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This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces GB/T 7106-2008 Graduations and test methods of air permeability, watertightness wind load resistance performance for building external windows and doors and the following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 7106-2008:
—— the definition of serious leakage is deleted (see Sub-clause 3.4.1 of Edition 2008);
the definition of simulating static pressure box method is added (see Sub-clause 3.8 hereof);
—— the grading of air permeability, watertightness and wind load resistance performance is deleted (see Clause 4 of Edition 2008);
——the schematic diagram of test device is adjusted (see Sub-clause 5.1; Sub-clause 5.1 of Edition 2008);
——the test sequence of grade test and engineering test is modified (see Sub-clauses 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 hereof; Sub-clause 6.4 of Edition 2008);
——the air permeability performance is tested by collective box, and the pressure sequence of the grade test of air permeability performance is adjusted (see Sub-clause 7.1.1 hereof; Sub-clause 7.1 in Edition 2008);
——the engineering test and judging method for air permeability performance is added (see Sub-clauses 7.1.2 and 7.4.2 hereof);
——the amount of water leached from engineering tests on watertightness performance is adjusted (see Sub-clause 8.3.2 hereof; Sub-clause 8.3 in Edition 2008);
——the judgment method for test results of watertightness performance is modified (see Sub-clause 8.5 hereof; Sub-clause 8.5 of Edition 2008);
——the wind load standard value test and wind load design value test for wind load resistance performance are added (see Sub-clauses 9.2.6 and 9.2.7 hereof);
——the clauses for repeated air permeability and watertightness performance tests are added (see Clauses 10 and 11 hereof);
——linear regression calculation method is added (see Annex C hereto).
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Pumps of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 448).
The previous editions of this standard are as follows:
——GB/T 7106-1986, GB/T 7106-2002, GB/T 7106-2008;
——GB/T 7107-1986, GB/T 7107-2002;
——GB/T 7108-1986, GB/T 7108-2002;
——GB/T 13685-1992;
——GB/T 13686-1992.
Test methods of air permeability, watertightness, wind load resistance performance for building external windows and doors
1 Scope
This standard specifies the terms and definitions, test principle, test device and test preparation of air permeability, watertightness and wind load resistance performance of building external windows and doors, air permeability performance test, watertightness test, wind load resistance performance test, repeated air permeability performance test, repeated watertightness performance test and test reports.
This standard is applicable to the laboratory test of air permeability, watertightness and wind load resistance performance of building external windows and doors. The test objects are only restricted to windows and doors or windows and doors with attached frames, and do not involve the joint parts between the windows and doors and other structures such as building walls.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 5823 Terminology for building windows and doors
GB/T 31433 General specification for building curtain walls, windows and doors
GB 50009 Load code for the design of building structures
GB 50178 Standard of climatic regionalization for architecture
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 5823 and the following apply.
3.1
external windows and doors
the general term of external windows and doors of buildings
3.2
pressure difference
the difference between the absolute air pressures on the interior and external surfaces of the external windows and doors
Note: When the pressure on the outdoor surface is higher than that on the indoor surface, the pressure difference is positive; on the contrary, it is negative.
3.3
air permeability performance
the ability of external windows and doors to prevent air permeability when the openable part is normally locked
3.3.1
standard condition
test conditions with an air temperature of 293K (20℃), an atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg), and an air density of 1.202 kg/m3
3.3.2
volume of air leakage
the volume of air passing through the test body per unit time
3.3.3
volume of extraneous air leakage
the volume of air leakage other than the volume of air leakage of external windows and doors themselves in the measuring area of the collective box
3.3.4
total volume of air leakage
the sum of the volume of air leakage through the external windows and doors themselves and the volume of extraneous air leakage
3.3.5
collective box
fastened box
a box body connected with the opening of the pressure box and used for collecting and measuring the volume of air leakage and volume of extraneous air leakage permeating into or leaking out of the external windows and doors
3.3.6
openable joint length
the sum of the lengths of the interior joints of the openable parts on external windows and doors
Note: The measured value of indoor surface shall prevail.
3.3.7
volume of air flow through the unit joint length of the opening part
volume of air flow through the unit joint length of the opening part under standard condition
3.3.8
area of specimen
the area within the outer side of the frames of external windows and doors
Note: The measured value of indoor surface shall prevail.
3.3.9
volume of air flow through a unit area
volume of air flow through a unit area of external windows and doors under standard condition
3.4
watertightness performance
the ability of external windows and doors to prevent rainwater leakage under the simultaneous effect of wind and rain when the openable part is normally locked
3.4.1
water leakage
the phenomenon that the rainwater seeps into the inner interface of external windows and doors, wetting the parts that shall not be wetted in the design
3.4.2
volume of water spray
the volume of water sprayed to per unit area of the outdoor surface of the external windows and doors per unit time
3.5
wind load resistance performance
the ability of external windows and doors not to distort over the allowable value and be damaged or malfunctioned under the effect of wind pressure when the openable part is normally locked
Note 1: Distortion of external windows and doors includes that of stressed bars and panels.
Note 2: Damage includes cracks, panel damage, connection damage, bond damage, window sash falling or being opened, and observable irreversible deformation, etc.
Note 3: Malfunction includes loosening of hardware, difficulty in opening and closing, peeling of adhesive tape, etc.
3.5.1
frontal displacement
the linear displacement of any point on the surface of stress bar or panel of the external windows and doors along the frontal line
3.5.2
frontal deflection
the maximum difference of the linear displacement of a certain point on the surface of the stressed bar or panel of external windows and doors
3.5.3
relative frontal deflection
ratio of frontal deflection to distance l between measuring points at both ends
3.5.4
allowable deflection
allowable relative frontal deflection
the limit value of the relative frontal deflection of the main component in the normal use limit state (symbol: f0)
3.5.5
distortion test
the test to determine the pressure difference (symbol: P1 or P'1) of the main components when the distortion is 40% of the allowable deflection
3.5.6
repeated pressure test
the test to determine whether the main components are damaged or malfunctioned under the repeated action of the pressure difference (symbol P2 or P'2) when the distortion is 60% of the allowable deflection
3.6
grade test
the test to determine the performance level of external windows and doors
3.7
engineering test
the test to determine whether the performance of external windows and doors meets the requirements of engineering design
3.8
simulating static pressure box method
the method to continuously inflate or pump air into the pressure box using air supply system to maintain the specified stable pressure difference inside and outside the external windows and doors or to fluctuate the pressure difference according to a certain cycle
4 Test principle
The test on air permeability performance, watertightness performance and wind load resistance performance of the specimen installed on the pressure box is conducted with the simulating static pressure box method Test on air permeability performance is to collect and measure the volume of air leakage of the specimen through the collective box under the condition of stable pressure difference. Test on watertightness performance means that under the action of stable pressure difference or fluctuating pressure difference, water is sprayed to the outdoor side of the specimen at the same time to measure the ability of the specimen not to leak water. Test on wind load resistance performance is to measure the ability of the specimen not to distort allowable distortion value under the action of characteristic value of wind load and the ability of the specimen to resist damage and dysfunction under the action of design value of wind load.
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Test principle
5 Test device
6 Test preparation
7 Test for air permeability performance
8 Test for watertightness performance
9 Test for wind load resistance performance
10 Test for repeated air permeability performance
11 Test for repeated watertightness performance
12 Test report
Annex A (Normative) Calibration method for air flow measuring device
Annex B (Normative) Calibration method for water-spraying device
Annex C (Informative) Linear regression calculation method
Annex D (Informative) Example of test report
建筑外门窗气密、水密、抗风压性能检测方法
1 范围
本标准规定了建筑外门窗气密、水密及抗风压性能的术语和定义、检测原理、检测装置、检测准备、气密性能检测、水密性能检测、抗风压性能检测、重复气密性能检测、重复水密性能检测和检测报告。
本标准适用于建筑外门窗的气密、水密、抗风压性能的试验室检测。检测对象只限于门窗或包含附框的门窗，不涉及其与建筑墙体等其他结构之间的接缝部位。
2规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T 5823建筑门窗术语
GB/T 31433 建筑幕墙、门窗通用技术条件
GB 50009建筑结构荷载规范
GB 50178建筑气候区划标准
3术语和定义
GB/T 5823界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1
外门窗 external windows and doors
建筑外门及外窗的统称。
3.2
压力差pressure difference
外门窗室内、外表面所受到的空气绝对压力的差值。
注：当室外表面所受的压力高于室内表面所受的压力时，压力差为正值；反之为负值。
3.3
气密性能 air permeability performance
可开启部分在正常锁闭状态时，外门窗阻止空气渗透的能力。
3.3.1
标准状态 standard condition
空气温度为293 K(20℃)、大气压力为101.3 kPa(760 mmHg)、空气密度为1.202 kg/m3的试验条件。
3.3.2
空气渗透量volume of air leakage
单位时间通过测试体的空气量。
3.3.3
附加空气渗透量volume of extraneous air leakage
在空气收集箱测量区域内，除外门窗自身空气渗透量以外的空气渗透量。
3.3.4
总空气渗透量total volume of air leakage
通过外门窗自身的空气渗透量及附加空气渗透量的总和。
3.3.5
空气收集箱collective box
扣箱 fastened box
与压力箱开口部位相连接，用于收集并测量渗入或渗出外门窗自身的空气渗透量及附加空气渗透量的箱体。
3.3.6
开启缝长openable joint nength
外门窗上可开启部分室内侧接缝长度的总和。
注：以室内表面测定值为准。
3.3.7
单位开启缝长空气渗透量volume of air flow through the unit joint length of the opening part
在标准状态下，通过单位开启缝长的空气渗透量。
3.3.8
试件面积 area of specimen
外门窗框外侧范围内的面积。
注：以室内表面测定值为准。
3.3.9
单位面积空气渗透量volume of air flow through a unit area
在标准状态下，通过外门窗单位面积的空气渗透量。
3.4
水密性能 watertightness performance
可开启部分在正常锁闭状态时，在风雨同时作用下，外门窗阻止雨水渗漏的能力。
3.4.1
渗漏 water leakage
雨水渗入外门窗室内侧界面，把设计中不应浸湿的部位浸湿的现象。
3.4.2
淋水量volume of water spray
单位时间内喷淋到外门窗室外表面单位面积的水量。
3.5
抗风压性能wind load resistance performance
可开启部分在正常锁闭状态时，在风压作用下，外门窗变形不超过允许值且不发生损坏或功能障碍的能力。
注1：外门窗变形包括受力杆件变形和面板变形。
注2：损坏包括裂缝、面板破损、连接破坏、粘结破坏、窗扇掉落或被打开以及可观察到的不可恢复的变形等现象。
注3：功能障碍包括五金件松动、启闭困难、胶条脱落等现象。
3.5.1
面法线位移frontal displacement
外门窗受力杆件或面板表面上任意一点沿面法线方向的线位移量。
3.5.2
面法线挠度frontal deflection
外门窗受力杆件或面板表面上某一点沿面法线方向的线位移量的最大差值。
3.5.3
相对面法线挠度 relative frontal defnection
面法线挠度和两端测点间距离l的比值。
3.5.4
允许挠度 allowabne deflection
允许相对面法线挠度 allowable renative frontal deflection
主要构件在正常使用极限状态时的相对面法线挠度的限值(符号为f0)。
3.5.5
变形检测distortion test
确定主要构件在变形量为40％允许挠度时的压力差(符号为P1或P′1)而进行的检测。
3.5.6
反复加压检测repeated pressure test
确定主要构件在变形量为60％允许挠度时的压力差(符号为P2或P′2)反复作用下是否发生损坏及功能障碍而进行的检测。
3.6
定级检测grade test
确定外门窗性能等级而进行的检测。
3.7
工程检测 engineering test
确定外门窗是否满足工程设计要求的性能而进行的检测。
3.8
模拟静压箱法simulating static pressure box method
利用供风系统，向压力箱内持续充气或抽气，使外门窗室内、外两侧维持指定的稳定压力差或按照一定周期波动压力差的方法。
4 检测原理
采用模拟静压箱法，对安装在压力箱上的试件进行气密性能、水密性能和抗风压性能检测。气密性能检测即在稳定压力差状态下通过空气收集箱收集并测量试件的空气渗透量；水密性能检测即在稳定压力差或波动压力差作用下，同时向试件室外侧淋水，测定试件不发生渗漏的能力；抗风压性能检测即在风荷载标准值作用下测定试件不超过允许变形的能力，以及在风荷载设计值作用下试件抗损坏和功能障碍的能力。
5 检测装置
5.1 组成
检测装置由压力箱、空气收集箱、试件、安装框架、供压装置(包括供风设备、压力控制装置)、淋水装置及测量装置(包括空气流量测量装置、差压测量装置及位移测量装置)组成。检测装置的构成如图1所示。
说明：
1——压力箱；
2——淋水装置；
3——进气口挡板；
4——压力控制装置；
5——供风设备；
6——水流量计；
7——差压测量装置；
8——安装框架
9——空气流量测量装置；
10——试件；
11——空气收集箱；
12——密封条；
13——位移测量装置；
14——封板。
图1 检测装置示意图
5.2 要求
5.2.1 压力箱的开口尺寸应能满足试件安装的要求，压力箱开口部位的构件在承受检测过程中可能出现的最大压力差时，开口部位构件的最大挠度值不应超过5 mm或l/1 000，同时应具有良好的密封性能且以不影响观察试件的水密性为最低要求。
5.2.2空气收集箱与压力箱连接且应有良好的密封性能，且在气密性能检测过程中箱体尺寸不应发生变化。空气收集箱深度宜为500 mm～800 mm。
5.2.3试件安装框架应保证试件安装牢固，不应产生倾斜及变形，同时不影响试件可开启部分的正常开启。
5.2.4供压装置应具备施加正负双向的压力差的能力，静态压力控制装置应能调节出稳定的气流，动态压力控制装置应能稳定的提供3 s～5 s周期的波动风压，波动风压的波峰值、波谷值应满足检测要求。供压和压力控制能力应满足本标准第7章、第8章、第9章的要求。
5.2.5淋水装置应满足在门窗试件的全部面积上形成连续水膜并达到规定淋水量的要求。淋水装置宜采用锥角不小于60°的实心圆锥形喷雾喷嘴，喷嘴布置应均匀，各喷嘴与试件的距离宜相等且不应小于500 mm；淋水装置的喷水量应能调节，并有措施保证喷水量的均匀性。
5.2.6 测量装置应满足下列要求：
a)空气流量测量装置的测量误差不应大于示值的5％；
b)差压测量装置的测量误差不应大于示值的2％，响应速度应满足波动风压测量的要求，其两个探测点应在试件两侧就近布置；
c)位移测量装置的精度应达到满量程的0.25％，其安装支架在测试过程中应牢固，并保证位移的测量不受试件及其支承设施的变形、移动所影响。
5.3校验
5.3.1 空气流量测量装置的校验
空气流量测量装置校验方法见附录A，校验周期不应大于6个月。
5.3.2淋水装置的校验
淋水装置的校验方法见附录B，固定淋水装置校验周期不应大于6个月，非固定淋水装置应在每次试验前进行校验。
6 检测准备
6.1 试件要求
试件应为按所提供图样生产的合格产品或研制的试件，不应附有任何多余的零配件或采用特殊的组装工艺或改善措施；有附框的试件，外门窗与附框的连接与密封方式应符合设计或工程实际要求。试件应按照设计要求组合、装配完好，并保持清洁、干燥。
6.2试件数量
相同类型、结构及规格尺寸的试件，应至少检测三樘，且以三樘为一组进行评定。
6.3试件安装要求
6.3.1 试件在安装前，应在环境温度不低于5℃的室内放置不小于4 h。
6.3.2 试件应安装在安装框架上，应采取措施避免试件边框变形或开启扇无法开启。
6.3.3试件与安装框架之间的连接应牢固并密封。安装好的试件应垂直，下框应水平，下部安装框不应高于试件室外侧排水孔。
6.3.4试件安装完毕后，应清洁试件表面。
6.4 开启缝长和试件面积测量
6.4.1 单扇开启的门窗开启缝长为扇与框的搭接长度。
6.4.2无中梃的双扇平开门窗、双扇推拉门窗，两活动扇搭接部分的缝长按一段计算。
6.4.3无附框的试件面积应按其外框外侧包含的面积计算；门窗安装附框时，试件面积应按附框外侧包含的面积计算。
6.5 检测顺序
6.5.1 定级检测顺序
定级检测应按照气密、水密、抗风压变形P1、抗风压反复加压P2、产品设计风荷载标准值P3、产品设计风荷载设计值Pmax顺序进行。
注：定级检测有要求时，可在产品设计风荷载标准值P3后，增加重复气密性能、重复水密性能检测。
6.5.2工程检测顺序
工程检测应按照气密、水密、抗风压变形(40％风荷载标准值)P′1、抗风压反复加压(60％风荷载标准值)P′2、风荷载标准值P′3、风荷载设计值P′max的顺序进行。
注：工程有要求时，可在风荷载标准值P′3后，增加重复气密性能、重复水密性能检测。
6.6 检测环境
6.6.1 检测应在室内进行，且应在环境温度不低于5℃的试验条件下进行。
6.6.2 当进行抗风压性能检测或较高风压的水密性能检测时应采取适当的安全措施。
7气密性能检测
7.1 检测步骤
7.1.1定级检测时，检测加压顺序见图2。
正压力差/pa
负压力差/pa
预备加压
检测加压
注：图中符号▼表示将试件的可开启部分启闭不少于5次。
图2 定级检测气密性能加压顺序示意图
7.1.2工程检测时，检测压力应根据工程设计要求的压力进行加压，检测加压顺序见图3；当工程对检测压力无设计要求时，可按7.1.1进行；当工程检测压力值小于50 Pa时，应采用7.1.1的加压顺序进行检测，并回归计算出工程设计压力对应的空气渗透量。
注：综合考虑工程所在地的气象条件、建筑物特点、室内空气调节系统等因素确定工程设计要求的压力。
