Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.
This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces GB/T 21965-2008 Steel wire ropes — Vocabulary for acceptance and defect. The following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 21965-2008:
——The definition of the terms "sampling", "sample" and "permissible tolerance for product analysis" in the acceptance terms have been added (see 2.1.2, 2.1.2.3, 2.1.3.2.1 herein, 2.1, 2.1.4, 2.2.2.3 of Edition 2008);
——The acceptance terms "torque of ropes" and "turn of rope" have been added (see 2.1.4.7.1 and 2.1.4.7.2 herein);
——The acceptance terms of "lot" and "retest" and their definitions have been added (see 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.8 herein);
——The acceptance terms and definitions of "strand clearance", "diameter or dimension of wire" and "diameter of centre wire" (see 2.1.4.2.4, 2.1.4.2.5, 2.1.4.2.6 herein);
——The term "100% inspection" in the acceptance terms has been modified to "all inspection", the "dimensional inspection” has been modified to "dimensions measure", the "tension" in the reverse bend test and torsion test has been modified to “tighten force of bend" and "tighten force of torsion", the "alternating torsion" in the torsion test has been modified to "reverse torsion", the "adhesion test" has been modified to "adhesion of coating", the "immersion test" has been modified to "continuity of coating", and the "lay quality" in visual inspection has been modified to "surface quality of rope”(see 2.1.2.5, 2.1.3.4, 2.1.3.6.1, 2.1.3.7.4, 2.1.3.7.2, 2.1.3.9.2, 2.2.9.3, 2.1.4.1.1 herein, 2.1.6, 2.2.4, 2.2.6.3, 2.2.7.3, 2.2.7.1.2, 2.2.9.2, 2.2.9.3, 2.3.1.6 of Edition 2008);
——The “permissible percentage limits for elements” in chemical analysis, the “heterogeneity” in micrographic inspection, the “minimum duration of test” in tensile test, the “radius of cylindrical supports”, “distance from a plane, defined by the anes of the cylindrical supports, to the nearest point of contact with the test piece”, “diameter of guide hole” in reverse bend test, and the “angle of torsion” and the “appearance of the twist”, the "type of lay" and "construction" in visual and dimensional examination of inspections of steel wire ropes have been deleted (see 2.2.2.2, 2.2.3.2, 2.2.5.2, 2.2.6.1, 2.2.6.2, 2.2.7.5 and 2.2.7.6 of Edition 2008);
——The term "visual and dimensional examination" of inspections of steel wire ropes has been divided into "visual inspection" and "dimension measure of rope", and the terms "fatigue test" of inspections of steel wire ropes has been divided into "bending fatigue test of rope" and "axial stress fatigue test of rope" (see 2.1.4.1, 2.1.4.2, 2.1.4.5 and 2.1.4.6 herein, 2.3.1, 2.3.5 of Edition 2008);
——The definition of the term "salt spray test" has been modified (see 2.1.3.9.4 herein, 2.2.9.4 of Edition 2008)
——The term and definition of "method of resin pouring" in the tensile test of wire rope has been added (see 2.1.4.4.1.2 herein, 2.3.3.1 of Edition 2008);
——The defect terms such as “skip wire”, “no enlargement of centre wire”, “drawing flaw”, “delamination”, “undulation”, “free rust”, “corrosion”, “pitting”, “out-of-tolerance of rope diameter” and “out-of-tolerance of rope” and their definitions have been added (see 2.2.1.3, 2.2.1.7, 2.2.1.8, 2.2.1.9, 2.2.1.10, 2.2.1.11, 2.2.1.12, 2.2.1.13, 2.2.1.24, 2.2.1.25 herein);
——The defect term "relaxation of strands” has been modified, “extruding of steel wire rope corn" has been modified to "corn or strand protrusion", "extruding of steel wire" has been modified to "protruding wire in loops", "flattening of parts" has been modified to "flattened portion", and "fracture of wire in steel wire rope end” has been modified to “wire breaks at a termination” (see 2.2.1.20, 2.2.5.3, 2.2.5.4, 2.2.5.6, 2.2.5.17 herein, 3.1.12, 3.2.2.3, 3.2.2.4, 3.2.2.6, 3.2.7 of Edition 2008);
——The term "transport and period of service time" has been divided into "defect during removal and transport period", "defect during storage period", "defect during installation period" and "defect during service time period" (see 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 herein);
——The term and definition of "collapsed coils" during removal and transport period has been added (see 2.2.2.2 herein);
——The terms and definitions of "loss of grease", "cracking of grease", "deterioration of grease" and "performance deterioration of rope" during storage period have been added (see 2.2.3.1, 2.2.3.2, 2.2.3.3 and 2.2.3.4 herein);
——The terms and definitions of "heat or electric arcing damage" and "extrusion damage" during service time period have been added (see 2.2.5.20 and 2.2.5.22 herein);
——The term "corrosion" and "pitting" of defect during service time period have been modified to "external corrosion", "internal corrosion", "friction corrosion", and those definitions have been modified (see 2.2.5.14, 2.2.5.15, 2.2.5.16 herein, 3.2.5 and 3.2.6 of Edition 2008);
——The examples of typical defects of wire rope have been added (see Annex A).
——This standard was proposed by China Iron and Steel Association.
——This standard is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 183 National Technical Committee on Iron and Steel of Standardization Administration of China.
——The previous edition of this standard is as follows:
——GB/T 21965-2008.
Steel wire ropes — Vocabulary for acceptance and defect
1 Scope
This standard defines the commonly used terms of wire rope acceptance and defects during manufacturing, handling, transportation, storage, installation and use.
This standard is applicable to the general provisions of wire rope acceptance and defect terms, but it is not applicable to the case where the product standard provides otherwise.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 Acceptance
2.1.1
acceptance
decision of acceptance or rejection that base on inspection and test of wire rope products one by one (coil) or in lots according to relevant standards, specifications or the sampling quantity, inspection quantity, inspection method and judgment principle agreed in the contract
2.1.1.1
rejection
action that the buyer will not accept the wire rope products due to the products do not meet the relevant standards and specifications
2.1.2
sampling
process of extracting individuals or samples from overall amount
Note: Because of the particularity of the steel wire rope structure, the steel wire rope needs to be firmly tied and then cut off before cutting samples to ensure that the inspection of the overall performance of the steel wire rope is not affected.
2.1.2.1
lot
set amount of product or material gathered together
Note: The wire rope lot usually refers to the unit product with the same diameter (size), structure, wire rope grade, surface state and twisting direction and delivered for acceptance at the same time.
2.1.2.2
lot size
quantity of products in the lot
Note: The lot number of wire rope products usually refers to the number of axles or coils in the same delivery lot.
2.1.2.3
sample
sample for measurement, inspection and detection of wire rope diameter (size), appearance quality, twisting quality, mechanical properties, technological properties and chemical properties
2.1.2.3.1
size of specimen
diameter, width and height of sample taken for quality inspection during wire rope acceptance
2.1.2.3.2
sample of wire
sample used for measuring, inspecting and testing the diameter (size), surface quality, mechanical properties, technological properties, metallographic structure and chemical properties of steel wire rope
2.1.2.3.3
sample of rope
sample for measuring, inspecting and testing the diameter (size), appearance quality, twisting quality, mechanical properties and chemical properties of steel wire rope
2.1.2.3.4
sample of core
sample used for detecting lubricant content in wire rope core, etc.
2.1.2.4
sampling inspection
inspection that bases on the statistical sampling technique, randomly selected some unit products from a lot of products, and judge the overall quality of the lot of products by detecting some unit products
2.1.2.5
all inspection
inspection of every unit product (roll or coil) delivered for acceptance
2.1.2.6
random sampling
method which samples the unit product in the inspection lot in a completely accidental manner
2.1.2.7
primary test
first test of the sample
2.1.2.8
retest
re-sample the original sample for the test in the case of the sample slides in the clamping jaw or casting body, breaks in the jaw or outside the specified effective range, resulting in invalid test results
2.1.2.9
repeat test
test the unqualified items in the case of the primary test is unqualified, sample according to the method and quantity specified in the standard or specification
2.1.3
inspection of steel wires
process of measuring, testing or inspecting the quality characteristics of steel wire in wire rope, such as size, chemical composition, micrographic structure, defects, mechanical and technological properties and coating properties, and evaluating the steel wire quality
2.1.3.1
sample straightening
in order to ensure the accuracy and convenience of the test, straighten the sample by hand, suitable tools or tooling, and ensure that the surface, mechanical and technological properties of the sample are not affected
2.1.3.2
product analysis
chemical analysis that verifies the chemical composition, which take samples from the wire rope
2.1.3.2.1
permissible tolerance for product analysis
the allowable value for which the finished product analysis value exceeds of the limit specified in the standard due to element segregation in steel
2.1.3.3
micrographic inspection
process of observing, measuring, analyzing and evaluating the macrostructure, microstructure, internal defect structure and related properties of metals and alloys by means of metallography
2.1.3.3.1
microstructure
microstructure on the section observed by microscope, which the cross section or longitudinal section of the steel wire is subjected to appropriate treatment (such as grinding, inlaying, polishing, erosion, etc.)
2.1.3.3.2
nonmetallic inclusions
non-metallic compounds such as oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc., which are produced or mixed in the deoxidation process of steel smelting and the solidification process of molten steel and cannot be eliminated after processing or heat treatment
2.1.3.3.3
decarburization
one or more chemical reactions occur in the medium in contact with the surface of the steel wire, resulting in the loss of carbon on the surface of the steel wire
Note: This carbon loss includes partial decarburization or complete decarburization.
2.1.3.3.4
martensite
supersaturated solid solution structure, which the carbon in the center of cubic structure α iron (ferrite), it is obtained by heating the steel wire to a certain temperature and cooling it rapidly
2.1.3.4
dimensions measure
determination of characteristic dimensions of cross section of circular or special-shaped steel wire
2.1.3.5
tensile test of steel wire
test of measuring tensile strength and elongation of steel wire under uniaxial static tension
2.1.3.5.1
gauge length
measurement: the length between the marking lines of the sample for measuring elongation
2.1.3.5.2
tensile rate
beam displacement per unit time or increased stress per unit time during tensile test
2.1.3.5.3
tensile strength
ratio of the maximum breaking resistance of steel wire to the original cross-sectional area of the sample under uniaxial static tension
2.1.3.5.4
knotting force
maximum force measured by the knotted steel wire sample under unidirectional static tension
2.1.3.5.5
ratio of knotting force
percentage of knotting tension and unknotting tension of the steel wire
2.1.3.5.6
percentage elongation after fracture
percentage of the increased length of gauge length to the original gauge length after the steel wire fracture
2.1.3.6
reverse bend test
test to check the ability of the steel wire to withstand plastic deformation, fix one end of the steel wire, apply a certain tensioning force, bend 90 ° around the cylindrical support with the specified radius, and then bend in the opposite direction
2.1.3.6.1
tighten force of bend
tension applied to the sample to make the steel wire in good contact with the bending cylinder
2.1.3.6.2
number of reverse bends
number of bending times which the free end of the steel wire is bent 90° from the starting position to one direction and then returned to the starting position as the first bending, and then continuously and repeatedly bent in the opposite direction until the sample breaks (the last bending does not count the number of bending times)
2.1.3.6.3
bending rate
repeated bending times of steel wire per unit time
2.1.3.7
torsion test
test to check the plastic deformation performance of steel wire when twisted in fixed or alternating direction, and show unevenness and internal and external defects
2.1.3.7.1
simple torsion
test in which the steel wire is twisted uniformly along one direction with its own axis until the sample fractures or reaches the specified number of twists
2.1.3.7.2
reverse torsion
test in which the steel wire rotates uniformly 360° in one direction around its own axis for one time, and then rotates in the opposite direction for a specified number of times or the sample fractures
2.1.3.7.3
torsion gauge length
gauge length between two grips
2.1.3.7.4
tighten force of torsion
tension applied to the steel wire to keep the sample straight
2.1.3.7.5
torsion rate
number of wraps the steel wire sample rotates around its own axis per unit time
2.1.3.7.6
type of fracture
morphology and characteristics of fracture surface of steel wire after rotating around its own axis
2.1.3.7.7
number of torsion
number of times the steel wire sample rotates around its own axis per unit time
2.1.3.8
wrap/relaxation test
test which used to check the wrapping deformation resistance or coating adhesion of the sample (with or without coating), the steel wire sample is tightly spirally wound to the specified number of turns at the specified rate on the mandrel with the diameter specified in relevant standards
2.1.3.8.1
diameter of mandrel
diameter of wrapping mandrel determined according to relevant product standards and to test the winding deformation resistance or coating adhesion of steel wire samples
2.1.3.8.2
wrap rate
number of wraps of steel wire sample spirally wound around mandrel per unit time
2.1.3.8.3
number of wrap
number of wraps of the steel wire tightly spirally wound on the mandrel with the diameter specified by relevant product standards
2.1.3.9
coating test
test to check the coating mass, adhesion and uniformity per unit area of steel wire
2.1.3.9.1
mass of coating
weight of coating per unit surface area of steel wire
2.1.3.9.2
adhesion of coating
adhesion of coating to steel wire matrix
2.1.3.9.3
continuity of coating
uniformity of coating thickness distribution on steel wire surface
2.1.3.9.4
salt spray test
environmental test for evaluating the corrosion resistance of metal materials or coatings by using artificial simulated salt spray environment conditions created by salt spray test equipment
Note: Artificial simulated salt fog environment usually includes neutral salt fog (NSS), acetic acid salt fog (AASS) and copper accelerated salt fog (CASS).
2.1.4
inspection of steel wire ropes
process of measuring, testing or checking the appearance, size, mechanical and technological properties of share split steel wire, tensile properties, fatigue properties, rotation properties, radial stiffness, oil content and other quality characteristics of steel wire rope, and evaluating its quality
2.1.4.1
visual inspection
process of evaluating the quality of steel wire rope by checking its surface quality, non-looseness, straightness, flatness, residual torsion, oiling uniformity and other quality characteristics
2.1.4.1.1
surface quality of rope
sensory evaluation index of strand and rope twisting quality
2.1.4.1.2
low internal stresses of rope
untie one end of the wire rope about two lay lengths of the two opposite stocks; if the two stocks are restored to their original positions, they will not be loose if they do not spread out by themselves
2.1.4.1.3
straightness of rope
maximum distance that the specified length of wire rope is placed on the plane without tension, or the maximum distance that the specified length of wire rope naturally droops along the vertical line without tension and its free end deviates from the vertical line
2.1.4.1.4
residual torsion of rope
number of wraps of steel wire rope with specified length that can rotate freely without tension
Note: The usually adopted inspection method of residual torsion is to pull the wire rope out of the rope end of the axle for a specified length, release its free end, and measure the number of free rotations turns under the condition of no tension.
2.1.4.2
dimension measure of rope
process of measuring and evaluating the quality characteristics of wire rope diameter or size, out of roundness, lay length, strand gap, steel wire diameter or size, central steel wire diameter, etc.
2.1.4.2.1
diameter or dimension of rope
characteristic dimension of pitch diameter of round rope cross section or non-round cross section, such as width and thickness
2.1.4.2.2
out-of-roundness of rope
percentage of the difference between the maximum and the minimum diameter measured in the same cross section of rope to the nominal diameter of rope
2.1.4.2.3
lay length of rope
length between two corresponding points which end one cycle or spiral of surrounding a rope by an outer steel wire of single-strand rope, an outer steel wire of multi-strand rope or a unit rope of a cable-type rope, paralleling to the rope axis
2.1.4.2.4
strand clearance
distance between two adjacent strands in the same layer
2.1.4.2.5
diameter or dimension of wire
cross-sectional diameter of round wire, height of fully sealed wire or height and width of semi-sealed wire
2.1.4.2.6
diameter of centre wire
cross-sectional diameter of wire located at the center of single-twist rope or at the center of multi-strand rope
2.1.4.3
dismantle strand test
test for determining the total breaking force for rope and performance including tension (tensile strength), reverse bend, torsion, wrapping, mass of coating, adhesion of coating and continuity of coating for rope by dismantling wire strand (partially or totally) into single wire
2.1.4.4
tensile test of rope
test for determining the breaking force and percentage elongation with the sample under unidirectional static tension
2.1.4.4.1
method of gripping
method of gripping the rope sample on test machine
2.1.4.4.1.1
method of alloy poured socketing
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by gripping the loose end of rope sample (which has been poured with alloy and cooled to room temperature) into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.2
method of resin pouring
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by gripping the loose end of rope sample (which has been poured with resin and solidified) into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.3
method of ferrule pressing
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by tightly gripping the rope sample with ferrule and then gripping into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.4
method of direct gripping
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by directly gripping the rope sample into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.5
method of wrapping
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by directly wrapping the rope sample on the wrapping wheel of test machine
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Terms and definitions
Annex A (Informative) Examples of typical defects of steel wire ropes
Bibliography
Index
钢丝绳 验收及缺陷术语
1 范围
本标准界定了制造、搬运和运输、贮存、安装和使用过程中钢丝绳验收及缺陷常用的术语。
本标准适用于钢丝绳验收及缺陷术语的一般规定，不适用于产品标准另有规定的情况。
2 术语和定义
2.1 验收
2.1.1
验收 acceptance
依据相关标准、规范规定或合同约定的取样数量、检验数量、检验方法和判定原则，对钢丝绳产品逐轮(卷)或成批进行检查和检测，并做出接收或拒收的决定。
2.1.1.1
拒收 rejection
需方对不符合相关标准、规范等规定的钢丝绳产品，不予以接受的行为。
2.1.2
取样 sampling
从总体中抽取个体或样品的过程。
注：由于钢丝绳结构的特殊性，在截取样品前需对钢丝绳进行牢固捆扎然后再截断，以保证钢丝绳整体性能的检验不受影响。
2.1.2.1
批 lot
汇集在一起的一定数量的某种产品或材料。
注：钢丝绳的批通常是指由同一直径(尺寸)、结构、钢丝绳级、表面状态、捻制方向且同时交付验收的单位产品。
2.1.2.2
批量 lot size
批中产品的数量。
注：钢丝绳产品的批量通常是指同交付批中轮轴或盘卷的数量。
2.1.2.3
试样 sample
用于钢丝绳直径(尺寸)、外观质量、捻制质量、力学性能、工艺性能和化学性能等测量、检查和检测的样品。
2.1.2.3.1
试样尺寸 size of specimen
钢丝绳验收时为检验质量所采取样品的直径，或宽度和高度。
2.1.2.3.2
钢丝试样 sample of wire
用于钢丝绳中钢丝直径(尺寸)、表面质量、力学性能、工艺性能、金相组织和化学性能等测量、检查和检测的样品。
2.1.2.3.3
钢丝绳试样 sample of rope
用于钢丝绳直径(尺寸)、外观质量、捻制质量、力学性能和化学性能等测量、检查和检测的样品。
2.1.2.3.4
钢丝绳芯试样 sample of core
用于钢丝绳中绳芯润滑剂含量等检测的样品。
2.1.2.4
抽样检验 sampling inspection
根据统计抽样技术，从一批产品的总体中随机抽取部分单位产品，通过检测部分单位产品来推断该批产品总体的质量。
2.1.2.5
全部检验 all inspection
对交付验收的每个单位产品(轮或卷)都进行检验。
2.1.2.6
随机抽样 random sampling
从检查批中单位产品被抽入样本完全是偶然的抽取样本的方法。
2.1.2.7
初试 primary test
对试样的第一次试验。
2.1.2.8
重试 retest
试验过程中，试样在夹持钳口或浇铸体内出现滑动、在钳口内或规定有效范围外断裂，导致试验结果无效，在原样品上重新取样进行试验。
2.1.2.9
复试 repeat test
初试不合格时，按标准或规范规定的方法和数量取样，对不合格项目进行试验。
2.1.3
钢丝检验 inspection of steel wires
通过对钢丝绳中钢丝尺寸，化学成分、金相组织、缺陷、力学及工艺性能、镀层性能等质量特性测量、测试或检查，并对其质量进行评价的过程。
2.1.3.1
试样矫直 sample straightening
为了试验准确和便于试验，用手、适宜的工具或工装将试样矫直，保证试样表面和力学及工艺性能不受影响。
2.1.3.2
成品分析 product analysis
用于验证化学成分，从钢丝绳上采取试样，对其进行的化学分析。
2.1.3.2.1
成品化学成分允许偏差 permissible tolerance for product analysis
由于钢中元素偏析，成品分析值超出标准规定的限值的允许的数值。
2.1.3.3
金相检验 micrographic inspection
应用金相学方法，对金属和合金的宏观组织、显微组织及其内部缺陷组织和相关性能等进行观察、测定、分析和评价的过程。
2.1.3.3.1
显微组织 microstructure
采用适当的方法(如磨片、镶嵌、抛光、侵蚀等)对钢丝的横截面或纵截面进行处理，通过显微镜观察到的截面上的组织结构。
2.1.3.3.2
非金属夹杂物 nonmetallic inclusions
钢材冶炼脱氧过程和钢液凝固过程中产生或混入的，经加工或热处理仍不能消除的氧化物、硫化物、硅酸盐等非金属化合物。
2.1.3.3.3
脱碳 decarburization
钢丝与表面接触的介质发生一种或多种化学反应，导致钢丝表层上碳的损失。
注：这种碳的损失包括部分脱碳或完全脱碳。
2.1.3.3.4
马氏体 martensite
钢丝加热到一定温度后迅速冷却，得到的一种碳在体心立方结构的α铁(铁素体)中的过饱和固溶体组织。
2.1.3.4
尺寸测量 dimensions measure
圆形或异形钢丝横截面特征尺寸的测定。
2.1.3.5
拉伸试验 tensile test of steel wire
钢丝在单向静拉力作用下，测定抗拉强度及伸长率等项目的试验。
2.1.3.5.1
标距 gauge length
测：量伸长用的试样标线之间的长度。
2.1.3.5.2
拉伸速率 tensile rate
拉伸试验时单位时间的横梁位移或单位时间增加的应力。
2.1.3.5.3
抗拉强度 tensile strength
钢丝在单向静拉力作用下抵抗破断的最大力与试样原始横截面积之比。
2.1.3.5.4
打结拉力 knotting force
打结后的钢丝试样在单向静拉力作用下测得的最大力。
2.1.3.5.5
打结率 ratio of knotting force
打结拉力与该钢丝不打结拉力的百分比。
2.1.3.5.6
断后伸长率 percentage elongation after fracture
钢丝拉断后，标距部分增加的长度与原始标距长度的百分比。
2.1.3.6
反复弯曲试验 reverse bend test
将钢丝一端固定，施加一定的拉紧力，绕规定半径的圆柱支座弯曲90°，再沿相反方向弯曲，检查钢丝承受塑性变形能力的试验。
2.1.3.6.1
弯曲张紧力 tighten force of bend
为使钢丝与弯曲圆柱良好接触，给试样施加的张紧力。
2.1.3.6.2
反复弯曲次数 number of reverse bends
钢丝试样自由端从起始位置向一个方向弯曲90°再返回至起始位置作为第一次弯曲，然后一次向相反方向进行连续不间断的反复弯曲直至试样断裂前的次数(即最后一次弯曲不计人弯曲次数)。
2.1.3.6.3
弯曲速率 bending rate
钢丝试样单位时间的反复弯曲次数。
2.1.3.7
扭转试验 torsion test
检查钢丝在固定或交变方向扭转时的塑性变形性能，并显示不均匀性及内外缺陷的试验。
2.1.3.7.1
单向扭转 simple torsion
钢丝以自身为轴线，沿一个方向均匀扭转至试样断裂或达到规定扭转次数的试验。
2.1.3.7.2
双向扭转 reverse torsion
钢丝试样绕自身轴线向一个方向均匀旋转360°作为一次，扭转至规定次数后，再向相反方向旋转至规定次数或试样断裂的试验。
2.1.3.7.3
扭转标距 torsion gauge length
两夹头之间的标距长度。
2.1.3.7.4
扭转拉紧力 tighten force of torsion
为使试样保持平直施加到钢丝上的拉紧力。
2.1.3.7.5
扭转速率 torsion rate
单位时间内钢丝试样绕其自身轴线旋转的圈数。
2.1.3.7.6
断口类型 type of fracture
钢丝试样绕其自身轴线旋转断裂后断口的形貌和特征。
2.1.3.7.7
扭转次数 number of torsion
单位时间内钢丝试样绕其自身轴线旋转次数。
2.1.3.8
缠绕/松懈试验 wrap/relaxation test
将钢丝试样在符合相关标准规定直径的芯棒上按规定的速率紧密螺旋缠绕至规定圈数，用于检查试样(有镀层或无镀层)承受缠绕变形能力或镀层附着性的试验。
2.1.3.8.1
芯棒直径 diameter of mandrel
为检验钢丝试样承受缠绕变形能力或镀层附着性，根据相关产品标准确定的缠绕芯棒的直径。
2.1.3.8.2
缠绕速率 wrap rate
单位时间内钢丝试样围绕芯棒螺旋缠绕的圈数。
2.1.3.8.3
缠绕圈数 number of wrap
钢丝试样在符合相关产品标准规定的直径的芯棒上紧密螺旋缠绕的圈数。
2.1.3.9
镀层试验 coating test
检查钢丝单位面积的镀层重量、附着性及均匀性的试验。
2.1.3.9.1
镀层重量 mass of coating
钢丝单位表面积上镀层的重量。
2.1.3.9.2
镀层附着性 adhesion of coating
镀层与钢丝基体结合的附着性。
2.1.3.9.3
镀层均匀性 continuity of coating
钢丝表面镀层厚度分布的均匀性。
2.1.3.9.4
盐雾试验 salt spray test
利用盐雾试验设备所创造的人工模拟盐雾环境条件来考核金属材料或覆盖层耐腐蚀性能的环境试验。
注：人工模拟盐雾环境通常包括中性盐雾(NSS)，乙酸盐雾(AASS)和铜加速盐雾(CASS)。
2.1.4
钢丝绳检验 inspection of steel wire ropes
通过对钢丝绳外观、尺寸、拆股钢丝力学及工艺性能、拉伸性能、疲劳性能、旋转性能、径向刚度、含油率等质量特性测量、测试或检查，并对其质量进行评价的过程。
2.1.4.1
外观检查 visual inspection
通过对钢丝绳表面质量、不松散性、平直度、平整度、残余扭转、涂油均匀性等质量特性检查，并对其质量进行评价的过程。
2.1.4.1.1
表面质量 surface quality of rope
钢丝绳股和绳捻制质量的感官评价指标。
2.1.4.1.2
不松散性 low internal stresses of rope
将钢丝绳一端解开相对的两个股约2个捻距，将这两个股恢复原位后，如果不自行散开即为不松散。
2.1.4.1.3
平直度 straightness of rope
规定长度的钢丝绳在无张力的条件下放置在平面上，其偏离轴线的最大距离，或规定长度的钢丝绳在无张力的条件下沿垂线自然下垂，其自由端偏离垂线的最大距离。
2.1.4.1.4
残余扭转 residual torsion of rope
规定长度的钢丝绳在无张力的条件下自由回转的圈数。
注：残余扭转的检查方法通常是将钢丝绳从轮轴的绳端拉出规定长度，将其自由端放开，在无张力的条件下测得的自由回转的圈数。
2.1.4.2
钢丝绳尺寸测量 dimension measure of rope
通过对钢丝绳直径或尺寸、不圆度、捻距、股间隙、钢丝直径或尺寸、中心钢丝直径等质量特性测量，并对其进行评价的过程。
2.1.4.2.1
钢丝绳直径/尺寸 diameter or dimension of rope
圆钢丝绳横截面的节圆直径或非圆横截面的特征尺寸(如宽度和厚度)。
2.1.4.2.2
不圆度 out-of-roundness of rope
钢丝绳同一横截面上测得的最大直径和最小直径的差值与钢丝绳公称直径的百分比值。
2.1.4.2.3
捻距 lay length of rope
单股钢丝绳的外层钢丝、多股钢丝绳的外层股或缆式钢丝绳的单元钢丝绳围绕钢丝绳旋转一周或一个螺旋，且平行于钢丝绳轴线的对应两点间的距离。
2.1.4.2.4
股间隙 strand clearance
同一层股中两相邻股之间的距离。
2.1.4.2.5
钢丝直径/尺寸 diameter or dimension of wire
圆钢丝的横截面直径、全密封钢丝的高度或半密封钢丝的高度和宽度。
2.1.4.2.6
中心钢丝直径 diameter of centre wire
单捻钢丝绳中位于钢丝绳中心位置或多股钢丝绳中位于股中心位置的钢丝横截面直径。
2.1.4.3
拆股试验 dismantle strand test
将钢丝绳股(部分或全部)拆散成单根钢丝，用于测定钢丝破断拉力总和及钢丝的拉力(抗拉强度)、反复弯曲、扭转、缠绕、镀层重量、镀层附着性、镀层均匀性等性能的试验。
2.1.4.4
钢丝绳拉伸试验 tensile test of rope
钢丝绳试样在单向静拉力作用下，测定其破断拉力及伸长率等性能的试验。
2.1.4.4.1
试样夹持方法 method of gripping
将钢丝绳试样加持在试验机上的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.1
合金浇铸法 method of alloy poured socketing
将钢丝绳试样散头用熔融金属浇铸，冷却到常温后，夹持在试验机夹具座内进行拉伸试验的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.2
树脂浇注法 method of resin pouring
将钢丝绳试样散头用树脂浇铸，放置凝固后，夹持在试验机夹具座内进行拉伸试验的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.3
套管压制法 method of ferrule pressing
将钢丝绳试样用套管压紧，再夹持在试验机夹具内进行拉伸试验的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.4
直接夹持法 method of direct gripping
钢丝绳试样直接夹持在试验机夹具内进行拉伸试验的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.5
缠绕法 method of wrapping
将钢丝绳试样直接缠绕在试验机缠绕轮上进行拉伸试验的方法。
2.1.4.4.2
钢丝绳伸长率 percentage elongation of rope
在工作载荷或规定载荷下，钢丝绳在弹性范围内产生的总伸长与原始标距的百分比。
2.1.4.4.3
弹性伸长率 percentage elastic elongation of rope
在工作载荷或规定载荷下，钢丝绳在弹性范围内产生的可以恢复的伸长与原始标距的百分比。
2.1.4.4.4
永久延伸率 percentage permanent elongation of rope
在工作载荷或规定载荷下，钢丝绳在弹性范围内由于股中钢丝和绳中股的位置发生变化产生的不可恢复的伸长与原始标距的百分比。
注：永久延伸率也称结构伸长率。
2.1.4.4.5
实际弹性模量测定 determination of the actual modulus elasticity for rope
按照规定的试验方法，测定钢丝绳试样应力—应变关系曲线中常数的试验。
2.1.4.4.6
实测破断拉力测定 determination of the breaking force for rope
按照规定的试验方法，测定钢丝绳试样破断时或出现第一根断丝时拉力值的试验。
2.1.4.4.7
破断位置和形式 position and type of fracture
按照规定的拉伸试验方法将钢丝绳拉伸至第一根钢丝断裂或钢丝绳破断时，断丝或破断的位置、数量和形貌。
2.1.4.5
弯曲疲劳试验 bending fatigue test of rope
钢丝绳以一定的包角绕过试验轮。并对其施加规定的载荷，以一定的频率对其进行反复弯曲，评价其承受反复弯曲能力的试验。
2.1.4.6
轴向应力疲劳试验 axial stress fatigue test of rope
按照规定的试验方法，测定钢丝绳试样在规定的交变应力作用下，承受轴向冲击载荷能力的试验。
2.1.4.7
旋转性能试验 rotational property test of rope
按照规定的试验方法，测定钢丝绳试样单位长度上的旋转度和扭矩的试验。
2.1.4.7.1
钢丝绳扭矩 torque of ropes
在保持钢丝绳两端不旋转的条件下，对其施加静态拉伸负荷，通过试验或计算所确定的以牛米(N·m)表示的特性值。
2.1.4.7.2
钢丝绳旋转度 turn of rope
在保持钢丝绳两端不旋转的条件下，对其施加静态拉伸负荷，通过试验或计算所确定的以单位长度转动的圈数或度数表示的特性值。
2.1.4.8
钢丝绳径向刚度试验 transverse rigidity test of rope
测定无轴向荷载条件下钢丝绳抵抗径向变形能力的试验。
2.1.4.9
含油率 lubricant content
钢丝绳含油率、纤维绳芯含油率和股含油率的统称。
2.1.4.9.1
钢丝绳含油率 lubricant content in rope
钢丝绳(含绳芯)表面吸附的钢丝绳润滑脂质量与去除油脂后钢丝绳(含绳芯)质量的百分比。
2.1.4.9.2
纤维绳芯含油率 lubricant content in fibre core
纤维绳芯表面吸附的钢丝绳润滑脂质量与去除油脂后干纤维芯质量的百分比。
2.1.4.9.3
股含油率 lubricant content in strand
绳股表面吸附的钢丝绳润滑脂质量与去除油脂后绳股质量的百分数。
2.2 缺陷
注：附录A给出了各种缺陷的典型实例。
2.2.1
制造期间的缺陷 defect during manufacture
在钢丝拉拔、捻股、合绳过程中产生的影响钢丝绳使用的各种缺陷。
2.2.1.1
断丝 fracture of wire
钢丝绳股中出现钢丝断裂的现象。
2.2.1.2
缺丝 lack of wire
钢丝绳股中全长或部分长度上缺少钢丝的现象。
2.2.1.3
跳丝 skip wire
钢丝绳表面出现钢丝成弓形或环形凸起的现象。
2.2.1.4
钢丝交错 transposition of wires
钢丝绳股中出现钢丝交叉，钢丝不在规定的几何位置的现象。
2.2.1.5
混丝径 mixture of wire
钢丝绳股中相同公称直径钢丝中出现超出规定的允许偏差的现象。
2.2.1.6
混强度 mixture of strength
钢丝绳股中相同公称抗拉强度级钢丝中出现不符合本级别抗拉强度范围的钢丝的现象。
2.2.1.7
中心钢丝未加大 no enlargement of centre wire
钢丝绳中相同钢丝直径捻制的股，中心钢丝直径未按规定加大的现象。
2.2.1.8
拉伤 drawing flaw
拉拔过程中，由于模具等工装存在缺陷或润滑条件不佳造成的钢丝表面划痕、裂纹等损伤现象。
2.2.1.9
分层 delamination
钢丝沿纵向出现的金属分层现象。
2.2.1.10
竹节 undulation
钢丝表面沿纵向出现周期性的直径粗细不均、形状类似竹节的现象。
2.2.1.11
浮锈 free rust
钢丝绳由于钢丝烘干欠缺、大气环境潮湿等原因引起的钢丝表面轻微氧化的现象。
注：浮锈通常可以用手擦掉，一般对使用性能无影响。
2.2.1.12
锈蚀 corrosion
钢丝表面局部或整体出现氧化的现象。
2.2.1.13
麻点 pitting
钢丝表面出现呈点状或片状分布的凹状粗糙面现象。
2.2.1.14
接头不良 irregular joining of wire
钢丝绳中钢丝接头方法不当，造成的接头中心不正、焊接接头局部过大的现象。
2.2.1.15
镀层开裂 crack of coating
钢丝表面镀层出现裂纹或分层的现象。
2.2.1.16
镀层脱落 desquamation of coating
钢丝表面镀层出现脱落的现象。
2.2.1.17
股丝松动 slack of wire in strand
钢丝绳股中钢丝出现松动的现象。
2.2.1.18
股丝松散 untwisting of wire in strand
钢丝绳端头松解或截断后，股中钢丝部分或全部散开不能再复位的现象。
2.2.1.19
股芯外露 exposure of strand core
股芯从钢丝缝隙间露出的现象。
2.2.1.20
股松弛 relaxation of strands
钢丝绳中股变形量不一致或松紧程度不均匀，出现钢丝绳不平整、股突起或陷落的现象。
2.2.1.21
股间隙不均匀 non-uniform of strand clearance
钢丝绳中各股之间的间距大小不一致的现象。
2.2.1.22
钢丝绳松散 flare of rope
钢丝绳端头松解或截断后，股自行散开或打开后不能复位的现象。
2.2.1.23
捻距不均 variation in lay length
钢丝绳或股全长或局部出现捻距不一致的现象。
2.2.1.24
钢丝绳直径超差 out-of-tolerance of rope diameter
钢丝绳全长或局部的直径低于标准规定的下限或高于标准规定的上限的现象。
2.2.1.25
钢丝绳不圆度超差 out-of-tolerance of rope
钢丝绳的不圆度超出标准规定限值的现象。
2.2.1.26
绳芯外露 exposure of rope core
绳芯从钢丝绳局部或全长的股缝隙间露出的现象。
2.2.1.27
涂油不良 irregular greasing
钢丝绳表面油脂不均匀或绳芯油脂缺失的现象。
2.2.2
搬运和运输期间的缺陷 defect during removal and transport period
在钢丝绳搬运、装卸和运输过程中产生的影响钢丝绳使用的各种缺陷。
2.2.2.1
表面损伤 surface damage
由于吊装方法不正确、装卸工具不合适或装卸不当，造成的钢丝绳表面局部压伤、碰伤、挂伤、刮伤、划伤等现象。
2.2.2.2
盘卷散乱 collapsed coils
由于吊装方法不正确、装卸工具不合适或高处滚落造成钢丝绳轮轴严重变形或散架，导致钢丝绳盘卷散乱、无法解卷或安装的现象。
2.2.3
贮存期间的缺陷 defect during storage period
在钢丝绳贮存过程中产生的影响钢丝绳使用的各种缺陷。
2.2.3.1
油脂流失 loss of grease
由于贮存环境温度过高或长时间阳光下直射，导致钢丝绳表面油脂甚至绳芯油脂溶化流失的现象。
2.2.3.2
油脂龟裂 cracking of grease
由于钢丝绳在低温或干燥环境条件下存放时间过长，导致钢丝表面油脂出现纵横交错细小裂纹的现象。
2.2.3.3
油脂变质 deterioration of grease
钢丝绳长时间存放在化工产品、化学烟雾、蒸汽或其他腐蚀剂侵袭的场所或露天存放等，导致钢丝绳油脂变质甚至钢丝绳锈蚀的现象。
2.2.3.4
性能劣化 performance deterioration of rope
钢丝绳因存放时间过长，导致油脂失效或钢丝的力学及工艺性能降低甚至达不到相关产品标准或规范的最低要求的现象。通常钢丝绳验收期应不超过一年。
2.2.4
安装期间的缺陷 defect during installation period
在钢丝绳安装过程中产生的影响钢丝绳使用的各种缺陷。
2.2.4.1
磨损损伤 wear damage
钢丝绳安装过程中，因与坚硬物体或粗糙地面摩擦、刮蹭等产生的钢丝绳表面损伤现象。
2.2.4.2
扭结 kink
由于解卷方法不正确，钢丝绳解开一圈产生一个360°的附加扭转，在未消除附加扭转的情况下将钢丝绳拉紧，产生的加捻或退捻的现象。
2.2.4.3
折弯 bend in rope
由于解卷方法不正确或外力作用，导致钢丝绳局部产生一定角度永久变形的现象。
2.2.5
使用期间的缺陷 defect during service time period
在钢丝绳使用过程中产生的影响钢丝绳使用的各种缺陷。
2.2.5.1
波浪形 waviness
钢丝绳由于受到突然的冲击或撞击，产生的沿其纵向轴线呈现波浪形状的现象。
2.2.5.2
笼状畸形basket deformation
多股钢丝绳由于大载荷下突然松弛，或受到附加力矩作用，或绕过多个滑轮组，引起外层股浮起而形成类似灯笼状形状的现象。
2.2.5.3
绳芯或绳股突出 corn or strand protrusion
绳芯或绳股从钢丝绳的缝隙之间被挤出的现象。
2.2.5.4
钢丝环状突出 protruding wire in loops
钢丝或钢丝束在钢丝绳一侧拱起成环状突出的现象。
2.2.5.5
扭结 kink
钢丝绳成环状在不可能绕其轴线转动的情况下被拉紧而造成的变形，钢丝绳局部有加捻或退捻的现象。
2.2.5.6
局部扁平 flattened portion
钢丝绳由于外力冲击、排绳混乱、从绳槽中滑出等造成的钢丝绳局部压扁的现象。
2.2.5.7
绳径局部减小 local decrease in diameter
钢丝绳因机械磨损、绳芯缩细、局部锈蚀、局部扭结、过载及断丝等原因造成局部直径减小的现象。
2.2.5.8
绳径局部增大 local increase in diameter
钢丝绳因纤维绳芯吸收过多水分、金属绳芯受到冲击等造成的局部直径增大的现象。
2.2.5.9
折弯 bend in rope
钢丝绳因局部受到冲击而产生的不可恢复的角度变形的现象。
2.2.5.10
内部磨损 inter wear
钢丝绳因股丝间承受载荷不同、相互挤压等原因产生内层钢丝磨损的现象。
2.2.5.11
外部磨损 outside wear
钢丝绳因与滑轮、卷筒、支撑辊、硬物等接触而引起的外层钢丝磨损的现象。
2.2.5.12
局部磨损 local wear
钢丝绳因局部挤压、滑轮剧烈振动冲击或因滑轮与卷筒中心偏斜等引起的钢丝磨损的现象。
2.2.5.13
白亮层 white-bright layer
钢丝绳因与外部剧烈摩擦，使钢丝表面温度瞬间达到淬火临界温度，继而急剧冷却在钢丝表面形成的硬而脆的白亮层组织的现象。
2.2.5.14
外部腐蚀 external corrosion
钢丝表面受使用环境中介质作用引起的化学或电化学腐蚀现象。
注：轻微的表面氧化能够擦净，重度的表面手感粗糙，严重的表面出现麻坑甚至钢丝松动。
2.2.5.15
内部腐蚀 internal corrosion
钢丝绳绳芯吸附水分或腐蚀性介质造成内部钢丝被腐蚀的现象，严重时腐蚀碎屑会从绳股缝隙间溢出。
2.2.5.16
摩擦腐蚀 friction corrosion
干燥的钢丝和绳股之间持续的相互摩擦产生钢质微小颗粒，发生氧化形成干粉状内部碎屑的现象。
2.2.5.17
绳端固定处断丝 wire breaks at a termination
绳端安装不正确或受到冲击作用等原因而引起钢丝绳绳端或其附近出现断丝的现象。
2.2.5.18
断丝局部聚集 local conglomeration of fracturing wire
局部出现大量断丝的现象。
2.2.5.19
绳股断裂 fracture of strands
钢丝绳由于过载、卡阻、磨损、腐蚀等原因导致整股钢丝断裂的现象。
2.2.5.20
热或电弧灼伤 heat or electric arcing damage
钢丝绳受到异常高温、电弧(如焊接引线接地)或雷击的影响，造成钢丝表面颜色变化、油脂消失甚至金属熔化的现象。
2.2.5.21
弹性降低 decrease of elasticity
钢丝绳因反复绕过卷筒、滑轮、旋转、弯折、载荷冲击或相互挤压等作用引起的韧性减少、弹性显著降低的现象。
2.2.5.22
挤压损伤 extrusion damage
使用中的钢丝绳从绳槽中滑出、在卷筒上排绕混乱、支撑装置转动失灵、绳槽与钢丝绳直径不匹配、多层缠绕钢丝绳遭受瞬间外力作用等，导致钢丝绳被卡阻产生的挤压损伤现象。
附录A
