标准编号:	GB/T 19072-2022
中文名称:	风力发电机组 塔架
英文名称:	Wind turbines—Tower
中标分类:	F11    风能
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	27.180 27.180    风力发电系统和其 27.180
发布机构:	国家市场监督管理总局 国家标准化管理委员会
发布日期:	2022-10-12
实施日期:	2022-10-12
标准状态:	valid
替代旧标准:	GB/T 19072-2010 风力发电机组 塔架
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	66000 字
翻译价格(元):	4620.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Wind turbines - Tower 1 Scope This document specifies the design principles, design requirements, process requirements, test methods, inspection rules, completion data, accompanying documents, marking, packaging, storage and transportation requirements on towers of wind turbines. This document is applicable to the design, manufacture, construction and acceptance of towers of horizontal axis wind turbines. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute indispensable provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies. GB 175 Common portland cement GB/T 470 Zinc ingots GB/T 700 Carbon structural steels GB/T 709 Dimension, shape, weight and tolerance for hot-rolled steel strip, plate and sheet GB/T 985.1 Recommended joint preparation for gas welding, manual metal arc welding, gas-shield arc welding and beam welding GB/T 985.2 Recommended joint preparation for submerged arc welding GB/T 1228 High strength bolts with large hexagon head for steel structures GB/T 1231 Specifications of high strength bolts with large hexagon head, large hexagon nuts, plain washers for steel structures GB/T 1591 High strength low alloy structural steels GB/T 3098.1 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Bolts, screws and studs GB/T 3098.2 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Nuts GB/T 3274 Hot-rolled plates, sheets and strips of carbon structural steels and high strength low alloy structural steels GB/T 5117 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 5118 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of creep-resisting steels GB/T 5210 Paints and varnishes - Pull-off test for adhesion GB/T 5224 Steel strand for prestressed concrete GB/T 5293 Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and electrode/flux combinations for submerged arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 5313-2010 Steel plates with through-thickness characteristics GB/T 5782 Hexagon head bolts GB 8076 Concrete admixtures GB/T 8110 Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 9286 Paints and varnishes - Cross-cut test GB/T 9445 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of personnel GB/T 9754 Paints and varnishes - Determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20°, 60°and 85° GB/T 10045 Tubular cored electrodes for non-alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 10171 Building construction machinery and equipment - Concrete mixing plant (tower) GB/T 12467 (All parts) Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials GB/T 13306 Plates GB/T 14370 Anchorage, grip and coupler for prestressing tendons GB/T 14902 Ready-mixed concrete GB/T 14977-2008 General requirement for surface condition of hot-rolled steel plates GB/T 17888 (All parts) Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery GB/T 18253-2018 Steel and steel products - Types of inspection documents GB/T 18451.1 Wind turbine generator systems - Design requirements GB/T 18591 Welding - Guidance on the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature GB/T 19804 Welding - General tolerances for welded constructions - Dimensions for lengths and angles - Shape and position GB/T 26408 Concrete truck mixer GB/T 31817 Specification of coating for corrosion protection of windpower equipment GB/T 32076 (All parts) High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading GB 50009 Load code for the design of building structures GB 50010 Code for design of concrete structures GB 50011 Code for seismic design of buildings GB/T 50046 Code for anticorrosion design of industrial constructions GB 50119 Code for utility technical of concrete admixture GB 50135 Code for design of high-rising structures GB 50164 Standard for quality control of concrete GB 50204 Code for acceptance of constructional quality of concrete structures GB 50212 Code for construction of building anticorrosive engineering GB/T 50448 Code for application technique of cementitious grout GB 50666 Code for construction of concrete structures JB/T 10045-2017 Thermal cutting - Geometrical product specification and quality tolerances JB/T 11218 Wind power tower - Annular flange JG/T 161 Unbonded prestressing steel strand JG/T 430 Anticorrosion lubricating grease for unbonded tendons JGJ/T 10 Technical specification for construction of concrete pumping JGJ 18 Specification for welding and acceptance of reinforcing steel bars JGJ 55 Specification for mix proportion design of ordinary concrete JGJ 63 Standard of water for concrete JGJ 85 Technical specification for application of anchorage, grip and coupler for prestressing tendons JGJ/T 140 Standard for seismic design of prestressed concrete structures JGJ/T 281 Technical specification for application of high strength concrete JGJ 369 Code for design of prestressed concrete structures NB/T 31082 High-strength bolting assemblies for tower on wind turbine NB/T 47013.2 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 2: Radiographic testing NB/T 47013.3-2015 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 3: Ultrasonic testing NB/T 47013.4 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 4: Magnetic particle testing NB/T 47013.5 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 5: Penetrant testing NB/T 47013.10 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 10: Ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique NB/T 47014 Welding procedure qualification for pressure equipment NB/T 47015 Welding specification for pressure vessels NB/T 47016 Mechanical property tests of product welded test coupons for pressure equipment ISO 2808 Paints and varnishes - Determination of film thickness ISO 2813 Paints and varnishes - Determination of gloss value at 20°, 60° and 85° ISO 3834 Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials ISO 4628 (All parts) Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of coatings - Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance ISO 9712 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems ISO 13588 Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of automated phased array technology ISO 14555 Welding - Arc stud welding of metallic materials ISO 15614-1 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test - Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys ISO/TR 17671-2 Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels ISO 19840 Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Measurement of, and acceptance criteria for, the thickness of dry films on rough surfaces EN 1991-1-4:2005 Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions EN 1993-1-6 Design of steel structures - Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures EN 1993-1-9 Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue IIW-2259-15 Recommendations for fatigue design of welded joints and components 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 tower part of the supporting structure of wind turbine, which connects the substructure with the main engine 3.2 tower section steel tower section bounded by flange contact surfaces at both ends 3.3 longitudinal weld continuous weld formed by welding at the butt joint of rolled steel plate 3.4 tube cone-shaped or straight-shaped single component formed from steel plates with a specific shape by rolling and longitudinal welding 3.5 circumferential weld continuous weld formed by welding the butt joints of paired tubes and of tube and flange neck 3.6 concrete tower structure for supporting wind turbine, with prestressing tendon concrete tower as the main stress system 3.7 concrete element concrete tower elements for wind turbine tower that are prefabricated and cast-in-place in the factory or on the spot according to the standard specifications and design drawings 3.8 concrete tube section of tubular element which is manufactured in advance in the factory or on the spot or formed by assembling concrete elements on the assembling platform 3.9 splice joint horizontal joint between upper and lower tubes and vertical joint between left and right adjacent elements of prefabricated concrete tower 3.10 horizontal joint splice joint between upper and lower tubes of prefabricated concrete tower 3.11 vertical joint splice joint between left and right adjacent elements of prefabricated concrete tower 3.12 grouting material binding material used for connecting elements on both sides of the splice joint 3.13 seating material binding material applied on the horizontal joint to connect the upper and lower tubes 3.14 insert part element pre-embedded in reinforced concrete 3.15 prestressing tendon general term of steel bar, steel wire and steel strand used in concrete structural elements for application of prestress 4 Symbols and abbreviations 4.1 Symbols For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply. Asp——the stress area of thread, mm2 b——the thickness of welding neck (generally referring to the thickness of welded tube wall), mm btot——the flange width, mm c——the height of the reserved groove of weld, mm cs——the width of the door frame stiffener, mm E——the elasticity modulus of tower materials, MPa fR——the maximum rotational frequency of the wind wheel within the normal operating range, Hz f0,1——the first-order natural frequency of the tower (in complete machine state), Hz fR, m——the passage frequency of m wind wheel blades, Hz fo, n——the nth-order natural frequency of the tower (in complete machine state), Hz Fp, C——the designed pretightening force of bolt, N l——the distance between the reserved groove of the weld and the transitional radius, mm r——the transitional radius, mm t——the wall thickness of the tower drum, mm tf——the flange thickness, mm ts——the thickness of the door frame stiffener, mm ttot——the flange thickness, including welding neck, mm Z——the axial force of tower drum wall, N εtot——the total strain, με σhs——the structural stress in linear elastic analysis of materials, N/m2 σy, d——the design yield strength of materials, MPa σy, b——the design yield strength of bolt materials, Mpa fc——the design compressive strength of concrete, MPa ft——the design tensile strength of concrete, MPa fck——the standard compressive strength of concrete, MPa ftk——the standard tensile strength of concrete, MPa fy——the design compressive and tensile strength of plain bars, MPa fpy——the design tensile strength of prestressing tendon, N/m2 fptk——the standard tensile strength of prestressing tendon, MPa Rd——the design bearing capacity of elements, N C——the limit of deformation, stress, crack width and natural frequency of concrete tower to meet the normal service requirements, N 4.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply. GMNA Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis GMNIA Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections Included MNA Materially Nonlinear Analysis MT Magnetic Particle Testing PAUT Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing PT Penetrant Testing PWI Production Work Instruction RT Radiographic Testing SN Curve Stress-Life Curve TOFD Time of Flight Diffraction UT Ultrasonic Testing VT Visual Testing WPQR Welding Procedure Qualification Report WPS Welding Procedure Specification 5 Design principles 5.1 The design service life of the tower shall not be less than that of the wind turbine. 5.2 The tower shall meet the following functional requirements within the specified design service life: ——it shall be able to bear various possible loads and actions during normal construction and use; ——it shall have good working performance during normal use; ——it shall have sufficient durability under normal maintenance; ——its structure shall be able to maintain the overall stability when an accident occurs. 5.3 The tower load shall be calculated and analyzed according to the relevant requirements of GB/T 18451.1.

Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Symbols and abbreviations 5 Design principles 6 Steel tower 7 Concrete tower Annex A (Informative) Damping ratio of tower structure Annex B (Informative) Simplified buckling analysis method of tower door frame opening Annex C (Informative) Fatigue strength analysis of steel tower Bibliography

风力发电机组 塔架 1 范围 本文件规定了风力发电机组塔架的设计原则、设计要求、工艺要求、试验方法、检验规则、竣工资料及随机文件、标志、包装、储存及运输等要求。 本文件适用于水平轴风力发电机组塔架的设计、制造、施工和验收。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 GB 175 通用硅酸盐水泥 GB/T 470 锌锭 GB/T 700 碳素结构钢 GB/T 709 热轧钢板和钢带的尺寸、外形、重量及允许偏差 GB/T 985.1 气焊、焊条电弧焊、气体保护焊和高能束焊的推荐坡口 GB/T 985.2 埋弧焊的推荐坡口 GB/T 1228 钢结构用高强度大六角头螺栓 GB/T 1231 钢结构用高强度大六角头螺栓、大六角螺母、垫圈技术条件 GB/T 1591 低合金高强度结构钢 GB/T 3098.1 紧固件机械性能 螺栓、螺钉和螺柱 GB/T 3098.2 紧固件机械性能 螺母 GB/T 3274 碳素结构钢和低合金结构钢热轧钢板和钢带 GB/T 5117 非合金钢及细晶粒钢焊条 GB/T 5118 热强钢焊条 GB/T 5210 色漆和清漆 拉开法附着力试验 GB/T 5224 预应力混凝土用钢绞线 GB/T 5293 埋弧焊用非合金钢及细晶粒钢实心焊丝、药芯焊丝和焊丝-焊剂组合分类要求 GB/T 5313 2010 厚度方向性能钢板 GB/T 5782 六角头螺栓 GB 8076 混凝土外加剂 GB/T 8110 熔化极气体保护电弧焊用非合金钢及细品粒钢实心焊丝 GB/T 9286 色漆和清漆 划格试验 GB/T 9445 无损检测 人员资格鉴定与认证 GB/T 9754 色漆和清漆 不含金属颜料的色漆漆膜的20°、60°和85°镜面光泽的测定 GB/T 10045 非合金钢及细晶粒钢药芯焊丝 GB/T 10171 建筑施工机械与设备 混凝土搅拌站(楼) GB/T 12467(所有部分) 金属材料熔焊质量要求 GB/T 13306 标牌 GB/T 14370 预应力筋用锚具、夹具和连接器 GB/T 14902 预拌混凝土 GB/T 14977—2008 热轧钢板表面质量的一般要求 GB/T 17888(所有部分) 机械安全 接近机械的固定设施 GB/T 18253—2018 钢及钢产品 检验文件的类型 GB/T 18451.1 风力发电机组 设计要求 GB/T 18591 焊接 预热温度、道间温度及预热维持温度的测量指南 GB/T 19804 焊接结构的一般尺寸公差和形位公差 GB/T 26408 混凝土搅拌运输车 GB/T 31817 风力发电设施防护涂装技术规范 GB/T 32076(所有部分) 预载荷高强度栓接结构连接副 GB 50009 建筑结构荷载规范 GB 50010 混凝土结构设计规范 GB 50011 建筑抗震设计规范 GB/T 50046 工业建筑防腐蚀设计标准 GB 50119 混凝土外加剂应用技术规范 GB 50135 高耸结构设计标准 GB 50164 混凝土质量控制标准 GB 150204 混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范 GB 50212 建筑防腐蚀工程施工规范 GB/T 50448 水泥基灌浆材料应用技术规范 GB 50666 混凝土结构工程施工规范 JB/T 10045—2017 热切割 质量和几何技术规范 JB/T 11218 风力发电塔架 法兰锻件 JG/T 161 无粘结预应力钢绞线 JG/T 430 无粘结预应力筋用防腐润滑脂 JGJ/T 10 混凝土泵送施工技术规程 JGJ 18 钢筋焊接及验收规程 JGJ 55 普通混凝土配合比设计规程 JGJ 63 混凝土用水标准 JGJ 85 预应力筋用锚具、夹具和连接器应用技术规程 JGJ/T 140 预应力混凝土结构抗震设计标准 JGJ/T 28l 高强混凝土应用技术规程 JGJ 369 预应力混凝土结构设计规范 NB/T 31082 风电机组塔架用高强度螺栓连接副 NB/T 47013.2 承压设备无损检测 第2部分：射线检测 NB/T 47013.3—2015 承压设备无损检测 第3部分：超声检测 NB/T 47013.4 承压设备无损检测 第4部分：磁粉检测 NB/T 47013.5 承压设备无损检测 第5部分：渗透检测 NB/T 47013.10 承压设备无损检测 第10部分：衍射时差法超声检测 NB/T 47014 承压设备焊接工艺评定 NB/T 47015 压力容器焊接规程 NB/T 47016 承压设备产品焊接试件的力学性能检验 ISO 2808 色漆和清漆 漆膜厚度的测定(Paints and varnishes Determination of film thick ness) ISO 2813 色漆和清漆 在20°、60°和85°非金属色漆漆膜镜面光泽的测定(Paints and varnishes—Determination of gloss value at 20°，60° and 85°) ISO 3834 金属材料熔化焊的质量要求(Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials) ISO 4628(所有部分) 色漆和清漆 涂层老化的评定 缺陷的变化程度、数量和大小的规定(Paints and varnishes Evaluation of degradation of coatings—Designation of quantity and size of defects，and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance) ISO 9712 无损检测 人员资格鉴定与认证(Non-destructive testing—Qualification and certification of NDT personnel) ISO 12944 色漆和清漆 防护漆体系对钢结构的防腐蚀保护(Paints and varnishes—Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems) ISO 13588 焊缝的无损检验 超声波检验 自动相控阵技术的使用(Non-destructive testing of welds—Ultrasonic testing—Use of automated phased array technology) ISO 14555 焊接 金属材料的电弧螺柱焊(Welding—Arc stud welding of metallic materials) ISO 15614-1 金属材料焊接工艺规程及评定 焊接工艺评定试验 第1部分：钢的电弧焊和气焊、镍及镍合金的电弧焊(Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Welding procedure test—Part 1：Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys) ISO/TR 17671-2 焊接 金属材料焊接的推荐 第2部分：铁素体钢的电弧焊接(Welding Recommendations for welding of metallic materials—Part 2：Arc welding of ferritic steels) ISO 19840 色漆和清漆 防护涂料体系对钢结构的防腐蚀防护 粗糙面上干膜厚度的测量和验收准则(Paints and varnishes—Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems—Measurement of，and acceptance criteria for，the thickness of dry films on rough surfaces) EN 1991-1-4：2005 对结构的作用 第1-4部分：一般作用 风作用(Actions on structures—Part 1-4：General actions—Wind actions) EN 1993-1-6 钢结构设计 第1-6部分：壳层结构强度和稳定性(Design of steel structures—Part 1-6：Strength and stability of shell structures) EN 1993-1-9 钢结构设计 第1-9部分：疲劳度(Design of steel structures—Part 1-9：Fatigue) IIW-2259-15 焊接接头和零部件的疲劳设计建议(Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components) 3 术语和定义 下列术语和定义适用于本文件。 3.1 塔架 tower 风力发电机组支撑结构的一部分，连接下部结构和主机部分。 3.2 塔段 tower section 两端以法兰接触面为界的钢制塔架段。 3.3 纵焊缝 Iongitudinal weld 在卷制后的钢板对接接口通过焊接形成的连续焊缝。 3.4 筒节 tube 由具备特定形状的钢板经过卷制及纵焊缝焊接形成的锥筒形或者直筒形的单个部件。 3.5 环焊缝 circumferential weld 在组对后的筒节与筒节、筒节与法兰颈部的对接接口通过焊接形成的连续焊缝。 3.6 混凝土塔架 concrete tower 由预应力钢筋混凝土塔为主要受力体系的用于支撑风力发电机组的结构。 3.7 混凝土构件 concrete element 根据标准规范和设计图纸，在工厂或现场预制、现浇成型，用于风力发电机组塔架的混凝土塔架构件。 3.8 混凝土筒节 concrete tube 在工厂或现场预先生产制作完成或在拼装平台将混凝土构件组拼而成的一节筒形构件。 3.9 拼接缝 splice joint 装配式混凝土塔架上下筒节间的水平接缝和左有构件间的竖向接缝。 3.10 水平接缝 horizontal joint 装配式混凝土塔架上下筒节间的拼接缝。 3.11 竖向接缝 vertical joint 装配式混凝土塔架左右相邻构件间的拼接缝。 3.12 灌浆料 grouting material 用以连接拼接缝两侧构件的黏结材料。 3.13 座浆料 seating material 涂抹于水平接缝上连接上下筒节的黏结材料。 3.14 预埋件 insert part 预先埋置在钢筋混凝土内的构件。 3.15 预应力钢筋 prestressing tendon 用于混凝土结构构件中，施加预应力的钢筋、钢丝和钢绞线的总称。 4 符号和缩略语 4.1 符号 下列符号适用于本文件。 Asp——螺纹的应力截面积 [mm2] b——焊颈厚度(一般指焊接的筒壁等厚度、) [mm] btot——法兰宽度 [mm] c——焊缝预留坡口高度 [mm] cs——门框加劲肋宽度 [mm] E——塔架材料的弹性模量 [MPa] fR——正常运行范围内风轮最大旋转频率 [Hz] f0,1——塔架(在整机状态下)第一阶固有频率 [Hz] fR，m——m个风轮叶片通过频率 [Hz] fo，n——塔架(在整机状态下)第n阶固有频率 [Hz] Fp，C——螺栓设计预紧力 [N] l——焊缝预留坡口到过渡圆半径之间的距离 [mm] r——过渡圆半径 [mm] t——塔筒壁厚 [mm] tf——法兰厚度 [mm] ts——门框加劲肋厚度 [mm] ttot——包含焊颈的法兰厚度 [mm] Z——塔架筒壁轴向力 [N] εtot——总应变 [με] σhs——材料线弹性分析的结构应力 [N/m2] σy，d——材料的设计屈服强度 [MPa] σy，b——螺栓材料的设计屈服强度 [MPa] fc——混凝土抗压强度设计值 [MPa] ft——混凝土抗拉强度设计值 [MPa] fck——混凝土抗压强度标准值 [MPa] ftk——混凝土抗拉强度标准值 [MPa] fy——普通钢筋抗拉、抗压强度设计值 [MPa] fpy——预应力筋抗拉设计值 [N/m2] fptk——预应力筋抗拉强度标准值 [MPa] Rd——构件承载力设计值 [N] C——混凝土塔架达到正常使用要求所规定的变形、应力、裂缝宽度和自振频率等的限值 [N] 4.2 缩略语 下列缩略语适用于本文件。 GMNA 材料和几何非线性 GMNIA 考虑缺陷的材料和几何非线性 MNA 材料非线性 MT 磁粉检测 PAUT 相控阵超声检测 PT 渗透检测 PWI 作业指导书 RT 射线检测 SN曲线 应力-寿命曲线 TOFD 衍射时差法超声波检测 UT 超声波检测 VT 目视检测 WPQR 焊接工艺评定报告 WPS 焊接工艺规程 5 设计原则 5.1 塔架的设计使用寿命不应低于风力发电机组的设计使用寿命。 5.2 塔架在规定的设计使用寿命内应满足下列功能要求： ——在正常施工和使用时，能承受可能出现的各种载荷和作用； ——在正常使用时，具有良好的工作性能； ——在正常维护下，具有足够的耐久性能； ——当发生偶然事件时，结构能保持整体稳定性。 5.3 塔架载荷应按照GB/T 18451.1的相关规定进行计算分析。 5.4 塔架载荷除应按照5.3进行计算分析外，还应考虑塔架和基础倾斜引起的附加载荷，其中由安装、制造和温度等因素引起的塔架倾斜宜按5 mm/m计算，由基础变形和不均匀沉降等因素引起的塔架倾斜宜按3 mm/m计算。 5.5 塔架的模态阻尼比应通过测试或分析获得，设计时可参考附录A选取。 5.6 塔架设计应选取所有设计工况中最不利的载荷工况组合进行计算分析。 5.7 塔架设计应考虑塔架吊装、停机或不对风时可能产生的涡激振动对塔架的影响，可根据EN 1991-1-4：2005附录E的方法或其他具有相同安全水平的方法来进行计算分析，计算分析时应考虑塔架的一阶涡激振动，必要时应考虑二阶及更高阶的涡激振动。计算涡激振动时，不应考虑气动阻尼。 5.8 当涡激作用造成的疲劳累积损伤不大于0.1时，可忽略其影响；当涡激作用造成的疲劳累积损伤大于0.1时，应与疲劳载荷造成的累积损伤叠加。可在塔架中添加破涡结构破坏涡激形成或添加阻尼器减少涡激振动的影响。 5.9 塔架设计应考虑耐久性影响，耐久性设计应包括抗疲劳强度、抗震(有必要时)、抗蚀、运维要求等。 5.10 钢制塔架设计应进行极限强度分析、疲劳强度分析和屈曲稳定性；混凝土塔架设计应进行承载能力极限状态分析和正常使用极限状态分析，其中承载能力极限状态分析应包含疲劳分析。 5.11 塔架设计应进行整机状态下的频率分析，若其固有频率与风轮旋转频率及叶片通过频率存在共振，应采取软件或硬件的措施，减小塔架振动和振幅。 5.12 塔架设计还应考虑下列因素： ——轮毂中心高度； ——风轮机舱组件质量、重心位置、转动惯量和风轮转速范围； ——偏航结构对顶法兰的要求； ——基础刚度、标高及接口要求； ——工作温度； ——运输条件； ——生产能力； ——施工条件； ——电气及其他设备接口。 5.13 塔架设计应考虑防雷接地要求。 5.14 塔架附件的设计应满足操作人员和设备能安全地进行安装、维护和通行的要求，包括： ——必要的防坠落装置等安全保护设施； ——导电轨或电缆固定设施； ——爬梯、护栏、平台； ——照明及电气设备安装附件； ——门的密封持久耐用； ——必要时应设有助爬器、提升机、免爬助力装置、升降机等。 6 钢制塔架 6.1 设计要求 6.1.1 总体要求 钢制塔架设计应以第5章为基础，并应根据GB/T 18451.1选取载荷局部安全系数、材料局部安全系数和失效后果局部安全系数，其中失效后果局部安全系数应满足GB/T 18451.1中二类零件的要求。 6.1.2 材料 6.1.2.1 塔架主体钢板 塔架主体(包括筒体、法兰、门框、拼焊法兰)材料应考虑塔架的强度、工作温度、材料的工艺性及经济性，应符合GB/T 700或GB/T 1591的规定。 钢板的尺寸、外形及允许偏差应符合GB/T 709的规定，厚度允许偏差不应低于B级。 钢板表面质量应符合GB/T 14977—2008规定的B类2级要求。 如钢板厚度方向有性能要求，应符合GB/T 5313—2010的规定。 如钢板有超声波检测要求，至少应符合NB/T 47013.3—2015中质量分级Ⅱ级的规定。 钢板材料的订货内容、技术要求、试验方法、检验规则、包装、标志、钢印位置、质量证明书等，应符合GB/T 3274的规定，钢板质量证明书应满足GB/T 18253—2018中3.1的要求。 塔架制造所用钢材的各项性能指标应符合设计文件要求。若需采用替代材料，应由制造单位提出申请，并通过取样试验，表明所采用的替代材料满足设计要求，经设计单位确认后方可执行。 6.1.2.2 法兰 法兰用钢应符合GB/T 1591的规定，厚度方向性能(如要求)至少应符合GB/T 5313—2010规定的Z25要求。超声波检测要求至少应符合NB/T 47013.3—2015中质量分级Ⅰ级的规定。 法兰用钢质量等级不应低于塔架简体使用钢材的质量等级。法兰应为锻件，锻件用钢应采用炉外精炼、真空脱气钢锭或连铸圆坯，不准许使用连铸板坯。 法兰订货内容、技术要求、取样、试验方法、检验规则、标志、标签和随行文件以及包装、运输和贮存应符合JB/T 11218的规定。 6.1.2.3 焊接材料 用于塔架制造的焊接材料(焊条、焊丝、焊剂)应符合GB/T 5117、GB/T 5118、GB/T 5293、 GB/T 8110、GB/T 10045的规定和设计要求，并应具有有效质量证明书。 用于塔架制造的焊接材料(焊条、焊丝、焊剂)应与母材匹配，冲击吸收能量不低于母材要求。 6.1.2.4 紧固件 用于塔架连接的紧固件用钢及性能等级由设计单位根据GB/T 5782、GB/T 1228、GB/T 1231、GB/T 3098.1、GB/T 3098.2、GB/T 32076(所有部分)、NB/T 31082进行选用，并在设计文件中明确其性能要求。 6.2 塔架的固有特性分析 塔架的固有特性分析应考虑： ——一般情况下，固有频率f0，n和激振频率fR、fR，m之间应有适当的间隔，可根据公式(1)和公式(2)计算：