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Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative. The following 3 Standards, GB/T13908-1992 General requirements for solid mineral exploration, GB/T13688-1992 General requirements for detailed mineral exploration and GB/T 13687-1992 General requirements for preliminary mineral exploration, are modified according to GB/T17766-1999 Classification for resources/reserves of solid fuels and mineral commodities, and combined into GB/T13908-2002 General requirements for solid mineral exploration. The standard will replace GB/T13908-1992, GB/T13688-1992 and GB/T13687-1992 from the implementation date of this standard. The Appendix A of the standard is normative; Appendix B and Appendix C are informative. This national standard was proposed by Ministry of State Land and Resources. This national standard is under the jurisdiction of National Geology and Mineral Standardization Technical Committee. This national standard was drafted by: the Mineral Resources and Reserves Evaluation Center of MLR, Consultation and Research Center, Review Center, State Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Bureau and State Petroleum and Chemical Industry Bureau. This national standard was drafted by the following persons: Shao Juenian, Yan Tiexiong, Bin Dezhi, Zhang Wenhai, Deng Shande, Tian Shaodong, Wang Bingquan and Gan Xianping. The Mineral Resources and Reserves Evaluation Center of MLR is responsible for the explanation of this standard. General requirements for solid mineral exploration 固体矿产地质勘查规范总则 1. Scope The national standard specifies the purpose and task of solid mineral exploration, exploration work and feasible appraisal work, mineral resources / reserves type condition, mineral resources / reserve estimation, etc. This national standard is applicable to the integral work arrangement in various phases of solid mineral exploration. It can be taken as the general requirement of solid mineral exploration achievement exploration norm review and acceptance. And the standard is also the general principle for working out all classes of solid mineral exploration code, regulation and guidance. The standard can be also taken as the basis of evaluating and estimating mineral resources / reserves in mining right transfer, mineral exploration and development financing, listed shares and other activities. 2. Normative References The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. All the Standards stated below are effective at the publication of this Standard. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. GB/T 17766-1999 Classification for resources/reserves of solid fuels and mineral commodities 3. The purpose and task for mineral exploration The final purpose of the mineral exploration is providing mineral resources/ reserves and exploitation specification and other necessary geological data for mine construction design so as to reduce development risk and obtain maximum economic benefit. The solid mineral exploration work is divided into 4 phases: pre-exploration, preliminary exploration, detailed exploration and exploration. 3.1 The pre-exploration understands mineral resources perspective in pre-exploration region through integrated study analogy and preliminary field inspection for document in the region. The region with large mineralizing potential is put forward and the reference material will be provided for the developing regional economy. 3.2 The preliminary exploration is carrying out geology, geophysical exploration and geochemical exploration as well as sampling project and feasible appraisal summary research in the region with significant mineralizing potential, and makes preliminary evaluation for known mineralized district. The detailed exploration scope is marked for the site with detailed exploration value, and the base values are provided for the economy in developmental region. 3.3 The detailed exploration is carrying out systemic work and sampling for detailed exploration by adopting different kinds of exploration methods and means, made commercial value evaluation through preliminary feasible study, marked the exploration area scope, and provided basis for exploration. And the document is provided for establishing mine general planning and project proposal. 3.4 The exploration is the exploration area which is marked through mining area with commercial value and detailed exploration. The basis is provided for mine construction the following aspects, like confirming mine industrial scale, production program, exploitation mode, development scheme, recovery technique for ore processing, mine layout, mine construction design, etc. through using different kinds of exploration means and available approaches and quickening different kinds of sampling project and feasible study. 4. Mineral exploration work 4.1 Mineral exploration content It contains exploration area geology, orebody geology, exploitation specification, ore processing technical performance, comprehensive evaluation and so on. 4.1.1 Exploration area geology Collect and research the regional geology and mining area geological data, like strata, structure, magmatic rock, metamorphic rock, wall-rock alteration, etc. which concerns ore formation. For mineral deposits, the quaternary geology and geomorphic feature are included. Strata: the stratigraphic sequence, lithologic association and lithofacies zoning should be divided and the mineral deposits should be confirmed. For sedimentary ore, the lithologic association, physical makeup and depositional environment and ore formation relation of mineral deposits should be researched. Structure: the study should be carried out for the main structure which controls or destroys ore deposit. Its spacial distribution, upgrowth degree, precedence and regularities of distribution should be known. Magmatic rock: For magmatic rock concerning ore formation, its petrographic category, lithofacies, lithology, evolution characteristic and ore formation relation should be known or found out. Metamorphic rock: for metamorphic mineral deposit, the metamorphic property, strength, influencing factor, distribution of facies and its influence on mineral deposit formation or reconstruction should be known or researched. Wall-rock alteration:the wall-rock alteration category, scale, strength, mineral composition, zonality and or formation relation should be known or researched. 4.1.2 Orebody geology Orebody characteristic: the orebody distribution, quantity, scale, mode of occurrence, spatial position and shape, mutual relation and oxidation zone (weathering zone) scope should be researched and controlled. Research lithology, mode of occurrence and shape of wall rock and horse stone; research destruction condition of postmineral faulting for orebody; fined out correlation marker of orebody, made it connect rationally. Ore characteristic: including ore physical makeup and ore qualitative characteristics. Ore physical makeup: including mineral composition and the principal mineral content, structure, construction, symbiosis, dissemination granularity and its change and distributional characteristics; the ore natural type, ore alteration and argillation characteristic should be divided; the property, distribution, proportion and its influence on recovery technique of all classes of types should be researched. Ore qualitative characteristics: including ore chemical composition, useful component, available and harmful constituent content, the recycling constituent content, deposit state, change and distributional characteristics. The ore industry type and grade as well as change law and proportion of different types are divided according to ore technique property and current production specifications. For non-metallic mineral and mineral, the mineral type and grade should be confirmed according to purpose requirement selecting measurement project. 4.1.3 Exploitation specification Geohydrologic condition research: investigate intake of ground water, throughflow, drain condition and confirm catchment boundary; find out water containing layer (water isolation layer) distribution, water containing property, construction destruction and hydraulic connection condition among water containing layer, basic structure fractured zone, karst upgrowth zone and weathering zone distribution and their hydraulic conductivity, the main water fill containing water-retaining capacity and water storage property, relative position for ore bed ( body), the condition of connecting other water containing layers and surface waters and goaf water, water head height, hydraulic gradient, throughflow characteristic and dynamic variation of ground water, distribution, hydrographic feature, likely way connecting the main fill water containing layer and influence on ore mining; confirm main water filling factors, water filling mode and way of mineral deposit, establish hydrological geology model, estimate normal and maximum flux and mining area total flux of mine pit development in combination with potential development scheme of mineral deposit. Investigate the water-supply source condition of mining area and its adjacent region, carry out comprehensive evaluation for mine water supply problems and water supply and drain associated possibility in combination with mine drainage, and indicate mine water-supply source direction. For water-deficient area, the evaluation should be carried out for mine pit water flux. Project geologic condition research: research orebody and wall rock physical mechanics property in ore mining region, rock structure and its structural plane upgrowth degree and composite relation; evaluate rock quality; investigate property, mode of occurrence distribution characteristics of bad project geologic rock formation ( weathering strata, soft stratum, construction fractured zone) influence ore mining; made preliminary evaluation for open mining side slope stability or roadway wall rock and dissolved cavity firmness in combination with mine engineering requirement; indicates the geological body or bad section which may happen project geology problems. Environmental geology research: research regional stability, previous seismic activity strength in mining area and on-site seismic intensity, goaf distribution, filling condition; define the goaf margin if it is possible. Find out the natural geological distribution, activity and its influence on ore mining, like collapse, landslide mudflow, torrent, geothermy, etc.. Investigate the background value of existent poisonous (arsenic, mercury...), harmfulness (heat, gasses, free silicon dioxide, etc.) and radioactive substance in mining area; evaluate the possible harm to ore mining. Predict the mineral deposit drainage range of influence and evaluate the possible imperiling for manufacturing, residential life and ecological environment and places of interests; put forward prevention suggestions. In combination with the mining project, the predication and evaluation will be carried out for ground distortion destruction scope (ground subsidence, cleavage, collapse, mudflow, etc.) and neighborhood water substance pollution owing to mineral exploration wastewater disposal which are caused by ore mining. The suggestions will be put forward for mining debris stack and disposition as well as using. For mineral deposit is suitable for water soluble, hot melt, acid dipping, alkali dipping and aerification exploration as well as permafrost mineral deposit, the work should be developed aiming to its special requirement for exploration. The specific requirement will be defined in the mineral classification standard. 4.1.4 The ore processing and recovery technique technical performance test According to testing purpose, requirement, degree and achievement reliability in production practice, the ore processing and recovery technique test can be divided into 5 categories: optional test, laboratory flow test, laboratory expanding and continuous test, semi-industry test and industry test. The process technology test for non-metallic mineral is to obtain certain physical technical process performance or special requirements. The processing technique test for coal is to know the selective and processing technique characteristic of coal through screen classification, drift and technological performance test. The test work should be progressed gradually according to mineral exploration phase. The specific requirements are implemented according to related standards. 4.1.5 Comprehensive evaluation In the exploration for the principle mineral, for intergrowth minerals or associated miscellaneous minerals reaching general industry indices requirement and possessing certain scale, the comprehensive evaluation should be carried out for them. For isologue intergrowth mine, the comprehensive consideration and whole exploration should be done for it, the orebody should be defined by composite indicator; for variant intergrowth mine, it should be controlled by the project exploring principal mineral. Its control degree depends on the physical circumstances. According to conditions of geologic condition, output characteristic, intergrowth and associated relation, value, demand degree, availability, for intergrowth mine with good sale and large economic value, and be able to exploit concurrently, especially in the initial exploitation area and opening exploitation area, the comprehensive evaluation should be strengthened for them. Foe associated mine; the evaluation degree should be confirmed according to economic value and economic benefit. 4.1.6 Radiativity inspection The radiativity inspection is generally done for general minerals. For radiativity minerals, the radioactive measurement work should be done for various exploration phases according to standard requirements. 固体矿产地质勘查范围总则 代替 GB/T 13687—1992 GB/T 13688—1992 GB/T 13908—1992 General requirements for solid mineral exploration 1 范围 本标准规定了固体矿产地质勘查的目的任务、勘查工作、可行性评价工作,矿产资源/储量类型条件、矿产资源/储量估算等。 本标准适用于固体矿产地质勘查各阶段的总体工作部署;可作为评审、验收固体矿产地质勘查成果的总要求;也是制定各类(种)固体矿产地质勘查规范、规定、指南的总原则;还可作为矿业权转让、矿产勘查开发筹资、融资、股票上市等活动中评价、估算矿产资源/储量的依据。 2 引用标准 下列标准所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。本标准出版时,所示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。 GB/T 17766—1999 固体矿产资源/储量分类 3 矿产勘查的目的任务 矿产勘查最终的目的是为矿山建设设计提供矿产资源/储量和开采技术条件等必需的地质资料,以减少开发风险和获得最大的经济效益。 固体矿产勘查工作分为预查、普查、详查、勘探4个阶段。 3.1 预查是通过对区内资料的综合研究、类比及初步野外观测、极少量的工程验证,初步了解预查区内矿产资源远景,提出可供普查的矿化潜力较大地区,并为发展地区经济提供参考资料。 3.2 普查是通过对矿化潜力较大地区开展地质、物探、化探工作和取样工程,以及可行性评价的概略研究,对已知矿化区作出初步评价,对有详查价值地段圈出详查区范围,为发展地区经济提供基础资料。 3.3 详查是对详查区采用各种勘查方法和手段,进行系统的工作和取样,、并通过预可行性研究,作出是否具有工业价值的评价,圈出勘探区范围,为勘探提供依据,并为制定矿山总体规划、项目建议书提供资料。 3.4 勘探是对已知具有工业价值的矿区或经详查圈出的勘探区,通过应用各种勘查手段和有效方法,加密各种采样工程以及可行性研究,为矿山建设在确定矿山生产规模、产品方案、开采方式,开拓方案、矿石加工选冶工艺、矿山总体布置、矿山建设设计等方面提供依据。 4 矿产勘查工作 4.1 矿产勘查内容 包括勘查区地质、矿体地质、开采技术条件、矿石加工技术性能和综合评价等。 4.1.1 勘查区地质 搜集、研究与成矿有关的地层、构造、岩浆岩、变质岩、围岩蚀变等区域地质和矿区地质资料,对砂矿床还包括第四纪地质及地貌特征。 地层:应划分地层层序、岩性组合、岩相分带,确定含矿层位。对沉积矿产应研究含矿层的岩性组合、物质组成以及沉积环境与成矿关系等。 构造:应对控制或破坏矿床的主要构造进行研究,了解其空间分布、发育程度、先后次序及分布 规律等。 岩浆岩:对与成矿有关的岩浆岩应了解或查明其岩类、岩相、岩性、演化特点及其与成矿的关系等。 变质岩:对变质矿床应了解或研究变质作用的性质、强度、影响因素、相带分布特点及其对矿床形成或改造的影响。 围岩蚀变:应了解或研究矿床的围岩蚀变种类、规模、强度、矿物组成、分带性及其与成矿的关系。 4.1.2 矿体地质 矿体特征:应研究或控制矿体分布范围、数量、规模、产状、空间位置及形态、相互间关系及氧化带(风化带)的范围等;研究围岩、夹石的岩性、产状、形态等;研究成矿后断层对矿体的破坏情况,找出矿体的对比标志,使其合理地有依据的连接。 矿石特征:包括矿石物质组成和矿石质量特征。 矿石物质组成:包括矿物组成及主要矿物含量、结构、构造、共生关系、嵌布粒度及其变化和分布特征;应划分矿石自然类型,矿石的蚀变和泥化特征,并研究各类型的性质、分布、所占比例及对加工、选冶性能试验的影响。 矿石质量特征:包括矿石的化学成分,有用组分、有益和有害组分含量、可回收组分含量、赋存状态、变化及分布特征;依据矿石的工艺性质及当前生产技术条件,划分矿石工业类型和品级,不同类型变化规律和所占比例,非金属矿产及固体燃料矿产,可据用途要求选择测定项目,用以确定该矿产的类型、品级。 4.1.3 开采技术条件 水文地质条件研究:调查矿区地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件,确定其汇水边界;查明含(隔)水层的分布、含水性质、构造破坏与含水层间的水力联系情况,主要构造破碎带、岩溶发育带与风化带的分布及其导水性,主要充水含水层的含水性及储水性、与矿层(体)的相对位置、连通其它含水层及地表水体和老窿水的情况,地下水的水头高度、水力坡度、径流场特征与动态变化,地表水体的分布、水文特征、连通主要充水含水层的可能途径及其对矿床开采的影响;确定矿床主要充水因素、充水方式和途径,建立水文地质模型,结合矿床可能的开拓方案,估算矿坑开拓水平的正常和最大涌水量以及矿区总涌水量。 调查矿区及其相邻地区的供水水源条件,结合矿山排水对矿山供水问题及排供结合的可能性进行综合评价,指出矿山供水水源方向。缺水地区,应对矿坑涌水的利用价值进行评价。 工程地质条件研究:研究矿床开采区矿体及围岩的物理力学性质,岩体结构及其结构面发育程度、组合关系,评价岩体质量,调查影响矿床开采的不良工程地质岩组(风化层、软弱层、构造破碎带)的性质、产状与分布特征,结合矿山工程需要,对露天采矿场边坡的稳定性或井巷围岩及溶(熔)腔的稳固性作出初步评价,指出可能发生工程地质问题的地质体或不良地段。 环境地质研究:研究区域稳定性,矿区内历次地震活动强度及所在地区的地震烈度,老窿的分布范围、充填情况,在可能的情况下,圈定老窿(采空区)界限。查明矿区内崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、山洪、地热等自然地质作用的分布、活动性及其对矿床开采的影响,调查矿区存在的有毒(砷、汞……)、有害(热、瓦斯、游离二氧化硅等)及放射性物质的背景值,对矿床开采可能造成的危害进行评价。 预测矿床疏干排水影响范围,对影响区内的生产、居民生活可能造成的影响和对生态环境、风景名胜区可能构成的危害作出评价,提出防治意见。 结合采矿工程,对矿床开采可能引起的地面变形破坏(地面沉降、开裂、塌陷、崩塌、泥石流等)范围,采选矿废水排放对附近水体的污染进行预测和评价,对采矿废石的堆放与处置、利用提出建议。 适于水溶、热熔、酸浸、碱浸、气化开采的矿床以及多年冻土矿床,应针对其勘查的特殊要求开展工作,具体要求在矿产分类规范中予以明确。 4.1.4 矿石加工选冶技术性能试验 根据试验的目的、要求、程度、其成果在生产实践中的可靠性,矿石加工选冶试验可分为可选(冶)性试验、实验室流程试验、实验室扩大连续试验、半工业试验、工业试验5类。 非金属矿产的选矿加工技术试验是为了获取某些物理的技术工艺性能或特殊要求。 煤的选矿加工技术试验主要是通过筛分、浮沉及工艺性能试验,了解煤的可选性及加工工艺特性。 试验工作应根据矿产勘查阶段、由浅入深循序渐进。具体要求按有关规范执行。 4.1.5 综合评价 在勘查主矿产的同时,对于达到一般工业指标要求、又具有一定规模的共生矿产或伴生的其它矿产,应进行综合评价。对同体共生矿,应综合考虑,整体勘查,运用综合指标圈定矿体;对异体共生矿,应利用勘查主矿产的工程进行控制,其控制程度,视具体情况确定。 应据地质条件、产出特征、共伴生关系、价值大小、需求程度、开发利用的可能性等条件,对市场适销对路、经济价值较大、并能同时开采的共生矿,尤其是位于首采地段或露采境界内的共生矿,应加强综合评价。对伴生矿产,据经济价值和经济效益,确定其评价程度。 4.1.6 放射性检查 一般矿产应做放射性检查,对于放射性矿产,在各勘查阶段均应按规范要求开展放射性测量工作。 4.2 矿产勘查的控制要求 4.2.1 勘查类型确定和划分 划分勘查类型是为了正确选择勘查方法和手段,合理确定勘查工程间距,对矿体进行有效的控制和圈定。 应根据矿体规模、矿体形态复杂程度、内部结构复杂程度、矿石有用组分分布的均匀程度、构造复杂程度等主要地质因素确定勘查类型。 矿床勘查类型确定应以一个或几个主矿体为主,对于巨大矿体也可根据不同地段勘查的难易程度,分段确定勘查类型。 按矿床地质特征将勘查类型划分为简单(Ⅰ类型)、中等(Ⅱ类型)、复杂(Ⅲ类型)3个类型。由于地质因素的复杂性,允许有过渡类型存在。 按矿床开采技术条件分类:应遵循水文地质、工程地质、环境地质相统一、突出重点的原则,将矿床开采技术条件的类型分为3类9型。即开采技术条件简单的矿床(1类)、开采技术条件中等的矿床(Ⅱ类)、开采技术条件复杂的矿床(Ⅲ类),除I类只有I型外,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类中又按主要影响因素分为4型,即以水文地质问题为主的矿床(Ⅱ-1、Ⅲ-1型),以工程地质问题为主的矿床(Ⅱ-2、Ⅲ-2型),以环境地质问题为主的矿床(Ⅱ-3、Ⅲ-3型)和复合型的矿床(Ⅱ-4、Ⅲ-4型),见附录B(提示的附录)。 4.2.2 工程间距确定原则 工程间距是指最相邻勘查工程控制矿体的实际距离,其间距应根据反映矿床地质条件复杂程度的勘查类型来确定。首先要看矿体的整体规模,并结合其主要因素确定工程间距,即使是分段勘查,也要从整体规模人手。不同地质可靠程度、不同勘查类型的勘查工程间距,视实际情况而定,不限于加密或放稀一倍。当矿体沿走向和倾向的变化不一致时,工程间距要适应其变化;矿体出露地表时,地表工程间距应比深部工程间距适当加密。 工程间距通常采用与同类矿床类比的办法确定。也可根据已完工的勘查成果,运用地质统计学的方法或用SD法确定,见附录C(提示的附录)。 由于矿床的形成条件各异,勘查工程间距的确定应充分考虑矿床自身特点,并应在施工过程中进行必要的调整。各矿种(类)勘查规范可制定相应的参考工程间距要求。 4.2.3 工程布置、施工原则、控制程度 工程布置:应根据矿体地质特征和矿山建设的需要,参考同类矿床勘查的经验进行。一般情况下,地表应以槽井探为主,浅钻工程为辅,配合有效的物探、化探方法,深部应以岩心钻探为主;当地形有利或矿体形态复杂~极复杂、物质组分变化大时,应以坑探为主配以钻探;当采集选矿大样时,也可动用坑探工程;对管条状和形态极复杂的矿体应以坑探为主。若钻探所获地质成果与坑探验证成果相近,则不强求一定要投入较多的坑探工程,可以钻探为主配合坑探进行。坑探应以脉内沿脉为主,当沿脉坑道未能揭露矿体全厚时,应以相应间距的穿脉配合进行。 施工原则:应按照由已知到未知、由表及里、由浅入深、由稀到密的原则进行,基准孔、参数孔、沿走向和倾向的主导剖面应优先施工。各阶段工程布置应考虑后续勘查和开发工作的衔接。 控制程度:首先应控制勘查范围内矿体的总体分布范围、相互关系。对出露地表的矿体边界应用工程控制。对基底起伏较大的矿体、无矿带、破坏矿体及影响开采的构造、岩脉、岩溶、盐溶、泥垄、泥柱、老窿、划分井田的构造等的产状和规模要有控制。对与主矿体能同时开采的周围小矿体应适当加密控制。对拟地下开采的矿床,要重点控制主要矿体的两端、上下界面和延伸情况。对拟露天开采的矿床要注重系统控制矿体四周的边界和采场底部矿体的边界。对主要盲矿体应注意控制其顶部边界。对矿石质量稳定、埋藏较浅的沉积矿产,应以地表采样工程为主,深部施工少量工程以验证矿石质量。 4.3 矿产勘查各阶段要求 4.3.1 预查 全面收集调查区内的地质、矿产、物探、化探,遥感、重砂、探矿工程等各种有关信息及研究成果,并运用新理论新方法进行深入的综合分析研究。 对有希望的地区,应选择几条路线,进行比例尺为1 : 50 000或1 : 25 000的路线地质踏勘,辅以有效的物探、化探方法,井选择有代表性的异常进行Ⅱ~Ⅲ级查证,圈出可供普查的矿化潜力较大地区。 对发现的矿(化)点或经类比认定为矿引起的异常及有意义的地质体进行研究,与地质特征相似的已知矿床从基本特征、成矿地质条件等方面进行类比、预测,必要时可投入极少量工程进行追索、验证,采集测试样品。 寻找的矿产与地表(下)水关系密切时,应收集、分析区域水文地质、工程地质资料,为开展下步工作提供设计依据。 应圈出预测矿产资源范围,当有估算资源量的必要参数时,可以估算预测的资源量。 4.3.2 普查 通过1∶25 000~1∶5 000比例尺的地质填图和露头检查,对区内地质特征的查明程度应达到相应比侧尺的精度要求,成矿地质条件达到大致查明程度。 通过1∶l0 000~1∶2 000比例尺地质填图和有效的物探、化探、遥感、重砂等方法手段及数量有限的取样工程,大致控制主要矿体特征,地表要用取样工程稀疏控制,深都要有工程证实,不要求系统工程网度;大致查明矿石的物质组成、矿石质量,并进行相应的综合评价。对物探、化探异常进行Ⅰ~Ⅱ级验证。 大致了解开采技术条件,包括区域和测区范围内的水文地质、工程地质、环境地质条件,为详查工作提供依据。对开采条件简单的矿床,可依据与同类型矿山开采条件的对比,对矿床开采技术条件作出评价;对水文地质条件复杂的矿床,应进行适当的水文地质工作,了解地下水埋藏深度、水质、水量以及近矿围岩强度等。 对已发现的矿产,应与邻区同类型已开采矿山,从矿石物质组成、主要矿石矿物、脉石矿物、结构构造、嵌布特征、粒度大小、有害组分及影响选治条件等因素进行全面的对比,并就矿石加工选冶的性能作出概略评述。对无可类比的或新类型矿石应进行可选(冶)性试验或实验室流程试验,为是否值得进一步工作提供依据。对饰面石材还应作出“试采”检查。 依据普查所获得的地质矿产资料及国内、外市场情况,进行概略研究,研究有无投资机会,是否值得转入详查,并采用一般工业指标估算资源量。 4.3.3 详查 通过:1∶10 000~1∶2 000地质填图,基本查明成矿地质条件,描述矿床的地质模型。 通过系统的取样工程、有效的物探、化探工作,控制矿体的总体分布范围,基本控制了主矿体的矿体特征、空间分布,基本确定了矿体的连续性;基本查明矿石的物质组成、矿石质量;对可供综合利用的共、伴生矿产,进行相应的综合评价。 对矿床开采可能影响的地区(矿山疏排水水位下降区、地面变形破坏区、矿山废弃物堆放场及其可能污染区)开展详细水文地质、工程地质、环境地质调查,基本查明矿床的开采技术条件。选择代表性地段对矿床充水的主要含水层及矿体围岩的物理力学性质进行试验研究,初步确定矿床充水的主(次)要含水层及其水文地质参数、矿体围岩岩体质量及主要不良层位,估算矿坑涌水量,指出影响矿床开采的主要水文地质、工程地质、环境地质问题;对矿床开采技术条件的复杂性作出评价。 对矿石的加工选冶性能进行试验和研究,易选的矿石可与同类矿石进行类比,一般矿石进行可选性试验或实验室流程试验,难选矿石还应作实验室扩大连续试验。饰面石材还应有代表性的试采资料。直接提供开发时利用,试验程度应达到可供设计的要求。 在详查区内,依据系统工程取样资料,有效的物探、化探资料以及实测的各种参数,用一般工业指标圈定矿体,选择合适的方法估算相应类型的资料量,或经预可行性研究,分别估算相应类型的储量、基础储量、资源量。为是否进行勘探决策、矿山总体设计、矿山建设项目建议书的编制提供依据。 4.3.4 勘探 通过:1∶10 000~1∶2 000(必要时可用1∶500)比例尺地质填图,加密各种取样工程及相应的工作,详细查明成矿地质条件及内在规律,建立矿床的地质模型。 详细控制主要矿体的特征、空间分布;详细查明矿石物质组成、赋存状态、矿石类型、质量及其分布规律;对破坏矿体或划分井田等有较大影响的断层、破碎带,应有工程控制其产状及断距;煤炭第一水平范围内的古河流冲刷、古隆起、较大陷落柱应有工程控制;对首采地段主矿体上、下盘具工业价值的小矿体,应一并勘探,以便同时开采;对可供综合利用的共、伴生矿产,应进行综合评价,共生矿产的勘查程度应视该矿种的特征而定。异体共生的应单独圈定矿体,同体共生的需要分采分选时也应分别圈定矿体或矿石类型。 对影响矿床开采的主要水文地质、工程地质、环境地质问题要详细查明。通过试验,获取计算参数,结合矿山工程计算首采区、第一开采水平的矿坑涌水量,预测下一开采水平的涌水量;预测不良工程地质和问题;对矿山排水、开采区的地面变形破坏、矿山废水排放与矿渣堆放可能引起的环境地质问题作出评价;未开发过的新区,应对原生地质环境作出评价;老矿区则应针对已出现的环境地质问题(如放射性、有害气体、各种不良自然地质现象的展布及危害性)进行调研,找出产生和形成条件,预测其发展趋势,提出治理措施。 在矿区范围内,针对不同的矿石类型,采集具有代表性的样品,进行加工选冶性能试验。可类比的易选矿石应进行实验室流程试验,一般矿石在实验室流程试验基础上,进行实验扩大连续试验,难选矿石和新类型矿石应进行实验室扩大连续试验,必要时进行半工业试验。 勘探时未进行可行性研究的,可依据系统工程及加密工程的取样资料、有效的物探、化探资料及各种实测的参数,用一般工业指标圈定矿体,并选择适合的方法,详细估算相应类型的资源量;进行了预可行性研究或可行性研究的,可根据当时的市场价格论证后所确定的、由地质矿产主管部门下达的正式工业指标圈定矿体,详细估算相应类型的储量、基础储量和资源量,为矿山初步设计和矿山建设提供依据。探明的可采储量应满足矿山返本付息的需要。 4.4 勘查工作质量 各项勘查工作都应执行相应规范、规定,保证质量要求。对勘查工作中出现的所有质量问题,都应该客观、详实地反映和评价,不允许用平均数来掩饰质量问题。 4.4.1 地形及工程测量 地形测量和勘查工程测量应采用全国通用的坐标系统和最新的国家高程基准点进行。对于边远地区小矿,周围没有可供联测的全国坐标系统基准点时,可采用全球卫星定位系统(GPS)提供的当地数据,建立独立坐标系统测图。但必须详细说明所采用定位仪器的型号、定位的时间、程序、精度。测量的精度要求,应按有关规范执行。不同比例尺的勘探线剖面应当是实测剖面。 4.4.2 地质填图 不论哪种比例尺的地质填图,都应以地质观察为基础,其精度要求应按同比例尺地质测量规范要求。大比例尺地质填图是为矿产勘查、矿山建设设计服务的,比例尺的选择应以矿床的矿体规模、形态复杂程度以及各勘查阶段的要求为依据。地质点要布设在界线上或有特殊意义的地方,用仪器法展绘到图上。对于薄矿体(层)、标志层及其它有特殊意义的地质现象,必要时应扩大表示。 4.4.3 水文地质、工程地质、环境地质工作 各种比例尺的水文地质、工程地质测量和环境地质调查,均应符合相应比例尺规范的要求和相应勘查阶段对矿区水文地质、工程地质、环境地质工作的要求。专门水文地质工作及岩矿石物理力学性质测定样的测试都应满足有关规定、规范的要求,以保证工作成果的可靠性。 4.4.4 物探、化探工作 各种比例尺的地球物理测量、地球化学测量的质量,都应符合相应比例尺规范的要求。各项测试数据应准确、可靠。 4.4.5 探矿工程 对覆盖层小于3 m的浅部矿体可使用探槽、浅坑,大于3 m应采用浅井。钻探工程的质量应符合钻探规程的要求,矿芯及顶、底板3~5 m范围内的岩石及标志层和全孔岩芯采取率不得低于规程规定或勘查设计的要求。当厚大矿体连续5 m低于要求时,应立即采取补救措施。钻孔(井)进出矿体应测顶角、方位角,丈量孔深。钻孔实际出矿点偏离设计出矿点的垂直勘探线距离,应视矿床具体情况而定。砂钻严禁超套管采样,开孔、穿矿、终孔应测钻头内径。坑探工程应按坑探规程或设计要求进行。 4.4.6 采样及测试(含加工选冶试验样品) 必须严格执行采样规范的要求,不得混样、错号,严禁选择性采样。难以识别的矿石或可能矿化地段,应连续取样。煤质采样要根据不同煤类及其可能的工业用途、煤质主要指标的变化程度来确定。砂矿样的淘洗、称重按有关规范执行。金属、非金属矿产样品加工应严格遵循切乔特公式,样品加工重量总损失率不大于5%。样品分析、测试,应由国家认证的有资质的化验单位承担,严格执行操作规程和质量标准。内检样品必须由送样单位编密码、送原分析单位进行验证。外检样亦编密码,附原分析方法的说明,送指定实验室进行外检。具体要求应按有关规范执行。 加工选冶试验样品的采取,要考虑矿石类型、特征及代表性,能分采的应分类型采集。实验室流程试验样和扩大连续试验样在采集前应与试验单位共同编制采样设计,在采集时还要考虑到开采时矿石的贫化。样品主要组分含量应低于所代表的矿石类型的平均品位。当矿石中有共、伴生有用组分时,采样时应一并考虑。加工选冶试验的各环节都必须符合规范、规程的要求。 4.4.7 地质编录、综合整理 必须严格执行有关规范的要求。原始地质编录要在现场进行,应及时、准确、客观、齐全,综合整理要运用新理论、新方法,全面、深入的分析研究。鼓励使用计算机辅助野外采集系统,凡能用计算机成图、成表的资料,都应按标准化表格内容的要求填写。工程、采样、测试、编录的质量问题及矿体、矿石质量的异常变化,应如实在报告中一一反映。
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