Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.
Annexes A, B and C of this standard are informative.
This standard was proposed by the Electronic Information Base Department of the General Armaments Department of the PLA.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the Aerospace Equipment Research and Development Center of the General Armaments Department of the PLA.
General technical requirements of hoisting, turning, parking, transportation and storage for spacecraft
1 Scope
This standard specifies the general requirements of hoisting, turning, parking, transportation and storage for spacecraft and its mechanical ground support equipment (hereinafter referred to as equipment).
This standard is applicable to the hoisting, turning, parking, transportation and storage of spacecraft in all stages of development.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections) to, or revisions, of any of these publications do not apply. However parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references or references with version not indicated, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
GB 5082 The commanding signal for lifting and moving
GB/T 6067-1985 Safety rules for lifting appliances
GJB 421 Terminology of satellite
GJB 1443 Packaging-handling-transportation-storage of products - requirements for quality management
QJ 1423-1988 Management requirements on safety and technical assessment of special operation personnel
QJ 2438 Technological requirements for packaging satellites
QJ 2472.1-1993 General specification for lifting devices - Beam-type lifting devices
QJ 10009-2008 Technical requirements for hoisting, turning, parking and transportation of spacecrafts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in GJB 421, as well as the following apply.
3.1 hydro set
hoisting appliance driven by hydraulics, which is capable of realizing stepless speed change
3.2 mechanical ground support equipment (MGSE)
general term of mechanical equipment needed for ground operation, test, packaging, transportation and storage of spacecraft, mainly including hoisting, packaging, transportation and deployment equipment and process equipment
4 General requirements
4.1 Environmental conditions
The environmental conditions for hoisting, turning, parking and storage of spacecraft are generally as follows:
a) temperature: 20±5℃;
b) relative humidity: 30%~60%;
c) cleanliness: 100,000 (ISO Class 8);
d) illuminance: 300lx;
e) noise: ≤65dB.
4.2 Command, operation and inspection personnel
The command, operation and inspection personnel for hoisting, turning, parking, transportation and storage of spacecraft shall meet the following requirements:
a) Pass the training and hold a work license. The crane operator shall also comply with the requirements of Clause 5, QJ 1423-1988. The hoisting operator shall know the performance of the equipment operated, and be familiar with the operating instructions of ground equipment and this standard.
b) Be familiar with the external mechanical interfaces and equipment of spacecraft, be able to use command signals and contact methods correctly, be familiar with various emergency response plans, and be able to handle various problems correctly to ensure safety.
c) The inspection personnel shall check whether the operation on site, the state of each connecting part and the state of spacecraft are correct at any time, keep records at any time, and make video records when necessary.
d) Wear dust-proof and antistatic work clothes, work caps and work shoes when working. The work clothes have no pockets but three tight positions (neckline, cuffs and ankles), and the electrostatic charge accumulation amount is not greater than 0.6μC per piece. The operation personnel on spacecraft shall not wear items such as watches, bracelets, finger ring, necklaces and earrings, and shall not carry mobile phones, keys, coins, lighters, etc. in their pockets of clothes and trousers.
4.3 Equipment
Generally, the equipment meets the following requirements:
a) the equipment shall be equipped with verification certificate and be used within the qualified period of weekly inspection. Where subjected to increased hoisting load or in idle for a long time, the equipment shall be subjected to hoisting test before hoisting;
b) the equipment may only be put into use after passing the acceptance according to the special documents or relevant requirements, and the equipment used shall be kept clean. Protective measures shall be taken to prevent damage to the equipment part in contact with the spacecraft. The protective layer sprayed on the surface shall not fall off, and the rotating and sliding parts shall be flexible;
c) the equipment shall be marked with product code, name, serial number, rated load, maximum envelope size, manufacturing date and brief precautions in conspicuous position;
d) the equipment shall be able to move easily in the plant;
e) the hoisting appliance test shall be carried out according to the requirements of Clause 5, QJ 2472.1-1993. Before being used, the steel wire rope shall be checked with a steel wire rope state detector or a 10X and above magnifying glass to check whether there are any broken wires, scratches, indentations and other damages on its surface. The flat hoisting belt shall be checked to see whether there are any broken wires, or any open wires at the seams. The round hoisting belt shall checked to see whether the outer sleeve is damaged or whether the bearing tow is broken;
f) the hoisting appliance shall have the adjustment function to keep the docking surface between the spacecraft and the equipment or adapter parallel during hoisting and docking;
g) see Annex A for the use of synthetic fiber hoisting belt;
h) generally, the design safety coefficient of parking, transportation and storage equipment is not less than 3, and that of hoisting and turning equipment is not less than 5;
i) the design, manufacturing, acceptance and use of storage packaging boxes shall comply with the requirements of QJ 2438; the transportation packaging boxes shall meet the hoisting and fixing requirements of loading (cars, trains and aircrafts); and the packaging boxes shall also adapt to the changes of internal and external pressures during transportation.
4.4 Spacecraft
The hoisting, turning, parking, transportation and storage conditions of spacecraft shall comply with the requirements of special technical documents. The moving parts, cables and multilayer insulation materials of spacecraft shall be firmly fixed before operations other than parking.
4.5 Grounding
The spacecraft shall be grounded through its main grounding point at any time, and the grounding resistance between the main grounding pile and the process grounding pile in the general assembly plant shall not be greater than 1Ω. The spacecraft in the packaging box shall be grounded through the metal structure of the packaging box, and the lap resistance between the main grounding pile of spacecraft and the grounding point of the packaging box shall not be greater than 1Ω.
4.6 Quality management
The quality management of hoisting, turning, parking, transportation and storage for spacecraft shall be carried out according to GJB 1443.
5 Technical requirements for hoisting
5.1 Hoisting safety
The safety requirements for hoisting are as follows:
a) The cranes and hoisting appliance shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 1~3 in GB/T 6067-1985.
b) Insulation shall be maintained between the hoisting hook and the hoisting appliance for hoisting spacecraft, for which, the insulation resistance shall be greater than 100MΩ.
c) Measures against oil leakage shall be taken for the crane hoisting the spacecraft.
d) Generally, hydro sets are used when docking the spacecraft with a launch vehicle adapter.
e) The hoisting operation shall be commanded by special personnel; the commander shall organize the implementation according to various signals specified in GB 5082, and shall make clear and master the precautions during hoisting. The personnel concerned shall stick to their posts, obey the command and operate carefully.
f) The outdoor hoisting of spacecrafts or packaging boxes with spacecrafts inside shall be carried out according to special technical documents. When the wind speed is greater than 8m/s or on rainy days, outdoor hoisting shall be stopped.
g) When hoisting a spacecraft, the total load hoisted by special hoisting appliance shall not exceed the rated load of hoisting equipment or hoisting appliance, and the spacecraft shall be ensured to be stable during hoisting. Generally, the mass center of the spacecraft shall be located below the hoisting point.
h) The hoisting appliance shall have an adjustment device to ensure that the docking surface of the spacecraft is in a horizontal state during hoisting.
i) The crane in the propellant filling plant in the technical area of the launch site shall be explosion-proof.
j) Unless otherwise specified, the operating speed of the hook for in-plant hoisting and spacecraft hoisting is as follows:
1) rising speed: ≤1m/min;
2) falling speed: ≤0.5m/min;
3) translation velocity: ≤3m/min;
4) docking speed: ≤0.2m/min.
k) After the spacecraft is hoisted, it is forbidden for personnel to stay or pass below.
l) When the spacecraft bottom is 1.8m higher than the ground, 3~4 anti-sway ropes shall be tied on the spacecraft in advance, and pulled by the operation personnel to protect the spacecraft; if necessary, the spacecraft may be directly touched.
m) When the spacecraft is hoisted off the trolley or dropped on the trolley, the trolley wheels shall not be in braking state, the operation personnel shall pay attention to personal safety, and the spacecraft shall not be bumped or extruded.
n) In case of emergency during hoisting, an "emergency stop" signal shall be immediately sent to the crane driver, who shall obey the "emergency stop" signal sent by anyone and take emergency measures.
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General requirements
5 Technical requirements for hoisting
6 Technical requirements for turning
7 Technical requirements of parking
8 Technical requirements of transportation
9 Storage
Annex A (Informative) Use of synthetic fiber hoisting belt
Annex B (Informative) Technical data of ER-76 aircraft
Annex C (Informative) Technical transportation data of An-124 aircraft
航天器吊装、翻转、停放、运输、贮存通用技术要求
1 范围
本标准规定了航天器吊装、翻转、停放、运输、贮存及其机械地面支持设备(以下简称设备)的通用要求。
本标准适用于航天器研制各阶段的吊装、翻转、停放、运输和贮存。
2 引用文件
下列文件中的有关条款通过引用而成为本标准的条款。凡注日期或版次的引用文件,其后的任何修改单(不包含勘误的内容)或修订版本都不适用于本标准,但提倡使用本标准的各方探讨使用其最新版本的可能性。凡不注日期或版次的引用文件,其最新版本适用于本标准。
GB 5082 起重吊运指挥信号
GB/T 6067-1985 起重机械安全规程
GJB 421 卫星术语
GJB 1443 产品包装、装卸、运输、贮存的质量管理要求
QJ 1423-1988 特种作业人员安全技术考核管理规定
QJ 2438 卫星包装技术条件
QJ 2472.1-1993 吊具通用技术条件 梁式吊具
QJ 10009-2008 飞船吊装、翻转、停放、运输技术要求
3 术语和定义
GJB 421 确立的以及下列术语和定义适用于本标准。
3.1 液压吊具 hydro set
应用液压原理驱动的、能实现无级变速的吊具。
3.2 机械地面支持设备 mechanical ground support equipment(MGSE)
对航天器进行地面操作、试验、包装、运输和贮存时所需要的机械设备的总称,主要有吊装、包装、运输和展开等设备及工艺装备。
4 一般要求
4.1 环境条件
航天器吊装、翻转、停放和贮存的环境条件一般为:
a) 温度:20℃±5℃;
b) 相对湿度:30%~60%;
c) 洁净度:100000级(ISO 8级);
d) 照度:300 lx;
e) 噪声:不大于60dB。
4.2 指挥、操作及检验人员
航天器吊装、翻转、停放、运输和贮存的指挥、操作及检验人员应符合下列要求:
a) 应经培训合格并持有上岗证,起重机操作员还应符合QJ 1423-1988中第5章的规定,吊装操作人员应了解所操作设备的性能,熟悉地面设备使用说明和本标准。
b) 应熟悉航天器的外部机械接口和设备,能正确使用指挥信号和联络方法,熟悉各种应急处理预案,并能正确处置各种问题,确保安全。
c) 检验人员随时检查现场的操作、各连接部位和航天器的状态是否正确,并随时做好记录,必要时进行视频记录。
d) 工作时应穿戴防尘、防静电的工作服、工作帽、工作鞋。工作服无口袋,三紧口,静电电荷积累量每件不大于0.6μC。上航天器操作人员不应佩带手表、手镯、戒指、项链、耳环等物品。衣裤口袋内不应有手机、钥匙、硬币、打火机等物品。
4.3 设备
设备一般满足以下要求:
a) 设备应有检定合格证并在周检合格期内使用,吊装载荷增加后或长期未使用的情况下,在吊装前应进行吊装试验;
b) 设备应按专用文件或相关要求经过验收合格方可投入使用,使用的设备应保持清洁,与航天器接触处应采取防止损伤航天器的防护措施,表面喷涂的保护层不应脱落,转动和滑动等部位应灵活;
c) 设备上醒目位置应标有产品代号、名称、序号、额定载荷、最大包络尺寸、制造日期及简要注意事项等内容;
d) 设备应能在厂房内方便移动;
e) 吊具试验按QJ 2472.1-1993中第5章的规定,钢丝绳使用前应用钢丝绳状态检测仪或10倍及以上放大镜检查表面有无断丝、划伤、压痕和其他损伤,扁平吊带检查有无断丝、缝合处有无开线,圆形吊带检查外套管是否出现破损、承载丝束有无断裂;
f) 吊具应具有调节功能,保持起吊和对接时航天器与设备或适配器之间的对接面平行;
g) 合成纤维吊带的使用参见附录A;
h) 停放、运输和贮存设备的设计安全系数一般不小于3,吊装和翻转设备的设计安全系数一般不小于5;
i) 贮存包装箱设计、制造、验收和使用应符合QJ 2438的规定,运输包装箱应适应装车(汽车、火车)、装(飞)机的吊装和固定要求,包装箱还应适应运输时内外压力的变化。
4.4 航天器
航天器吊装、翻转、停放、运输及贮存状态应符合专用技术文件的规定,除停放状态外,进行其余作业前,航天器的活动部件、电缆和多层隔热材料等应固定牢固。
4.5 接地
航天器任何时候应通过其主接地点接地,主接地桩与总装厂房中的工艺接地桩之间的搭接地电阻应不大于1Ω。在包装箱内的航天器应通过包装箱金属结构接地,航天器主接地桩与包装箱的接地点之间的搭接电阻应不大于1Ω。
4.6 质量管理
航天器吊装、翻转、停放、运输和贮存的质量管理应按GJB 1443的规定执行。
5 吊装技术要求
5.1 吊装安全
吊装安全要求为:
a) 吊车和吊具应符合GB/T 6067-1985中第1~3章的规定。
b) 吊装航天器的吊钩与吊具之间应保持绝缘,绝缘电阻应大于100MΩ。
c) 吊装航天器的吊车应有防漏油措施。
d) 航天器与运载火箭适配器对接时一般使用液压吊具。
e) 吊装作业应设专人指挥,指挥者应按GB 5082规定的各种信号组织实施,并应明确和掌握吊装工作中的注意事项,人员应坚守岗位、服从指挥和谨慎操作。
f) 室外吊装航天器或装有航天器的包装箱,应按专用技术文件进行,当风速大于8m/s或雨天时,应停止室外吊装作业。
g) 吊装航天器时,使用专用吊具起吊的总载荷不应超过吊装设备或吊具的额定载荷,吊装航天器时应保证航天器的稳定,一般航天器的质心应位于吊点下方。
h) 吊具应有调节装置,确保航天器在吊装中对接面处于水平状态。
i) 在发射场技术区推进剂加注厂房内的吊车应为防爆型。
i) 除非另有规定,在厂房内吊装和吊运航天器的吊钩运行速度为:
1) 上升速度不大于1m/min;
2) 下降速度不大于0.5m/min;
3) 平移速度不大于3m/min;
4) 对接速度不大于0.2m/min。
k) 航天器起吊后,下方严禁人员停留或通过。
l) 当航天器底部距地面高于1.8m时,需在航天器上预先系好防晃绳3~4根,并由操作人员牵引保护,必要时可直接接触航天器。
m) 航天器在吊离架车或落放在架车过程中,架车轮一般不应处于制动状态,操作人员应注意人身安全,航天器不得磕碰、挤压。
n) 吊运过程中如遇紧急情况,应立即向吊车司机发出“紧急停止”信号,吊车司机应服从任何人发出的“紧急停止”信号,并采取应急措施。
5.2 吊装流程
5.2.1 吊装流程图
吊装流程图见图1。
吊装前的准备
装联吊具
拆卸连接并确认状态
吊装航天器
航天器与停放架车(适配器)对接
制动停放架车并拆除吊具
图1 吊装流程图
5.2.2 吊装前的准备
吊装前的准备如下:
a) 检查吊车、吊具和停放架车是否有合格证,是否在周检期内;
b) 检查吊车、吊具和停放架车的完整性,吊车和停放架车的制动性能应良好;
c) 检查吊车的运动部位,不应有油液等润滑剂滴漏;
d) 在航天器将要停放的场地,展开相应的工装或架车等设施;
e) 清理吊装现场,吊装路线中不应有障碍物;
f) 一般情况下,处于吊装的航天器内不应停留人员;
g) 在航天器上安装吊装接头;
h) 在吊车上安装吊具并调水平。
5.2.3 装联吊具
根据航天器吊装状态,选取吊点,然后安装吊具并连接吊具与吊装接头,通过自检、互检和专职检验员的检查,确认无误。
5.2.4 拆卸连接并确认状态
拆卸航天器与工装设备(适配器)的连接,确认吊装状态符合规定。
5.2.5 吊装航天器
吊装航天器的要求为:
a) 当吊装指挥员发出“准备吊装”和“开始”的信号后,吊车司机开始操作;
b) 当起吊设备的吊钩和吊具刚处于拉紧状态时,吊装指挥应发出“停止”信号,并从相互垂直的两个方向检查吊绳和所吊航天器是否处于垂直状态,各吊装点联接有无异常;
c) 吊装指挥发出“上升一点”的信号后,吊车司机开始起吊,当航天器略微上升离开支承面时,指挥员应发出“停止”信号,并检查航天器是否处于正常,确认稳妥后,按照5.1 j)规定的速度继续吊装,否则应放下航天器进行调整;
d) 当航天器吊到指定位置上空并下降到离支承面约100mm时,指挥员发出“停止”信号。
5.2.6 航天器与停放架车(适配器)对接
航天器与停放架车(适配器)对接步骤为:
a) 调整航天器和停放架车(适配器)的相对位置,使航天器的支承面轴线对准停放架车(适配器)轴线;
b) 按照5.1 j)规定的速度下降航天器,直到航天器平稳停放在停放架车(适配器)上;
c) 安装航天器与停放架车(适配器)的连接件。
5.2.7 制动停放架车并拆除吊具
制动停放架车并拆除吊具的顺序为:
a) 制动停放架车;
b) 拆除吊具与吊装接头;
c) 检查、确认航天器的状态符合要求。
5.2.8 飞船吊装的特殊要求
飞船的整船吊装、轨道舱吊装、返回舱吊装、推进舱和附加段吊装等特殊要求应分别符合QJ 10009-2008中5.7、5.3、5.4、5.5、5.6的规定。
5.2.9 航天器有特殊要求的吊装
航天器其他特殊要求的吊装按专用技术文件进行。
6 翻转技术要求
6.1 翻转安全
翻转安全要求为:
a) 翻转设备技术状态应符合相关规定。
b) 如无特殊规定,翻转速度为:
1) 整个航天器翻转速度一般不超过30(°)/min;
2) 舱段的翻转速度一般不超过60(°)/min。
c) 翻转作业应有专人指挥。
d) 翻转设备与航天器连接部位应垫防护物。
e) 检查航天器表面应无与翻转设备干涉的凸起物。
f) 用主、副吊钩翻转时,翻转前应检查航天器的质心是否处于吊点的下方,并固定自由状态的活动部件、电缆等。
g) 用主、副吊钩翻转时,应同时升起主、副吊钩,当航天器离开地面大于2m后方可进行翻转。
6.2 翻转流程
6.2.1 翻转流程图
采用主、副吊钩翻转时的流程见图2。
翻转前的准备
装联翻转吊具
拆卸连接并确认状态
翻转航天器
航天器与停放架车(适配器)对接
解脱翻转吊具并确认状态
图2 翻转流程图
6.2.2 翻转前的准备
翻转前的准备要求为:
a) 检查翻转设备、吊具和停放架车是否有合格证,是否在周检期内;
b) 检查起重设备和翻转吊具的完整性;
c) 通过工装设备调平航天器;
d) 在航天器上安装翻转接头。
6.2.3 装联翻转吊具
将主、副吊具与翻转接头连接,通过自检、互检和专职检验员检查,确认无误。
6.2.4 拆卸连接并确认状态
拆卸连接并确认状态的要求为:
a) 当指挥员发出“准备翻转作业”和“开始”的信号后,吊车司机开始操作;
b) 翻转时,当吊钩和吊具刚处于拉紧状态时,吊装指挥应发出“停止”信号,并从相互垂直的两个方向检查吊绳和所吊航天器是否处于垂直状态,各吊装点连接有无异常;
c) 确认翻转状态符合规定;
d) 拆卸航天器与工装的连接。
6.2.5 翻转航天器
翻转的步骤为:
a) 当指挥发出“上升一点”的信号后,吊车司机操作同时升起主、副吊钩,当航天器略微上升离开支承面时,指挥员应发出“停止”信号,并由专职人员检查航天器是否处于正常状态;
b) 同时升起主、副吊钩,翻转速度符合6.1 b)的规定,当航天器与地面最小距离为2m时,缓缓上升或下降副吊钩,使航天器转一定角度,保持航天器最低点离地面的距离不少于1m;
c) 同时升起主、副吊钩,使航天器与地面最小距离为2m时,停止主吊钩运动,然后提升或下降副吊钩;
d) 反复进行本条的b)、c)作业,直至航天器转到需要状态为止。
6.2.6 航天器与停放架车(适配器)对接
航天器与停放架车(适配器)对接要求为:
a) 航天器与目标工装对接,安装航天器与目标工装的连接;
b) 拆除翻转吊具,拆除翻转接头;
c) 检查航天器的状态。
6.2.7 解脱翻转吊具并确认状态
解脱翻转吊具并确认状态的顺序为:
a) 确认停放架车处于制动状态;
b) 拆除翻转吊具与翻转接头;
c) 检查、确认航天器的状态符合要求。
6.2.8 飞船翻转的特殊要求
飞船的轨道舱翻转、返回舱翻转和推进舱翻转等特殊要求应分别符合QJ 10009-2008中6.4、6.5和6.6的规定。
6.2.9 航天器有特殊要求的翻转
航天器有特殊要求的翻转按专用技术文件进行。
7 停放技术要求
7.1 停放架车的安全要求
停放架车的安全要求为:
a) 停放架车上的航天器停放面应贴有防护层(如1mm硅橡胶板);
b) 停放架车机械接口与航天器相匹配,与航天器接触面的平面度一般优于0.2mm;
c) 停放架车一般具有牵引装置;
d) 停放架车应有轮子锁紧机构及支承装置,停放架车的轮子材料不应产生污染物;
e) 停放架车应有防止航天器水平滑动措施。
7.2 航天器的停放要求
航天器的停放要求为:
a) 航天器一般采取垂直停放,停放面为航天器与运载火箭对接面或特殊设计的停放面;
b) 调节停放架车的支撑杆,使停放架车处于水平锁紧状态;
c) 航天器与停放架车的连接一般采用螺栓(钉)连接,也可采用包带连接;
d) 如无特殊规定,停放环境条件应符合4.1的规定;
e) 短时间(少于1h)在厂房外停放航天器应穿防护衣,防护衣里层为防静电材料,外层采用防尘防水材料,长时间停放时,航天器应置于专用包装箱内,并按有关贮存要求执行;
f) 飞船的停放应按QJ 10009-2008中第7章的规定执行。
7.3 停放的隔离措施
停放的隔离措施为:
a) 停放后航天器周围应设置隔离区,并有明显标志;
b) 已停放航天器的架车,应及时连接地线;
c) 调节支撑杆,使架车处于水平锁紧状态。
8 运输技术要求
8.1 运输安全
运输安全要求为:
a) 在运输过程中,航天器应有良好的接地措施,接地电阻不大于1Ω;
b) 除厂房内转运外,航天器一般在包装箱内运输;
c) 公路运输前应完成路况检查,根据桥涵的高度、宽度和载重量允许运输设备通过;
d) 根据桥涵的高度和宽度,对运输设备的车厢高度和减振系统等进行调节。
8.2 厂房内转运
厂房内转运要求为:
a) 卫星在厂房内工位间的转运一般采用停放架车完成,飞船整船在厂房内工位间的转运应采用气垫车或专人驾驶的专用产品转运车完成;
b) 在转运过程中应实施接地保护;
c) 厂房内运输可用人力或电瓶车牵引,速度应不大于15m/min。
8.3 厂房间运输
厂房间运输要求为:
a) 航天器在厂房间转运一般用专用包装箱完成,特殊情况不能用包装箱转运时,航天器应穿防护衣,防护衣里层为防静电材料,外层采用防尘防水材料;
b) 厂房间转运可用人力、电瓶车或公路运输车,运输速度不大于10km/h,过障碍物时速度应小于5km/h;
c) 航天器在运输过程中应实施接地保护措施。
8.4 公路运输
8.4.1 运输车辆
运输车辆要求为:
a) 公路运输车一般为专人驾驶的专用车辆,公路运输应设引导车,引导车有示高和示宽的标志;
b) 运输车的载重量应与被运输的载荷的重量相匹配;
c) 公路运输车应有防静电及消防措施;
d) 运输超长、超宽航天器及其包装箱时,运输车应设置明显的超长、超宽标志;
e) 公路运输车应有减振措施;
f) 公路运输车每次任务使用前应进行不小于60km的跑车试验,保证车辆处于良好状态。
8.4.2 运输要求
8.4.2.1 如无特殊规定,运输速度为:
a) 在城市道路上的运输速度一般不超过40km/h;
b) 在高速公路上的运输速度一般不超过60km/h;
c) 在过铁路道岔、路障时,运输速度应不大于10km/h;
d) 在厂外短距离(不大于5km)转运时,运输速度一般小于15km/h;
e) 应有专人押运。
8.4.2.2 运输前由检验人员按专用技术文件检查运输技术状态和运输道路是否有障碍物。运输开始20km后停车检查。确认无异常后,方可继续行驶。按运输路程长度,适当设置再停车检查点。
8.4.2.3 预计运输中航天器温度超过建造规范规定的温度值时,应配备途中向航天器包装箱温度控制系统供电的电源。
8.4.2.4 运输途中不应超速或紧急制动。
8.5 铁路运输
8.5.1 铁路运输车辆
铁路运输车辆和装车要求为:
a) 铁路运输可选择符合安全要求的专用车辆(如仪器车)和普通平板车;
b) 装载航天器的车厢应位于列车振动最小处,距机车和列车尾端应不小于12轴远的距离;
c) 预计运输中航天器温度超过规定的温度时,应配备途中向航天器包装箱温度控制系统供电的电源。
8.5.2 铁路运输要求
铁路运输要求为:
a) 运输速度应不大于100km/h,不应驼峰溜放;
b) 运输包装箱应具有减振系统,具有温度控制和压力控制能力,包装箱与火车车体固定牢靠,引出接地线并与车体金属可靠连接;
c) 应有专人押运。
8.6 航空运输
8.6.1 运输飞机的选择和空运包装箱的基本要求
运输飞机的选择和空运包装箱的基本要求为:
a) 运输飞机的选用参见附录B和附录C;
b) 包装箱应适合飞机机舱的运输包络尺寸、运输力学环境条件、舱压变化、温度变化和吊装、固定要求。
8.6.2 航空运输要求
航空运输要求为:
a) 航天器包装箱应装在飞机质心附近,包装箱底部四角与飞机地板之间放置橡胶垫,包装箱与机舱固定后应与机舱金属接好地线,包装箱的气压平衡口为开启状态;
b) 飞机起飞、降落应平稳;
c) 实时监测飞机在起飞、巡航和降落时的振动、冲击载荷;
d) 应有专人押运。
8.7 发射场转场运输
8.7.1 卫星转场运输要求
卫星在发射场厂房间的转运一般装在包装箱内,包装箱按规定充高纯氮气,连接好接地线,运输速度不大于10km/h。卫星从技术区到发射区的转运一般在整流罩内垂直运输,运输条件按专用技术条件执行。
卫星从技术区到发射区采用单独运输时,卫星应在垂直包装箱内按专用技术文件要求进行运输。
8.7.2 飞船转场运输要求
飞船整船与运载火箭对接后,按专用技术文件要求垂直运输到发射区。