Soil quality - Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
土壤质量 土壤采样程序设计指南
1 Scope
This standard sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifying sources and effects of contamination of soil and related material, with emphasis on:
- procedures required to locate points from which samples may be taken for examination or at which instruments may be installed for in situ measurement including statistical implications;
- procedures for determining how much sample to collect and whether to combine samples;
- methods of collecting samples;
- methods for containing, storing and transporting samples to prevent deterioration/contamination.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-3 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on Safety
ISO 10381-4 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 4: Guidance on the Procedure for Investigation of Natural, Near-natural and Cultivated Sites
ISO 10381-5 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 5: Guidance on Investigation of Soil Contamination of Urban and Industrial Sites
ISO 10381-6 Soil Quality - Sampling - Part 6: Guidance on the Collection, Handling and Storage of Soil for the Assessment of Aerobic Microbial Processes in the Laboratory
ISO 11074-2 Soil Quality - Vocabulary - Part 2: Terms and Definitions Relating to Sampling
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074-2 apply.
4 Planning the Sampling Programme
4.1 General
Samples are collected and examined primarily to determine their physical, chemical, biological and radiological properties. This chapter outlines the more important factors which should be considered when devising a sampling programme for soil and related material. More detailed information is given in subsequent chapters.
Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally not possible to examine the whole and it is therefore necessary to take samples. The samples collected should be as representative as possible of the whole to be characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and examination. The sampling of multiphase systems, such as soils containing water or other liquids, gases, biological material, radionuclides or other solids not naturally belonging to soil (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems. In addition, examination for some physical soil parameters may require so-called undisturbed soil samples for correct execution of the relevant measurement.
Before any sampling programme is devised, it is important that the objectives be first established since they are the major determining factors, e.g. the position and density of sampling points, time of sampling, sampling procedures, subsequent treatment of samples and analytical requirements. The details of a sampling programme depend on whether the information needed is the average value, the distribution or the variability of given soil parameters.
Some consideration should also be given to the degree of detail and precision required and also to the manner in which the results are to be expressed and presented, for example concentrations of chemical substances, maximum and minimum values, arithmetic means, median values, etc. Additionally, a list of parameters of interest should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures consulted, since these will usually give guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and subsequent handling of soil samples.
It may often be necessary to carry out an exploratory sampling and analysis programme before the final objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from previous programmes at the same or similar locations and other information on local conditions. Previous personal experience can also be very valuable. Time and money allocated to the design of a proper sampling programme is usually well justified because it ensures that the required information is obtained efficiently and economically.
It is emphasized that whether soil investigations completely achieve their objectives depends mainly on the design and execution of an appropriate sampling programme.
The main points about which decisions shall be made in the design of a sampling programme are listed below in 4.2 to 4.7. The relevant references are indicated.
4.2 Defining the Objective
The following should be considered when defining the objective:
a) delineation of area to be investigated;
b) setting of objectives for the whole investigation;
c) listing of parameters to be determined;
d) listing of other information required to enable interpretation of results;
e) content of sample report;
f) decisions regarding contractual arrangements for sampling;
g) management arrangements;
h) estimation of costs.
4.3 Preliminary Information
The following questions may help in the choice of preliminary information:
a) What is already known?
b) What can be made easily available?
c) Who is to be contacted for certain (historical) sources?
d) Are there any legal problems, e.g. entering the site?
e) What should be observed on first visit to the site?
For details, see Chapter 6 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.4 Strategy
Decisions regarding the following factors are usually involved in a sampling strategy:
a) sampling patterns;
b) sampling points;
c) depth of sampling;
d) type of samples to be obtained;
e) sampling methods to be employed, e.g. borings, drillings, trial pits, etc.
For details see Chapter 9 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.5 Sampling
The following procedures are involved in planning the sampling:
a) coordination with personnel responsible for the sample preparation and analysis;
b) choice of suitable sampling tools;
c) choice of suitable storage;
d) choice of suitable preservation measures;
e) choice of suitable labelling and transportation;
f) field tests to be carried out, if specified.
For details see Chapters 7, 8, 9 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.6 Safety
The following safety aspects need to be considered:
a) all necessary safety precautions at the site;
b) informing landowners, construction authorities, local authorities;
c) data protection efforts;
d) requirements for disposal of surplus soil or test material.
For details see Chapter 9 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-3, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.7 Sampling Report
The sampling report should meet the basic content as specified in relevant part of ISO 10381. Additional information required should be clearly specified by the client and laid down in a written contract. Any later deviation should be justified to avoid deficiencies with regard to evaluation of the investigation and to avoid conflicts between business partners.
For details see Chapters 10 and 11 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
Foreword III
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 Planning the Sampling Programme
4.1 General
4.2 Defining the Objective
4.3 Preliminary Information
4.4 Strategy
4.5 Sampling
4.6 Safety
4.7 Sampling Report
5 Objectives of Sampling
5.1 General
5.2 Specific Objectives
5.3 Sampling of Other Material in Connection with Soil Investigation
6 Special Considerations for the Sampling of Soils
6.1 General
6.2 Preliminary Survey
7 Requirements for Sampling Personnel
7.1 General
7.2 Experience
7.3 Coordination of Sampling and Analysis
8 Safety Precautions
9 Samples and Sampling Points
9.1 General
9.2 Sampling Patterns
9.3 Identifying the Sampling Location
9.4 Preparation of the Sampling Site
9.5 Barriers to Sampling
9.6 Choice of Appropriate Equipment to Obtain Samples
9.7 Depth of Sampling
9.8 Timing of Investigation
9.9 Sample Quantity
9.10 Single Samples vs. Composite Samples
9.11 Laboratory Preservation, Handling and Containerization, Labelling and Transport of Soil Samples
10 Sampling Report
10.1 General
10.2 Title Data
10.3 Site Data
10.4 Sampling Procedure
10.5 Transportation and Storage
10.6 Sample, Profile and Site Description
10.7 Sample and Profile Description
10.8 Site Description
Appendix A (Informative) Sources of Additional Information
Appendix B (Informative) Determination of a Sampling Plan
Appendix C (Informative) Examples of Different Sampling Patterns Used in Soil Sampling Programmes
Bibliography
