标准编号:	GB/T 1.1-2020
中文名称:	标准化工作导则 第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则
英文名称:	Directives for standardization—Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents
中标分类:	A00    标准化、质量管理
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	01.120 01.120    标准化总则 01.120
发布机构:	国家市场监督管理总局 国家标准化管理委员会
发布日期:	2020-03-31
实施日期:	2020-10-1
标准状态:	现行
替代旧标准:	GB/T 1.1-2009 标准化工作导则 第1部分：标准的结构和编写
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	66000 字
翻译价格(元):	1800.00 元
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.



This document is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2020 Directives for standardization - Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents.



GB/T 1 Directives for standardization, GB/T 20000 Guidelines for standardization, GB/T 20001 Rules for drafting standards, GB/T 20002 Drafting for special aspects in standards, GB/T 20003 Special procedures for the development of standards and GB/T 20004 Social organization standardization together constitute a basic system of national standards that supports the development of standards



This document is Part 1 of GB/T 1 Directives for standardization. The following parts of GB/T 1 have been published:



——Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents.



This document replaces GB/T 1.1-2009 Directives for standardization - Part 1: Structure and drafting of standards. In addition to a number of structural adjustments and editorial changes, the following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 1.1-2009:



a) The clause entitled "Classification of documents" is added (see Clause 4);



b) The clause "General principles" is modified to "Objectives, principles and requirements”, with the principles subdivided and the relevant contents of the Edition 2009 modified and incorporated herein (see Clause 5; Clause 4, 5.1.1, 5.1.2.1, 5.1.2.2, 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.4 of Edition 2009);



c) The words representing standard function types and their English translations are added to the "document name" (see 6.1.4.2);



d) The categories, components and presentation forms of elements are modified (see 6.2.2; 5.1.3 of Edition 2009);



e) The specific forms and drafting rules of "list" are modified (see 7.5; 5.2.6 of Edition 2009);



f) The requirements on the types of provisions that are not allowed when drafting the element “foreword" are modified (see 8.3; 6.1.3 of Edition 2009);



g) The requirements that the element "introduction" needs to be included under certain conditions and the specific background information that needs to be given when drafting the "introduction" are added (see 8.4);



h) The provision types and presentation forms used to state the "scope" are modified (see 8.5.3; 6.2.2 of Edition 2009);



i) The introductory text for the element "normative references” are modified (see 8.6.2; 6.2.3 of Edition 2009);



j) The performance approach (see 6.3.1.2 of Edition 2009), principle of verifiability (see 6.3.1.3 of Edition 2009), and drafting rules for "requirements" (see 6.3.4 of Edition 2009) are deleted;



k) Some drafting rules for "terminological entries" are modified, and detailed requirements are added (see 8.7.3; 6.3.2 of Edition 2009);



l) The introductory wordings to the list of symbols and/or abbreviated terms are added (see 8.8.2);



m) The drafting rules for the element "classification and coding" are modified (see 8.9.1 and 8.9.3; 6.3.5 of Edition 2009), and the drafting rules for the element "system composition” are added (see 8.9.2 and 8.9.3);



n) The drafting rules for elements "general principles" and "general requirements" are added (see 8.10);



o) The drafting rules for elements "core technical elements" (see 8.11) and "other technical elements" (see 8.12) are added, and the "presentation of technical elements" is deleted (see 7.1.3 of Edition 2009);



p) The drafting rules for the element "bibliography" (see 8.13; 6.4.2 of Edition 2009) and element "index" (see 8.14; 6.4.3 of Edition 2009) are modified;



q) The provision types and some modal verbs used in presentation of provisions are modified (see 9.1 and Annex C; 7.1.2 and Annex F of Edition 2009), and the typical words used to present general statements are added (see Table C.7);



r) The presentation rules of "additional information" (see 9.2) and “general content" (see 9.3) are added;



s) Rules for the use of common words in the text are added (see 9.4.2);



t) The presentation rules of referring to the document itself are modified (see 9.5.2; 8.1.2.1 of Edition 2009); the annotation rules for dated reference to documents published in more than one version in the same calendar year are added (see 9.5.4.1.1), and the rules for undated reference are modified (see 9.5.4.1.2; 8.1.3.3 of Edition 2009); the presentation rules for normative and informative references (see 9.5.4.2) and the methods for indication of sources (see 9.5.4.3) are added; the limitations for referenced documents are modified (see 9.5.4.4.1; 8.1.3.1 of Edition 2009), and the requirements for documents that shall not be referenced are added (see 9.5.4.4.2 and 9.5.4.4.3); the rules of references among parts are deleted (see 8.1.4 of Edition 2009); and the presentation rules for reference to specific contents of the standard are modified (see 9.5.5; 8.1.2.2 of Edition 2009);



u) The presentation rules for "annex” are modified (see 9.6; 5.2.7, 6.3.6 and 6.4.1.1 of Edition 2009), and the requirements on the contents that can be included in the informative annexes are deleted (see 6.4.1.2 of Edition 2009);



v) The usage rules for "figures" and "tables" (see 9.7.1 and 9.8.1; 7.3.1 and 7.4.1 of Edition 2009), the presentation rules for continuation of figures and tables over pages (see 9.7.3 and 9.8.3; 7.3.7 and 7.4.5 of Edition 2009), the rules for use of index numbers on graphs (see 9.7.4.2; 7.3.5 of Edition 2009), and the drafting rules for headings (see 9.8.4; 7.4.4 of Edition 2009) are modified;



w) The presentation rules for "example" are added (see 9.10.3 and 9.10.4);



x) The requirements on a blank line above or below the entry number (see 10.3.5), arrangement of contents in the tables (see 10.4.2.2) and box for distinguishing examples (see 10.4.5) are added;



y) The requirements on font size and font in "important notes", "terminological entries" , "sources", etc. are added (see Table F.1).



This document is drafted by reference to but is not equivalent to ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2018: Principles and rules for the structure and drafting of ISO and IEC documents.



Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. The issuing body of this document shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.



This document was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 286 National Technical Committee on Standardization Principles and Methods of Standardization Administration of China.



The previous editions of this document and documents replaced by this document are as follows:



——It was first issued as GB 1.1-1981 in 1981, first revised in 1987, and second revised in 1993;



——In the third revision in 2000, the contents of GB/T 1.2-1996 Directives for the work of standardization - Unit 1: Drafting and presentation of standards - Part 2: Rules for publishing standards were incorporated (previous editions of GB/T 1.2-1996: GB 1-1958, GB 1-1970, GB 1-1973, GB 1.2-1981 and GB 1.2-1988);



——In the fourth revision in 2009, the contents of GB/T 1.2-2002 Directives for standardization - Part 2: Methodology for the content of normative technical elements in standards were incorporated (the documents replaced by GB/T 1.2-2002 and the previous editions: GB 1.3-1987 Directives for the work of standardization - Rules for drafting product standards, GB/T 1.3-1997; GB 1.7-1988 Directives for the work of standardization - Rules for drafting product package standards);



——This edition is the fifth revision.



 

Introduction



Standardization is an activity to develop and apply standards in order to establish the best order and promote common benefits. In order to ensure the orderly development of standardization activities and promote the realization of standardization goals and benefits, establishing rules for standardization activities has become the primary task of various standardization institutions at home and abroad to carry out standardization activities. In this respect, China has established a basic national standard system to support the development of standards. In this standard system, GB/T 1 Directives for standardization is the basic and general standard guiding standardization activities in China. GB/T 1 aims to establish guidelines generally applicable to the drafting, development and organization of standardizing documents and is intended to consist of three parts.



——Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents, for the purpose of establishing the general principles and relevant rules applicable to drafting various standardizing documents.



——Part 2: Procedures for the development of standardizing documents, for the purpose of establishing operable, traceable and verifiable procedures for the development of standardizing document.



——Part 3: standardization technology organization, for the purpose of establishing the organizational hierarchy and stipulating the management and operation requirements for the standardization technology organization so that it can be widely involved by all relevant parties.



One of the tasks of standardization activities is to draft high-quality standardizing documents for establishing sound technical rules. To this end, China issued the national standard on the publishing and printing of standards in 1958, and has issued GB/T 1.1 by five editions since 1981, stipulating the rules for the structure and drafting of standards. GB/T 1.1-2009 has been issued and implemented for more than ten years. During this period, the role of standardization has been paid more and more attention to, and the theoretical research and practice of standardization related to standard drafting and the international rules have changed. First of all, the research on standardization principles and methods in China has been deepening, and a classification system for classifying standards from different dimensions has been gradually established. Since 2014, national standards guiding the drafting of standards of different function types and the preparation of content involving safety and environment in standards have been issued one after another, enriching and perfecting the relevant parts of GB/T 20001 Rules for drafting standards and GB/T 20002 Drafting for special aspects in standards. Secondly, with the wide application of GB/T 1.1 and the gradual deepening of standard drafting practice, new demands and suggestions are constantly emerging. Thirdly, ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, the main international document on which GB/T 1.1 is based, was published in the sixth, seventh and eighth editions in 2011, 2016 and 2018, respectively. In view of this, it is necessary to revise and improve GB/T 1.1, so as to constantly adapt to the new changes of relevant standards at home and abroad and the new demands of the development of standardization practice, and ensure the overall coordination of the basic national standard system supporting the development of standards.



To standardize all kinds of standardization subjects, the first thing is to establish provisions, that is, to determine the normative elements of documents; and the second is to develop standardizing documents. This revision of GB/T 1.1 focuses on the general principles and requirements of drafting standardizing documents and how to select the normative elements of documents, clarifies the core technical elements of standards of different function types, and further clearly stipulates the preparation and presentation of document elements. By establishing more rigorous drafting rules, document drafters can have a basis for drafting various standardizing documents, thus improving the quality and application efficiency of documents, promoting the effective display of document functions and better promoting trade, exchange and technical cooperation.





Directives for standardization -

Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents



1 Scope



This document establishes the structure of standardizing documents and the general principles and requirements for drafting standardizing documents, and stipulates the document names, levels, rules for preparing and presenting elements, as well as the format of documents.



This document is applicable to the drafting of national, professional and provincial standardizing documents, and may be used as reference for other standardizing documents.



Note: In case of no confusion, the "standardizing documents" herein is referred to collectively as "documents".



2 Normative references



The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.



GB/T 321 Preferred numbers - Series of preferred numbers

GB/T 3101 Quantities and units - General principles

GB/T 3102 (all parts) Quantities and units

GB/T 7714 Information and documentation - Rules for bibliographic references and citations to information resources

GB/T 14559 Symbols and units of variant quantities

GB/T 15834 General rules for punctuation

GB/T 15835 General rules for writing numerals in publications

GB/T 20000.1 Guidelines for standardization - Part 1: Standardization and related actives - General vocabulary

GB/T 20000.2 Guidelines for standardization - Part 2: Adoption of international standards

GB/T 20001 (all parts) Rules for drafting standards

GB/T 20002 (all parts) Drafting for special aspects in standards

ISO 80000 (all parts) Quantities and units

IEC 60027 (all parts) Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology

IEC 80000 (all parts) Quantities and units



3 Terms and definitions



For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 20000.1 and the following apply.



3.1 Document type



3.1.1

standardizing document

document developed through standardization activities



[Source: GB/T 20000.1-2014, 5.2]



3.1.2

standard

document established by consensus per prescribed procedure, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results through standardization activities



[Source: GB/T 20000.1-2014, 5.3]



3.1.3

basic standard

standard (3.1.2) of wide application scope formed for the purpose of mutual understanding



Note: It usually includes terminology standard, symbol standard, classification standard, test standard, etc.



3.1.4

general standard

standard (3.1.2) that contains provisions (3.3.1) generally applicable to one or more specific fields



Note: General standards often include the word "general" in their names, such as general specifications and general technical requirements.



3.2 Document structure



3.2.1

structure

position and order of levels, elements, annexes, figures and tables in documents



3.2.2

main body

the content in the center of the document layout, namely, from the “Scope” to the part before annexes



3.2.3

normative element

element that describes the scope of the document or sets out provisions (3.3.1)



3.2.4

informative element

element that provides additional information to assist the understanding or use of the document



3.2.5

required element

element that has to be present in a document



3.2.6

optional element

element that is present depending on the specific needs of drafting a specific document



3.3 Presentation of document



3.3.1

provision

expression in the content of a document that conveys the presentation to be complied with, conformed to, understood or chosen in the application of the document



3.3.2

requirement

provision (3.3.1) expressing the objectively verifiable criteria to be fulfilled and from which no deviation is permitted if conformance with the document is to be claimed



3.3.3

instruction

provision (3.3.1) expressing action to be performed



[Source: GB/T 20000.1-2014, 9.3, modified version]



3.3.4

recommendation

provision (3.3.1) expressing suggestions or guidances



[Source: GB/T 20000.1-2014, 9.4]



3.3.5

permission

provision (3.3.1) expressing consent or liberty (or opportunity) to do something



3.3.6

statement

provision (3.3.1) stating facts or expressing information



[Source: GB/T 20000.1-2014, 9.2, modified version]



3.3.7

text

words and/or letter symbols used in subclauses or paragraphs to express the contents of document elements



4 Classification of documents



4.1 Standardizing documents are numerous and wide in range, which can be classified into different categories according to different attributes. China's standardizing documents include standards, standardizing technical guidance documents, and certain parts of documents. International standardizing documents usually include standards, technical specifications (TS), publicly available specifications (PAS), technical reports (TR), guides, and certain parts of documents.



Note 1: In addition to China's standardizing documents, the above-mentioned international standardizing documents may also be referenced to.



Note 2: Parts are levels to which a document may be divided. However, since a part can be independently prepared, revised and issued (see 7.1.1.1), the standardizing document used in this document contains "part(s)" unless it is necessary to point out "part(s)" separately.



4.2 Confirming the categories of standards can help drafters draft standards with better fitness for implementation. Standards may be classified into different categories according to different attributes.



a) According to the standardization subjects, standards may be classified into the following subject categories:



 product standard, which specifies the requirements that products need to meet to ensure their fitness for implementation;



 process standard, which specifies the requirements that the process needs to meet to ensure its fitness for implementation;



 service standard, which specifies the requirements that the service needs to meet to ensure its fitness for implementation.



Note: According to specific standardization subjects, product standards are usually further classified into raw material standards, part/component standards, finished product standards, system standards, etc. Among them, the system standard refers to the standard that specifies the requirements that the system needs to meet to ensure its fitness for implementation.



b) According to the function of standard content, standards may be classified into the following function types:



 terminology standard: the standard that defines the reference and definition of concepts used in specific fields or disciplines;



 symbol standard: the standard that defines the presentation form, meaning or name of symbols used in specific fields or disciplines;



 classification standard: the standard that regularly divides and arranges product processes or services or establishes a classification system based on similar characteristics such as source, composition, performance or use;



 test standard: the standard that comprehensively describes the test activities and the way to draw conclusions within the precision range suitable for the specified purpose and under the given environment;



 specification standard: the standard that specifies the requirements to be met for products, processes or services and describes the verification method used to determine whether the requirements are met;



 code of practice standard: the standard that specifies clear procedures for the process of activities and describes the traceability/verification method used to determine whether the procedures are performed;



 guide standard: the standard that provides universal, principled and directional guidance on a subject with appropriate background knowledge, or gives relevant suggestions or information at the same time.



5 Objectives, principles and requirements



5.1 Objectives and general principles



Documents are prepared to provide a framework for future technological development by specifying clear, accurate and unambiguous provisions, and to be understood and easily applied by professionals who have not participated in the preparation of documents, thus promoting trade, exchange and technical cooperation.



In order to achieve the above objectives, the following general principles should be observed when drafting documents: the latest technical level and current market conditions are fully considered, and the standardization needs in the fields involved are carefully analyzed; on the basis of accurately grasping standardization subjects, document users and document preparation purposes (see 5.3), the categories and/or function types of documents are defined (see Clause 4), the normative elements of documents are selected and determined, the levels and elements of documents are reasonably set and prepared, and the technical contents of documents are accurately expressed.



5.2 Principles of preparing a document as a whole or in parts



5.2.1 For a standardization subject, it is usually advisable to prepare a whole document without subdivision, but a document with several parts may be prepared under special circumstances. With comprehensive consideration of the following situations, a document may be prepared with several parts with regard to a standardization subject:



a) the document is likely to become too long;



b) the document users have different needs, such as producers, suppliers, purchasers, testing institutions, certification institutions, legislative bodies, management institutions, etc.;



c) documents are prepared for different purposes, such as ensuring usability, facilitating interface, interchange, compatibility or mutual cooperation, facilitating variety control, ensuring health and safety, protecting environment or promoting rational utilization of resources, and promoting mutual understanding and communication.



5.2.2 Generally, the contents applicable to a wide range of general standardization subjects should be prepared as a whole document; the general contents applicable to a narrow range of standardization subjects should be prepared as a general part of a document consisting of several parts; the specific contents applicable to a simple range of standardization subjects should not be prepared as a whole document or a part of a document consisting of several parts, but only as relevant elements in a document.



For example, the test method which is applicable to a wide range of products shall be prepared as a test standard; the test method which is applicable to a certain type of products shall be prepared as a test method part of a document consisting of several parts; the test method which is applicable to testing the specific characteristics of a product shall be prepared as the "test method" element in the product standard



5.2.3 Before drafting documents, it is advisable to consider and establish:



——the reasons for dividing the document into parts (see 5.2.1) and the relationship between these parts;



——the name and scope of each part expected in a document which is divided into parts.



5.3 Selection principles of normative elements



5.3.1 Standardization subject principle



The standardization subject principle means that the related contents of standardization subject or field need to be considered when drafting a document, in order to confirm whether the product/system process or service or the contents related to a certain field are to be standardized, and whether it is a complete standardization subject or a certain aspect of the standardization subject, thus ensuring that the contents in the normative elements are closely related to the standardization subject or field. Standardization subject determines the subject category [see 4.2a)] of the drafted standard, which directly affects the composition of normative elements in the document and the selection of technical contents.



5.3.2 Document user principle



The document user principle means that document users [see 5.2.1b)] need to be considered when drafting a document, so as to confirm which users the document is aimed at, and whether they are concerned about the results or the process, thus ensuring that the contents in the normative elements are needed by specific users. Different users of the document will influence the identification of a document as a specification standard, code of practice standard or test standard [see 4.2b)], and then the composition of normative elements in the document and the selection of its contents will be different.



5.3.3 Aim-oriented approach



The aim-oriented approach means that the preparation purpose [see 5.2.1c)] of the document needs to be considered when drafting a document, and functional analysis will be carried out on the standardization subject based on the confirmed preparation purpose to identify the contents or characteristics to be standardized in the document, thus ensuring that the contents of normative elements are selected for the preparation purpose of the document. The preparation purpose of a document determines the purpose category of the standard. The contents or characteristics that need to be standardized in normative elements vary with the preparation purposes. The more purposes of preparation, the more contents or characteristics are selected.



Note 1: If a document is prepared for the purpose of promoting mutual understanding, the purpose category of the standard formed is the basic standard; if a document is prepared for the purpose of ensuring usability, interchangeability, compatibility, mutual cooperation or variety control, the purpose category of the standard formed is the technical standard; and if a document is prepared for the purpose of ensuring health and safety and protecting the environment, the purpose category of the standard formed is the health standard, safety standard or environmental protection standard.



Note 2: The basic standards prepared for the purpose of promoting mutual understanding include function types such as terminology standard, symbol standard, classification standard and test standard; and the standards prepared for other purposes include function types such as specification standard, code of practice standard and guide standard. [See 4.2b)].



5.4 Presentation principles of documents



5.4.1 Consistency principle



Within each document or among the parts of a document, the structure and the presentation of elements should be consistent. Therefore:



——the same provisions should be presented with the same wording and similar provisions should be presented with similar wordings;



——the same concept should be presented with the same term other than synonyms;



——the titles and numbers of elements with similar contents should be the same as far as possible.



Note: Consistency is especially important to help document users understand the contents of documents (especially documents divided into parts), and it is also important to use automatic text processing technology and computer-aided translation.



5.4.2 Coordination principle



The documents drafted should be coordinated with the current valid documents to avoid duplication and unnecessary deviations. Therefore:



——as far as possible, the requirements for one standardization subject should be confined to one document.



——general contents should be specified in one document to form a general standard or general part (see 5.2.2);



——the drafting of documents should comply with the requirements of the basic standards and the general standards in the field, and the applicable international documents, if any, should be adopted as far as possible;



——where it is necessary to use contents in other locations of the document itself or contents in other documents, the presentation form of reference (see 9.5.4) or notes (see 9.5.5) should be adopted.



5.4.3 Accessibility principle



The presentation of the contents of documents should be convenient for direct application, and easy to be referenced or excerpted by other documents.



5.5 General requirements



5.5.1 In drafting the document, the intended structure (see 6.2) and any interrelationships of the document shall be determined on the basis of selecting normative elements.



5.5.2 In order to improve the fitness for implementation and application efficiency of the documents and ensure the timely release of the documents, the draft documents in each stage of the preparation work shall meet the following requirements on the basis of conforming to the drafting rules stipulated in this document:



——the standards of different function types [see 4.2b)] shall comply with the requirements of corresponding parts of GB/T 20001;



——some specific contents in the document shall comply with the relevant requirements of GB/T 20002;



——the Chinese documents identical to the international documents shall comply with the requirements of GB/T 20000.2.



5.5.3 A document shall not include contractual requirements (e.g. concerning claims, guarantees, covering of expenses) and legal or statutory requirements such as administrative measures, legal responsibilities and penalties.

Foreword IV
Introduction VIII
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Document type
3.2 Document structure
3.3 Presentation of document
4 Classification of documents
5 Objectives, principles and requirements
5.1 Objectives and general principles
5.2 Principles of preparing a document as a whole or in parts
5.3 Selection principles of normative elements
5.4 Presentation principles of documents
5.5 General requirements
6 Document name and structure
6.1 Document name
6.2 Structure
7 Preparation of levels
7.1 Part
7.2 Clause
7.3 Subclause
7.4 Paragraph
7.5 List
8 Preparation of elements
8.1 Title page
8.2 Contents
8.3 Foreword
8.4 Introduction
8.5 Scope
8.6 Normative references
8.7 Terms and definitions
8.8 Symbols and abbreviated terms
8.9 Classification and coding / system composition.
8.10 General principles and/or general requirements
8.11 Core technical element
8.12 Other technical elements
8.13 Bibliography
8.14 Index
9 Presentation of elements
9.1 Provision
9.2 Additional information
9.3 General content
9.4 Text
9.5 References and notes
9.6 Annexes
9.7 Figures
9.8 Tables
9.9 Mathematical formulae
9.10 Examples
9.11 Notes
9.12 Footnotes
9.13 Other rules
10 Formatting
10.1 Frame format as well as font size and font
10.2 Arrangement of levels
10.3 Arrangement of elements
10.4 Arrangement of expression form for elements
Annex A (Informative) Example of numbering of levels
Annex B (Normative) Designation of standardized items
B.1 General
B.2 Fitness for implementation
B.3 Designation system
B.4 Use of characters
B.5 Description block
B.6 Identity block
B.7 Adoption of internationally standardized item designation
Annex C (Normative) The type of modal verbs or sentence patterns used in the presentation of provision types
C.1 Requirements
C.2 Instruction
C.3 Recommendation
C.4 Permission
C.5 Statement
Annex D (Normative) Patent rights
D.1 Collection of patent information
D.2 Patent right not identified
C.3 Patent right identified
Annex E (Normative) Document format
Annex F (Normative) Font size and font of the document
Bibliography
Index
Figure B.1 Structure of designation system
Figure E.1 Format for recto page
Figure E.2 Format for even page
Figure E.3 Format for the first page of main body
Figure E.4 Format for back cover
Figure E.5 Format for title page of national standard
Figure E.6 Format for title page of professional standard
Figure E.7 Format for title page of provincial standard
Figure E.8 Format for contents
Figure E.9 Format for foreword or introduction
Figure E.10 Format for bibliography
Figure E.11 Format for index
Figure E.12 Format for annex
Table 1 Words representing standard function types in document names and their English translations
Table 2 Levels and numbering
Table 3 Categories, composition and presentation forms of elements in the document
Table 4 Core technical elements and provision type of standards of various function types
Table C.1 Requirements
Table C.2 Indication
Table C.3 Recommendation
Table C.4 Permission
Table C.5 Capability
Table C.6 Possibility
Table C.7 General statement
Table F.1 Font size and font of the document

标准化工作导则
第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则
1范围
本文件确立了标准化文件的结构及其起草的总体原则和要求，并规定了文件名称、层次、要素的编写和表述规则以及文件的编排格式。
本文件适用于国家、行业和地方标准化文件的起草，其他标准化文件的起草参照使用。
注：在不引起混淆的情况下，本文件中的“标准化文件”简称为“文件”。
2规范性引用文件
下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
GB/T321优先数和优先数系
GB/T3101有关量、单位和符号的一般原则
GB/T3102（所有部分）量和单位
GB/T7714信息与文献参考文献著录规则
GB/T14559变化量的符号和单位
GB/T15834标点符号用法
GB/T15835出版物上数字用法
GB/T20000.1标准化工作指南 第1部分：标准化和相关活动的通用术语
GB/T20000.2标准化工作指南 第2部分：采用国际标准.
GB/T20001（所有部分）标准编写规则
GB/T20002（所有部分）标准中特定内容的起草
ISO80000（所有部分）量和单位（Quantities and units）
IEC 60027（所有部分）电工技术用文字符号（Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology）
IEC 80000（所有部分）量和单位（Quantities and units）
3术语和定义
GB/T20000.1界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1文件
3.1.1标准化文件standardizing document
通过标准化活动制定的文件。
[来源：GB/T20000.1—2014，5.2]
3.1.2标准standard
通过标准化活动，按照规定的程序经协商一致制定，为各种活动或其结果提供规则、指南或特性，供共同使用和重复使用的文件。
[来源：GB/T20000.1—2014，5.3]
3.1.3基础标准basic standard
以相互理解为编制目的形成的具有广泛适用范围的标准（3.1.2）。
注：通常包括术语标准、符号标准、分类标准、试验标准等。
3.1.4通用标准general standard
包含某个或多个特定领域普遍适用的条款（3.3.1）的标准（3.1.2）。
注：通用标准在其名称中常包含词语“通用”，例如通用规范、通用技术要求等。
3.2文件的结构
3.2.1结构structure
文件中层次、要素以及附录、图和表的位置和排列顺序。
3.2.2正文main body
从文件的范围到附录之前位于版心中的内容。
3.2.3规范性要素normative element
界定文件范围或设定条款（3.3.1）的要素。
3.2.4资料性要素informative element
给出有助于文件的理解或使用的附加信息的要素。
3.2.5必备要素required element
在文件中必不可少的要素。
3.2.6可选要素optional element
在文件中存在与否取决于起草特定文件的具体需要的要素。
3.3文件的表述
3.3.1条款provision
在文件中表达应用该文件需要遵守、符合、理解或作出选择的表述。
3.3.2要求requirement
表达声明符合该文件需要满足的客观可证实的准则，并且不允许存在偏差的条款（3.3.1）。
3.3.3指示instruction
表达需要履行的行动的条款（3.3.1）。
[来源：GB/T20000.1—2014，9.3，有修改]
3.3.4推荐recommendation
表达建议或指导的条款（3.3.1）。
[来源：GB/T20000.1—2014，9.4]
3.3.5允许permission
表达同意或许可（或有条件）去做某事的条款（3.3.1）。
3.3.6陈述statement
阐述事实或表达信息的条款（3.3.1）。
[来源：GB/T20000.1—2014，9.2，有修改]
3.3.7条文text
由条或段表述文件要素内容所用的文字和/或文字符号。
4文件的类别
4.1标准化文件的数量众多，范围广泛，根据不同的属性可以将文件归为不同的类别。我国的标准化文件包括标准、标准化指导性技术文件，以及文件的某个部分等类别。国际标准化文件通常包括标准、技术规范（TS）、可公开提供规范（PAS）、技术报告（TR）、指南（Guide），以及文件的某个部分等类别。
注1：文件中除引用我国标准化文件外，还可能会引用上述各类国际标准化文件。
注2：部分是一个文件划分出的层次，然而由于它可以单独编制，修订和发布（见7.1.1.1），因此除非需要单独指出“部分”，本文件中使用的标准化文件包含了“部分”。
4.2确认标准的类别能够帮助起草者起草适用性更好的标准。按照不同的属性可以将标准划分为不同的类别。
a）按照标准化对象可以将标准划分为诸如以下对象类别：
·产品标准，规定产品需要满足的要求以保证其适用性的标准；
·过程标准，规定过程需要满足的要求以保证其适用性的标准；
·服务标准，规定服务需要满足的要求以保证其适用性的标准。
注：按照具体的标准化对象，通常将产品标准进一步分为原材料标准、零部件/元器件标准、制成品标准和系统标准等。其中系统标准指规定系统需要满足的要求以保证其适用性的标准。
b）按照标准内容的功能可以将标准划分为诸如以下功能类型：
·术语标准：界定特定领域或学科中使用的概念的指称及其定义的标准；
·符号标准：界定特定领域或学科中使用的符号的表现形式及其含义或名称的标准；
·分类标准：基于诸如来源、构成、性能或用途等相似特性对产品过程或服务进行有规律的划分、排列或者确立分类体系的标准；
·试验标准：在适合指定目的的精密度范围内和给定环境下，全面描述试验活动以及得出结论的方式的标准；
·规范标准：为产品、过程或服务规定需要满足的要求并且描述用于判定该要求是否得到满足的证实方法的标准；
·规程标准：为活动的过程规定明确的程序并且描述用于判定该程序是否得到履行的追溯/证实方法的标准；
·指南标准：以适当的背景知识提供某主题的普遍性、原则性、方向性的指导，或者同时给出相关建议或信息的标准。
5目标、原则和要求
5.1目标和总体原则
编制文件的目标是通过规定清楚、准确和无歧义的条款，使得文件能够为未来技术发展提供框架，并被未参加文件编制的专业人员所理解且易于应用，从而促进贸易、交流以及技术合作。
为了达到上述目标，起草文件时宜遵守以下总体原则：充分考虑最新技术水平和当前市场情况，认真分析所涉及领域的标准化需求；在准确把握标准化对象、文件使用者和文件编制目的的基础上（见5.3），明确文件的类别和/或功能类型（见第4章），选择和确定文件的规范性要素，合理设置和编写文件的层次和要素，准确表达文件的技术内容。
5.2文件编制成整体或分为部分的原则
5.2.1针对一个标准比对象通常宜编制成一个无需细分的整体文件，在特殊情况下可编制成分为若干部分的文件。在综合考虑下列情况后，针对一个标准化对象可能需要编制成若干部分：
a）文件篇幅过长；
b）文件使用者需求不同，例如生产方、供应方、采购方、检测机构、认证机构、立法机构、管理机构等；
c）文件编制目的不同，例如保证可用性，便于接口、互换、兼容或相互配合，利于品种控制，保障健康、安全，保护环境或促进资源合理利用，以及促进相互理解和交流等。
5.2.2通常，适用于范围广泛的通用标准化对象的内容宜编制成一个整体文件；适用于范围较窄的标准化对象的通用内容宜编制成分为若干部分的文件的通用部分；适用于范围单一的标准化对象的具体内容不宜编制成一个整体文件或分为若干部分的文件的某个部分，仅适于编写成文件中的相关要素。例如，对于试验方法，适用于广泛的产品，编制成试验标准；适用于某类产品，编制成分为若干部分的文件的试验方法部分；适用于某产品的具体特性的测试，编写成产品标准中的“试验方法”要素。
5.2.3在开始起草文件之前宜考虑并确立：
——文件拟分为部分的原因（见5.2.1）以及文件分为部分后各部分之间的关系；
——分为部分的文件中预期的每个部分的名称和范围。
5.3规范性要素的选择原则
5.3.1标准化对象原则
标准化对象原则是指起草文件时需要考虑标准化对象或领域的相关内容，以便确认拟标准化的是产品/系统过程或服务，还是与某领域相关的内容；是完整的标准化对象，还是标准化对象的某个方面，从而确保规范性要素中的内容与标准化对象或领域紧密相关。标准化对象决定着起草的标准的对象类别[见4.2a）]，它直接影响文件的规范性要素的构成及其技术内容的选取。
5.3.2文件使用者原则
文件使用者原则是指起草文件时需要考虑文件使用者[见5.2.1b）]，以便确认文件针对的是哪一方面的使用者，他们关注的是结果还是过程，从而保证规范性要素中的内容是特定使用者所需要的。文件使用者不同，会对将文件确定为规范标准、规程标准或试验标准[见4.2b）]产生影响，进而文件的规范性要素的构成及其内容的选取就会不同。
5.3.3目的导向原则
目的导向原则是指起草文件时需要考虑文件编制目的[见5.2.1c）]，并以确认的编制目的为导向，对标准化对象进行功能分析，识别出文件中拟标准化的内容或特性，从而确保规范性要素中的内容是为了实现编制目的而选取的。文件编制目的决定着标准的目的类别。编制目的不同，规范性要素中需要标准化的内容或特性就不同；编制目的越多，选取的内容或特性就越多。
注1：文件编制目的，如果是促进相互理解，形成标准的目的类别为基础标准；如果是保证可用性、互换性、兼容性、相互配合或品种控制的目的，形成标准的目的类别为技术标准；如果是保障健康、安全，保护环境，形成标准的目的类别为卫生标准安全标准、环保标准。
注2：以促进相互理解为目的编制的基础标准包括了术语标准、符号标准、分类标准和试验标准等功能类型；以其他目的编制的标准包括了规范标准、规程标准和指南标准等功能类型。[见4.2b）]。
5.4文件的表述原则
5.4.1一致性原则
每个文件内或分为部分的文件各部分之间，其结构以及要素的表述宜保持一致，为此：
——相同的条款宜使用相同的用语，类似的条款宜使用类似的用语；
——同一个概念宜使用同一个术语，避免使用同义词；
——相似内容的要素的标题和编号宜尽可能相同。
注：一致性对于帮助文件使用者理解文件（特别是分为部分的文件）的内容尤其重要，对于使用自动文本处理技术以及计算机辅助翻译也是同样重要的。
5.4.2协调性原则
起草的文件与现行有效的文件之间宜相互协调，避免重复和不必要的差异，为此：
——针对一个标准化对象的规定宜尽可能集中在一个文件中；
——通用的内容宜规定在一个文件中，形成通用标准或通用部分（见5.2.2）；
——文件的起草宜遵守基础标准和领域内通用标准的规定，如有适用的国际文件宜尽可能采用；
——需要使用文件自身其他位置的内容或其他文件中的内容时，宜采取引用（见9.5.4）或提示（见9.5.5）的表述形式。
5.4.3易用性原则
文件内容的表述宜便于直接应用，并且易于被其他文件引用或剪裁使用。
5.5总体要求
5.5.1起草文件时应在选择规范性要素的基础上确定文件的预计结构（见6.2）和内在关系。
5.5.2为了提高文件的适用性和应用效率，确保文件的及时发布，编制工作各阶段的文件草案在符合本文件规定的起草规则的基础上：
——不同功能类型标准[见4.2b）]应符合GB/T20001相应部分的规定；
——文件中某些特定内容应符合GB/T20002相应部分的规定；
——与国际文件有一致性对应关系的我国文件应符合GB/T20000.2的规定。
5.5.3文件中不应规定 诸如索赔、担保、费用结算等合同要求，也不应规定诸如行政管理措施、法律责任、罚则等法律法规要求。
6文件名称和结构
6.1文件名称
6.1.1通则
文件名称是对文件所覆盖的主题的清晰、简明的描述。任何文件均应有文件名称，并应置于封面中和正文首页的最上方。
文件名称的表述应使得某文件易于与其他文件相区分，不应涉及不必要的细节，任何必要的补充说明由范围给出。
文件名称由尽可能短的几种元素组成，其顺序由一般到特殊。所使用的元素应不多于以下三种：
a）引导元素：为可选元素，表示文件所属的领域；
b）主体元素：为必备元素，表示上述领域内文件所涉及的标准化对象；
e）补充元素：为可选元素，表示上述标准化对象的特殊方面，或者给出某文件与其他文件，或分为若干部分的文件的各部分之间的区分信息。
6.1.2可选元素的选择
6.1.2.1引导元素
6.1.2.1.1如果省略引导元素会导致主体元素所表示的标准化对象不明确，那么文件名称中应有引导元素。
示例：
正确：农业机械和设备 散装物料机械 技术规范
不正确： 散装物料机械 技术规范
在适用的情况下，可将归口该文件的技术委员会的名称作为引导元素。
6.1.2.1.2如果主体元素（或者同补充元素一起）能确切地表示文件所涉及的标准化对象，那么文件名.称中应省略引导元素。
示例：
正确： 工业用过硼酸钠 堆积密度测定
不正确：化学品 工业用过硼酸钠 堆积密度测定
6.1.2.2补充元素
如果文件只包含主体元素所表示的标准化对象的：
a）一个或两个方面，那么文件名称中应有补充元素，以便指出所涉及的具体方面；
b）两个以上但不是全部方面，那么在文件名称的补充元素中应由一般性的词语（例如技术要求、技术规范等）来概括这些方面，而不必一一列举；
c）所有必要的方面，并且是与该标准化对象相关的惟一现行文件，那么文件名称中应省略补充元素。
示例：
正确：咖啡研磨机
不正确：咖啡研磨机 术语、符号、材料、尺寸、机械性能、额定值、试验方法、包装
6.1.3避免限制文件的范围
文件名称宜避免包含无意中限制文件范围的细节。然而，当文件仅涉及一种特定类型的产品/系统、过程或服务时，应在文件名称中反映出来。
示例：
航天1100MPa/235℃级单耳自锁固定螺母