which are to be added and connected to the vehicle harness or to an on-board power connector after delivery of the vehicle.
Since the mounting location, vehicle body construction and harness design may affect the coupling of radio disturbances to the on-board receiver, Clause 6 of this standard defines multiple limit levels. The level class to be used (as a function of frequency band) is agreed upon between the vehicle manufacturer and the component supplier.
This standard defines test methods for use by vehicle manufacturers and suppliers, to assist in the design of vehicles and components and ensure controlled levels of on-board radio frequency emissions.
Vehicle test limits are provided for guidance and are based on a typical radio receiver using the antenna provided as part of the vehicle, or a test antenna if a unique antenna is not specified. The frequency bands that are defined are not applicable to all regions or countries of the world. For economic reasons, the vehicle manufacturer is free to identify what frequency bands are applicable to the radio services likely to be used in that vehicle.
As an example, many vehicle models will probably not have a television receiver installed; yet the television bands occupy a significant portion of the radio spectrum. Testing and mitigating noise sources in such vehicles is not economically justified.
The World Administrative Radio communications Conference (WARC) lower frequency limit in region 1 was reduced to 148.5kHz in 1979. For vehicular purposes, tests at 150kHz are considered adequate.
Annex E defines artificial networks used for the measurement of conducted disturbances and for tests on vehicles in charging mode.
Annex H defines a qualitative method of judging the degradation of radio communication in the presence of impulsive noise.
Annex I defines test methods for shielded power supply systems for high voltage networks in electric and hybrid vehicles.
Annex J defines methods for the validation of the ALSE used for component testing.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 4365-2003 Electrotechnical terminology--Electromagnetic compatibility (idt IEC 60050-161:1990+A1:1997+A2:1998)
GB/T 6113.104-2016 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbances measurements (CISPR 16-1-4: 2012, IDT)
GB/T 6113.203-2016 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-3:Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity - Radiated disturbance measurements (CISPR 16-2-3: 2010, IDT)
GB/T 29259-2012 Road vehicle - Electromagnetic compatibility terminology
ISO 7637-3: 2016 Road vehicles - Electrical disturbances from conduction and coupling - Part 3: Electrical transient transmission by capacitive and inductive coupling via lines other than supply lines
ISO 11452-4: 2011 Road vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part4: Harness excitation methods
CISPR 16-1-1: 2015 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2: 2014 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Coupling devices for conducted disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-2-1: 2014 Specificationforradiodisturbanceandimmunitymeasuringapparatusandmethods - Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbance sand immunity - Conducted disturbance measurements
SAE ARP 958.1 Rev D: 2003-02 Electromagnetic interference measurement antennas - Standard calibration method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 4365-2003 and GB/T 29259-2012 and the following apply.
3.1
artificial mains network; AMN
network that provides a defined impedance to the EUT at radio frequencies, couples the disturbance voltage to the measuring receiver and decouples the test circuit from the supply mains
Notes:
1 There are two basic types of AMN, the V-network (V-AMN) which couples the unsymmetrical voltages, and the delta-network which couples the symmetric and the asymmetric voltages separately. The terms line impedance stabilization network (LISN) and V-AMN are used.
2 Network inserted in the power mains of the vehicle in charging mode or of a component (e.g. charger) which provides, in a given frequency range, a specified load impedance and which isolates the vehicle/component from the power mains in that frequency range.
3.2
artificial network; AN
network inserted in the supply lead or signal/load lead of an device to be tested which provides, in a given frequency range, a specified load impedance for the measurement of disturbance voltages and which may isolate the device from the supply or signal sources/loads in that frequency range
Notes:
1 Network inserted in the d.c. power lines of the vehicle in charging mode which provides, in a given frequency range, a specified load impedance and which isolates the vehicle from the d.c power supply in that frequency range.
2 Modified in relation to GB/T29259-2012, definition 3.52.
3.3
asymmetric artificial network; AAN
network used to measure (or inject) asymmetric (common mode) voltages on unshielded symmetric signal (e.g. telecommunication) lines while suppressing the differential mode signal
Note: this network is inserted in the communication/signal lines of the vehicle in charging mode or of a component (e.g. charger) to provide a specific load impedance and/or a decoupling (e.g. between telecommunication signal and power mains).
3.4
bandwidth (of an equipment)
width of a frequency band over which a given characteristic of an equipment or transmission channel does not differ from its reference value by more than a specified amount or ratio
Notes:
1 The given characteristic may be, for example, the amplitude/frequency characteristic, the phase/frequency characteristic or the delay/frequency characteristic.
2 Modified in relation to GB/T4365-2003, definition 161-06-09.
3.5
bonded (ground connection and d.c. resistance)
grounding connection with a DC resistance not exceeding2.5mΩ and that provides the lowest possible impedance (resistance and inductance) connection between two metallic parts
Note: a low current (≤100 mA) 4-wire milliohm meter is recommended for these measurements.
3.6
class
performance level agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier and documented in the test plan
3.7
device
machine driven by an internal combustion engine which is not primarily intended to carry persons or goods
Note: devices include, but are not limited to, chainsaws, irrigation pumps, snow blowers, air compressors, and landscaping equipment.
3.8
high voltage; HV
operating voltage between 60V~1000V
Note: the term “high voltage” may be defined with a different voltage range in other standards.
3.9
high voltage artificial network; HV-AN
network inserted in the high voltage DC lead of device to be tested which provides, in a given frequency range, a specified load impedance for the measurement of disturbance voltages and which may isolate the device from the supply in that frequency range
3.10
low voltage; LV
operating DC voltage below 60V, e.g. nominal voltages of 12V, 24V or 48V
Note: the term “low voltage” may be defined with a different voltage range in other standards.
3.11
measurement time
effective, coherent time for a measurement result at a single frequency:
——for the peak detector, the effective time to detect the maximum of the signal envelope,
——for the quasi-peak detector, the effective time to measure the maximum of the weighted envelope
——for the average detector, the effective time to average the signal envelope
3.12
reference ground plane
flat conductive surface whose potential is used as a common reference
Notes:
1 For the purposes of this standard, the reference ground plane is defined as the top metallic surface of the test bench/table.
2 Modified in relation to GB/T4365-2003, definition 161-04-36.
3.13
shielded enclosure
mesh or sheet metallic housing designed expressly for the purpose of electromagnetically separating the internal and the external electromagnetic environment
Note: modified in relation to GB/T 4365-2003, definition 161-04-37[5].
3.14
validation reference ground plane
elevated reference ground plane with the dimensions of 2.5m×1m, which is used as the standard for the reference measurements/modelling per Annex J
Note: the validation reference ground plane size and grounding used during the reference measurements may be different than what a laboratory would use during EUT measurements.
4 Requirements common to vehicle and component/module emissions measurements
4.1 General test requirements
4.1.1 Categories of disturbance sources (as applied in the test plan)
Electromagnetic disturbance sources may be divided into two main types:
——narrowband sources (examples: vehicle electronic components which include clocks, oscillators, digital logic from microprocessors and displays);
——broadband sources (examples: electrical motors and ignition systems).
Notes:
1 While most vehicle or electrical/electronic components are a source of both narrowband and broadband disturbances, some may be a source of only one type of disturbance.
2 Broadband sources may be classified in short-duration broadband (examples are washer motor, power rearview mirror, electric windows) and long-duration broadband (examples are front wiper motor, heater blower, engine cooling system).
For the purposes of this standard, categorization of the disturbance type is used only in simplifying the test demands by potentially reducing the number of detectors that shall be used (i.e. eliminating the average detector if the device is known to be broadband-type of source, such as a DC brush commutated motor). Otherwise, this standard requires that sources comply with limits based upon both types of measurement detectors and not the type of disturbance.
4.1.2 Test plan
A test plan shall be established for each item to be tested. The test plan shall specify the frequency range to be tested, emissions limits, antenna types and locations, test report requirements, supply voltage and other relevant parameters.
The test plan shall define for each frequency band whether the conformance may be obtained with average and peak limits or with average and quasi-peak limits.
4.1.3 Determination of conformance of equipment under test (EUT) with limits
In all cases, the EUT shall conform to the average limit.
The EUT shall also conform to either peak or quasi-peaks limits as follows:
——for frequencies where both peak and quasi-peak limits are defined, the EUT shall conform to either the peak or the quasi-peak limits (as defined in the test plan).
——for frequencies where only peak limits are defined, the EUT shall conform to the peak limit.
The general procedure applicable for all frequency bands is described in Figure 1.
The limits given in this standard take uncertainties into account.
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Requirements common to vehicle and component/module emissions measurements
4.1 General test requirements
4.2 Shielded enclosure
4.3 Absorber-lined shielded enclosure (ALSE)
4.4 Measuring equipment
4.5 Power supply
5 Measurement of emissions received by an on-board antenna
5.1 Antenna measuring system
5.2 Method of measurement
5.3 Test setup for vehicle in charging mode
5.4 Examples of limits for vehicle radiated disturbances
6 Measurement of components and modules
6.1 General
6.2 Test equipment
6.3 Conducted emissions from components/modules - voltage method
6.4 Conducted emissions from components/modules - Current probe method
6.5 Radiated emissions from components/modules - ALSE method
6.6 Radiated emissions from components/modules - TEM cell method
6.7 Radiated emissions from components/modules - Strip line method
Annex A (Informative) Flow Chart for Checking the Applicability of This Standard
Annex B (Normative) Antenna matching unit – Vehicle test
Annex C (Informative) Sheath-current suppressor
Annex D (Informative) Guidance for the determination of the noise floor of active vehicle antennas in the AM and FM range
Annex E (Normative) Artificial networks (AN), artificial mains networks (AMN) and asymmetric artificial networks (AAN)
Annex F (Informative) Radiated emissions from components/modules – TEM cell method
Annex G (Informative) Radiated emissions from components/modules – Stripline method
Annex H (Informative) Interference to mobile radio communication in the presence of impulsive noise - Methods of judging degradation
Annex I (Normative) Test methods for shielded power supply systems for high voltages in electric and hybrid vehicles
Annex J (Informative) ALSE performance validation 150kHz to 1GHz
Bibliography
Figure 1 Method of determination of conformance for all frequency bands
Figure 2 Example of gain curve
Figure 3 Vehicle-radiated emissions – Example for test layout (view with monopole antenna)
Figure 4 Example of test setup for vehicle with plug located on vehicle side (AC powered without communication)
Figure 5 Example of test setup for vehicle with plug located front/rear of vehicle (AC powered without communication)
Figure 6 Example of test setup for vehicle with plug located on vehicle side (AC or DC powered with communication)
Figure 7 Example of test setup for vehicle with plug located front/rear of vehicle (AC or DC powered with communication)
Figure 8 Average limit for radiated disturbance from vehicles at GPS band
Figure 9 Conducted emissions - Example of test setup for EUT with power return line remotely grounded
Figure 10 Conducted emissions - Example of test setup for EUT with power return line locally grounded
Figure 11 Conducted emissions - Example of test setup for generators
Figure 12 Conducted emissions - Example of test setup for ignition system components
Figure 13 Conducted emissions - Example of test setup for current probe measurements
Figure 14 Test harness bending requirements
Figure 15 Example of test setup - Monopole antenna
Figure 16 Example of test setup - Biconical antenna
Figure 17 Example of test setup - Log-periodic antenna
Figure 18 Example of test setup - Above 1GHz
Figure 19 Example of average limit for radiated disturbances from components/modules
Figure A.1 Flow chart for checking the applicability of this standard
Figure B.1 Verification setup
Figure C.1 Characteristic curve S21 of the ferrite core
Figure D.1 Vehicle test setup for equipment noise measurement in the AM/FM range
Figure D.2 Vehicle test setup for antenna noise measurement in the AM/FM range
Figure E.1 Example of 5µH artificial networks (AN) schematic
Figure E.2 Impedance characteristics ZPB of the artificial networks (AN)
Figure E.3 Example of 5μH HV-artificial networks (HV-AN) schematic
Figure E.4 Example of multiple 5μH HV-artificial networks (HV-AN) in a single shielded box
Figure E.5 Impedance matching network attached between HV-AN and EUT
Figure E.6 Example of ANN applicable to symmetric communication lines
Figure E.7 Example of ANN circuit of PLC on AC or DC power supply lines
Figure E.8 Example of ANN circuit for PLC on pilot line
Figure F.1 TEM cell (example)
Figure F.2 Example of setup of leads in the TEM cell and to the connector panel
Figure F.3 Example of the setup of the connectors, wiring board and insulating support
Figure F.4 Example of the required minimum attenuation of the signal/control lines
Figure F.5 Setup for measurement of the filter attenuation
Figure F.6 Example of the TEM cell method test setup
Figure F.7 TEM cell
Figure G.1 Example of stripline test setup in a shielded enclosure
Figure G.2 Example of 50Ω stripline
Figure G.3 Example of 90Ω stripline
Figure I.1 Conducted emission - Example of test setup for EUTs with shielded power supply systems
Figure I.2 Conducted emission - Example of test setup for EUTs with shielded power supply systems with electric motor attached to the bench
Figure I.3 Conducted emission - Example of inverter test setup with shielded power supply systems
Figure I.4 Conducted emission - Example of charger test setup with shielded power supply systems
Figure I.5 Conducted emission - Example of test setup current probe measurement on HV lines for EUTs with shielded power supply systems
Figure I.6 Conducted emission - Example of test setup current probe measurement on HV lines for EUTs with shielded power supply systems with electric motor attached to the bench
Figure I.7 Conducted emission - Example of test setup current probe measurement on HV lines for EUTs with shielded power supply systems and inverter
Figure I.8 Conducted emission - Example of test setup current probe measurement on HV lines for EUTs with shielded power supply systems and charger device
Figure I.9 Radiated emission - Example of test setup measurement with biconical antenna for EUTs with shielded power supply systems
Figure I.10 Radiated emission - Example of test setup measurement with biconical antenna for EUTs with shielded power supply systems with electric motor attached to the bench
Figure I.11 Radiated emission - Example of test setup measurement with biconical antenna for EUTs with shielded power supply systems and inverter
Figure I.12 Radiated emission - Example of test setup measurement with biconical antenna for EUTs with shielded power supply systems and charger device
Figure I.13 Test setup for calibration of the test signal
Figure I.14 Example of test setup for conducted emissions - Voltage method - Measurement on LV ports with injection on HV supply ports
Figure I.15 Example of test setup for conducted emissions – Current probe method – Measurement on LV ports with injection on HV supply ports
Figure I.16 Example of test setup for radiated emissions – ALSE method – Measurement on LV ports with injection on HV supply ports with with biconical antenna
Figure I.17 Test setup for EUT S21 measurements
Figure I.18 Examples of requirements for coupling attenuation, ac
Figure J.1 Examples of typical ALSE influence parameters over the 10MHz to 100MHz frequency range
Figure J.2 Visual representation of ALSE performance validation process
Figure J.3 Example of construction of a transmitting monopole
Figure J.4 Side view of the antenna configuration for reference measurement below 30MHz
Figure J.5 Top view of antenna configuration for reference measurement 30MHz and above (with the biconical antenna shown as example)
Figure J.6 Side view of antenna configuration for reference measurement 30MHz and above (with the biconical antenna shown as example)
Figure J.7 Top view of antenna configuration for the ALSE measurement below 30MHz
Figure J.8 Metallic sheet angles used as support for the rod
Figure J.9 Radiator side view 50Ω terminations
Figure J.10 Photo of the radiator mounted on the ground reference plane
Figure J.11 Example VSWR measured from four radiation sources (without 10dB attenuator)
Figure J.12 Example setup for ALSE equivalent field strength measurement (monopole antenna shown for the frequency range below 30MHz)
Figure J.13 MoM-model for the frequency range 30MHz to 200MHz
Table 1 Spectrum analyzer parameters
Table 2 Scanning receiver parameters
Table 3 Antenna types
Table 4 Example for limits of disturbance
Table 5 Examples of limits for conducted disturbances - Voltage method
Table 6 Examples of limits for conducted disturbances - Current probe method
Table 7 Examples of limits for radiated disturbances from components/modules - ALSE method
Table E.1 Impedance (ZPB) values of artificial networks (AN)
Table F.1 Radiated disturbance limits – TEM cell method
Table F.2 Dimensions for TEM cells
Table G.1 Example of limits of radiated disturbances – Stripline method
Table I.1 Example for HV limits for conducted voltage measurements at shielded power supply devices (HV-LV decoupling class A5)
Table I.2 Example of configurations for equipment without negative LV line
Table I.3 Example of configurations for equipment with negative LV line
Table I.4 Examples of requirements for minimum coupling attenuation, ac
Table J.1 Reference data to be used for ALSE validation
