Retro-reflective devices and markings for motor vehicles
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements, test methods, identity type determination, inspection rules, equipment and installation requirements of retro-reflective devices and markings for motor vehicles.
This document is applicable to the design, production, inspection and installation of retro-reflectors, retro-reflective markings of carriage, rear marking plates for vehicles and their trailers and warning triangles for motor vehicles installed, affixed or equipped on motor vehicles.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 2423.1 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test methods - Tests A: Cold
GB/T 2423.2 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test methods - Test B: Dry heat
GB/T 2423.17 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ka: Salt mist
GB/T 3681.2-2021 Plastics - Methods of exposure to solar radiation - Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind window glass
GB/T 3978-2008 Standard illuminants and geometric conditions
GB/T 3979 Methods for the measurement of object color
GB 4785 Prescription for installation of the external lighting and light-signalling devices for motor vehicles and their trailers
GB/T 8427 Textiles - Tests for color fastness - Color fastness to artificial light: Xenon arc fading lamp test
GB/T 10485 Road vehicles - Lighting and light-signalling devices - Environmental endurance
GB/T 16422.2 Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc
GB 18100 (all parts) Provisions for installation of lighting and light-signaling devices for motorcycles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
retro-reflective devices and markings for motor vehicles
device that indicates the presence of a motor vehicle to an observer located in the vicinity of a light source by reflecting light irradiated by other light sources
Note 1: It is referred to as "reflective device" for short.
Note 2: The retro-reflective devices and markings for motor vehicles include retro-reflector, retro-reflective markings of carriage, rear marking plate for vehicles and their trailers and warning triangles for motor vehicles.
3.1.1
retro-reflector
device mounted on a vehicle and consisting of one or more retro-reflecting optical units for improving night visibility of the vehicle
Note: It is referred to as "reflector" for short.
3.1.1.1
retro-reflector (Class I)
reflector whose retro-reflective area is non-triangular and whose retro-reflective angle is relatively small
3.1.1.2
retro-reflector (Class III)
reflector with a triangular retro-reflective area
3.1.1.3
retro-reflector (Class IV)
reflector having a non-triangular retro-reflective area but a relatively large light-emitting angle
3.1.1.4
retro-reflector (Class A)
reflector that can be installed and used independently
Note: Retro-reflector (Class A) in retro-reflector (Class I), retro-reflector (Class III), retro-reflector (Class IV) are denoted as retro-reflector (Class I A), retro-reflector (Class III A) and retro-reflector (Class IV A).
3.1.1.5
retro-reflector (Class B)
reflector that is integrated with the signal lamp and cannot be installed and used independently
Note: Retro-reflector (Class B) in retro-reflector (Class I) and retro-reflector (Class III) are denoted as retro-reflector (Class I B) and retro-reflector (Class III B).
3.1.2
retro-reflective markings of carriage
reflective material or combination of reflective materials affixed or installed on the surface of the carriage to enhance the identifiability of the vehicle
Note: It is referred to as "retro-reflective marking" for short.
3.1.2.1
retro-reflective sheeting for the markings of carriage
strip-shaped retro-reflective sheeting for application as reflective identification
3.1.2.1.1
retro-reflective sheeting for the markings of carriage (Class A)
retro-reflective sheeting whose retro-reflective area color is red and white
3.1.2.1.2
retro-reflective sheeting for the markings of carriage (Class B)
retro-reflective sheeting whose retro-reflective area color is orange
3.1.2.2
retro-reflector for the markings of carriage
rectangular reflectors as reflective identification applications
3.1.3
rear marking plate for vehicles and their trailers
flat plate having a specific shape and pattern mounted at the rear of the vehicle to increase the visibility of the vehicle
Note: It is referred to as "marking plate" for short.
3.1.3.1
rear marking plate for slow moving vehicles
triangular marking plate shaped as a truncated vertex angle
3.1.3.2
rear marking plate for heavy vehicles
rectangular marking plate consisting of alternating strips of red and yellow materials
3.1.3.3
rear marking plate for long vehicles
rectangular marking plate composed of red material in the border and yellow material in the center
3.1.3.4
rear marking plate (Class 1)
marking plate with a combination of retro-reflective sheeting and fluorescent material in the retro-reflective area
3.1.3.5
rear marking plate (Class 2)
marking plate with a combination of retro-reflective sheeting of different colors in the retro-reflective area
3.1.4
warning triangles for motor vehicles
equilateral triangle warning equipment consisting of a retro-reflecting optical unit and a fluorescent material equipped in a motor vehicle
Note 1: It is referred to as "warning triangle" for short.
Note 2: It is generally used as a warning sign when a motor vehicle breaks down on the road or has a traffic accident, which hinders traffic and is difficult to move, to indicate that there is a faulty motor vehicle ahead.
3.2
retro-reflection
that the light rays are reflected in a direction adjacent to the direction of incident light, and this property can still be maintained when the angle of incidence varies over a wide range
3.3
retro-reflecting optical unit
smallest hard optical device that can produce retro-reflection
3.4
retro-reflective sheeting
thin sheet material capable of producing retro-reflection
3.5
retro-reflective area
surface enclosed in an area by the outermost edge having retro-reflective and/or fluorescent properties as specified by the manufacturer
Note: The retro-reflective area of the retro-reflective sheeting is the surface on the side with retro-reflective properties.
3.6
center of reference
geometric center of the retro-reflective area or the point specified by the manufacturer
3.7
the CIE co-ordinate system for retro-reflection
CIE angular system for illustration and measurement of retro-reflective devices
Note: See Figure A.1 in Annex A for the CIE co-ordinate system for retro-reflection.
3.7.1
axis of reference
straight line passing through the center of reference, and the straight line is perpendicular to the retro-reflective area or direction specified by the manufacturer.
3.7.2
illumination axis
line between the center of reference and the center of the light source
3.7.3
observation axis
line connecting the center of reference and the light receiver (observation measurement point)
3.7.4
observation on half-plane
half plane that starts at the illumination axis and contains the observation axis
3.7.5
first axis
straight line that passes through the center of reference and is perpendicular to the observation on half-plane
3.7.6
observation angle
α
angle between the observation axis and the illumination axis
3.7.7
entrance angle
β
angle between the illumination axis and the reference axis
Note: β is composed of two components, β1 and β2.
3.7.7.1
first component of the entrance angle
β1
angle between the illumination axis and a plane including the reference axis and the first axis
3.7.7.2
second component of the entrance angle
β2
angle between the observation on half-plane and the center of reference
3.7.8
rotation angle
ε
angle through which the reflective device rotates about its axis of reference, starting from an arbitrary position
3.8 luminosity
3.8.1
coefficient of luminous intensity
ratio of the luminous intensity of the reflected light in the observation direction by the reflective device to the irradiance on the plane perpendicular to the incident light direction and passing through the center of reference
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Requirements
5 Test methods
6 Same type judgment
7 Inspection rules
8 Equipment and installation requirements
9 Implementation of this standard
Annex A (Informative) The CIE co-ordinate system for retro-reflection
Annex B (Normative) Requirements for the shape and dimension of the retro-reflective area of retro-reflective devices
Annex C (Normative) Requirements for photometric performance test devices
Annex D (Normative) Test equipment and methods of warning triangle
Annex E (Normative) Test procedure for type inspection
Annex F (Normative) Requirements for affixing or installing retro-reflective markings
Annex G (Nominative) Installation requirements of rear marking plate