GB/T 8897.1-2021 Primary batteries—Part 1: General
GB/T 8897 consists of the following five parts, under the general title Primary Batteries:
— Part 1: General;
— Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications;
— Part 3: Watch Batteries;
— Part 4: Safety of Lithium Batteries;
— Part 5: Safety of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte.
This part is Part 1 of GB/T 8897.
This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part replaces GB/T 8897.1-2013 Primary Batteries — Part 1: General in whole, and the major technical changes have been made with respect to the GB/T 8897.1-2013:
— the definition of coin/button cell or battery is clarified in order to better address issues with the swallowing of coin cells (see 3.3 and 3.6; 3.3 of Edition 2013);
— details on capacity measurement are moved from Annex E to Subclause 5.1 (see 5.1; Annex E of Edition 2013).
— the number of test batteries is changed from 9 to 8, and calculate the average without the exclusion of any result (see 5.3; 5.3 of Edition 2013);
— the humidity conditions for non P-system batteries in Table 3 is modified (see 6.1; 6.1 of Edition 2013);
— the standard discharge voltage for the Y and W chemistries is added (see Annex G, G.3);
— the order of the Annexes is changed to the order in which they appear in the document and a caption is added to indicate where the Annex information first appears in the document;
— Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms is added (see Annex D);
— Annex E (Normative) Packaging and Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells is added (see Annex E);
— Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign is added (see Annex F).
This part was proposed by China National Light Industry Council.
This part is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee 176 on Primary Cells and Batteries of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 176).
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
— GB/T 8897-1988, GB/T 8897-1996;
— GB/T 8897.1-2003, GB/T 8897.1-2008, GB/T 8897.1-2013.
Primary Batteries — Part 1: General
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 8897 is intended to standardize primary batteries with respect to electrochemical systems, dimensions, nomenclature, terminal configurations, markings, test methods, typical performance, safety and environmental aspects. As a primary battery classification tool, electrochemical systems are also standardized with respect to system letter, electrodes, electrolyte, nominal and maximum open circuit voltage.
This part is applicable to the batteries that meet the requirements of Annex A to ensure that batteries from different manufacturers are interchangeable according to standard form, fit and function.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 8897.2-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications (IEC 60086-2:2015, MOD)
GB/T 8897.3-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 3: Watch Batteries (IEC 60086-3:2016, MOD)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
application test
simulation of the actual use of a battery in a specific application
3.2
battery
one or more cells electrically connected and fitted in a case, with terminals, markings and protective devices etc., as necessary for use
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-04, modified]
3.3
button (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
Note: In English, the term “button (cell or battery)” is only used for non-lithium batteries while the term “coin (cell or battery)” is used for lithium batteries only. In languages other than English, the terms “coin” and “button” are often used interchangeably, regardless of the electrochemical system.
3.4
cell
basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of chemical energy
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-01]
3.5
closed-circuit voltage (CCV)
voltage across the terminals of a battery when it is on discharge
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-28, modified.
3.6
coin (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
3.7
cylindrical (cell or battery)
round cell or battery in which the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter
Note: IEC 60050-482: 2004, definition 482-02-39, modified.
3.8
discharge of a primary battery
operation during which a battery delivers current to an external circuit
3.9
dry (primary) battery
primary battery in which the liquid electrolyte is essentially immobilized
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-04-14, modified.
3.10
effective internal resistance – DC method
the internal d.c. resistance of any electrochemical cell is defined by the following relation:
3.11
end-point voltage; EV
specified voltage of a battery at which the battery discharge is terminated
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-30]
3.12
leakage
unplanned escape of electrolyte, gas or other material from a cell or battery
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-02-32]
3.13
minimum average duration; MAD
minimum average time on discharge which is met by a sample of batteries
Note: The discharge test is carried out according to the specified methods or standards and designed to show conformity with the standard applicable to the battery types.
3.14
nominal voltage (of a primary battery)
Un
suitable approximate value of the voltage used to designate or identify a cell, a battery or an electrochemical system
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-31, modified.
3.15
open-circuit voltage; OCV
voltage across the terminals of a cell or battery when it is off discharge
3.16
primary (cell or battery)
cell or battery that is not designed to be electrically recharged
3.17
round (cell or battery)
cell or battery with circular cross section
3.1 8
service output (of a primary battery)
service life, or capacity, or energy output of a battery under specified conditions of discharge
3.1 9
service output test
test designed to measure the service output of a battery
Note: A service output test may be prescribed, for example, when:
a) an application test is too complex to replicate;
b) the duration of an application test would make it impractical for routine testing purposes .
3.20
small battery
cell or battery fitting entirely within the limits of the truncated cylinder as defined in Figure 1
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 1 Ingestion gauge (inner dimensions)
3.21
storage life
duration under specified conditions at the end of which a battery retains its ability to perform a specified service output
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-47, modified.
3.22
terminals (of a primary battery)
conductive parts of a battery that provide connection to an external circuit
3.23
explosion (battery explosion)
an instantaneous release wherein solid matter from any part of the battery is propelled to a distance greater than 25 cm away from the battery
4 Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 Design
When designing primary batteries, the aforementioned considerations shall be taken into account. Specifically, their dimensional conformity and stability, their physical and electrical performance and their safe operation under normal use and foreseeable mis-use conditions shall be assured.
Additional information on equipment design can be found in Annex B.
4.1.2 Battery dimensions
The dimensions for individual types of batteries are given in GB/T 8897.2-2021 and GB/T 8897.3-2021.
4.1.3 Terminals
4.1.3.1 General
Terminals shall be in accordance with Clause 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
Their physical shape shall be designed in such a way that they ensure that the batteries make and maintain good electrical contact at all times.
They shall be made of materials that provide good electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
4.1.3.2 Contact pressure resistance
Where stated in the battery specification tables or the individual specification sheets in GB/T 8897.2-2021, the following applies a force of 10 N applied through a steel ball of 1 mm diameter at the centre of each contact area for a period of 10 s shall not cause any apparent deformation which might prevent satisfactory operation of the battery.
Note: See also GB/T 8897.3-2021 for exceptions.
4.1.3.3 Cap and base
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 1 to 4, Figure 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021 and which have the cylindrical side of the battery insulated from the terminals.
4.1.3.4 Cap and case
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 7 and 8 of GB/T 8897.2-2021, but in which the cylindrical side of the battery forms part of the positive terminal.
4.1.3.5 Screw terminals
This contact consists of a threaded rod in combination with either a metal or insulated metal nut.
4.1.3.6 Flat contacts
These are essentially flat metal surfaces adapted to make electrical contact by suitable contact mechanisms bearing against them.
4.1.3.7 Flat or spiral springs
These contacts comprise flat metal strips or spirally wound wires which are in a form that provides pressure contact.
4.1.3.8 Plug-in-sockets
These are made up of a suitable assembly of metal contacts, mounted in an insulated housing or holding device and adapted to receive corresponding pins of a mating plug.
4.1.3.9 Snap fasteners
4.1.3.9.1 General
These contacts are composed of a combination comprising a stud (non-resilient) for the positive terminal and a socket (resilient) for the negative terminal.
They shall be of suitable metal so as to provide efficient electrical connection when joined to the corresponding parts of an external circuit.
4.1.3.9.2 Snap fastener
This type of terminal consists of a stud for the positive terminal and a socket for the negative terminal. These shall be made from nickel plated steel or other suitable material. They shall be designed to provide a secure physical and electrical connection, when fitted with similar corresponding parts for connection to an electrical circuit.
4.1.3.10 Wire
Wire leads may be single or multi-strand flexible insulated tinned copper. The positive terminal wire covering shall be red and the negative black.
4.1.3.11 Other spring contacts or clips
These contacts are generally used on batteries when the corresponding parts of the external circuit are not precisely known. They shall be of spring brass or of other material having similar properties.
4.1.4 Classification (electrochemical system)
Primary batteries are classified according to their electrochemical system.
Each system, with the exception of the zinc-ammonium chloride, zinc chloride-manganese dioxide system, has been allocated a letter denoting the particular system.
The electrochemical systems that have been standardized up to now are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Standardized electrochemical systems
Letter Negative electrode Electrolyte Positive electrode Nominal voltage, Un
V Maximum open circuit voltage
V
No letter Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.73
A Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.55
B Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Carbon monofluoride (CF)x 3.0 3.7
C Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 3.0 3.7
E Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) 3.6 3.9
F Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Iron disulfide (FeS2) 1.5 1.90
G Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Copper (II) oxide (CuO) 1.5 2.3
L Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.68
P Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.59
S Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Silver oxide (Ag2O) 1.55 1.63
W Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 3.0 3.05
Y Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) 3.9 4.1
Z Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) 1.5 1.78
Note 1: The value of the nominal voltage is not verifiable; therefore it is only given as a reference.
Note 2: The maximum open-circuit voltage is measured as defined in 5.5 and 6.8.1.
Note 3: When referring to an electrochemical system, common protocol is to list negative electrode first, followed by positive electrode, i.e. lithium-iron disulfide.
4.1.5 Designation
The designation of primary batteries is based on their physical parameters, their electrochemical system as well as modifiers, if needed.
A comprehensive explanation of the designation system (nomenclature) can be found in Annex C.
4.1.6 Marking
4.1.6.1 General (see Table 2)
With the exception of small batteries (see 4.1.6.2), each battery shall be marked with the following information:
a) designation;
b) expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code;
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal;
d) nominal voltage;
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier;
f) trademark;
g) executive standard number;
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions).
Note: Examples of the common designations can be found in Annex E of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
Table 2 Marking requirements
Marking Small batteries
Batteries with the exception of small batteries Other systems Small batteries
a) Designation A A C
b) Expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code A B B
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal A A D
d) nominal voltage; A B B
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier A B B
f) trademark A Ba Ba
g) executive standard number A Ba Ba
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions) A Ba Ba
A: shall be marked on the battery
B: may be marked on the immediate packing instead on the battery
C: may be marked on the battery, the sealing tab or the immediate packing
D: may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery
a Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given. Refer to 4.1.6.2 c) for details.
4.1.6.2 Marking of small batteries (see Table 2)
Small batteries are mainly Category 3 and Category 4 batteries in GB/T 8897.2-2021. The markings of small batteries are as follows:
a) Batteries designated in the IEC as small, mainly category 3 and category 4 batteries have a surface too small to accommodate all markings shown in 4.1.6.1. For these batteries the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery. All other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
b) For P-system batteries, 4.1.6.1 a) may be on the battery, the sealing tab or the package.4.1.6.1 c) may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery. 4.1.6.1 b), 4.1.6.1 d) and 4.1.6.1 e) may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
c) Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given.
Keep batteries out of the reach of children. In particular, keep batteries which are considered swallowable out of the reach of children, particularly those batteries fitting within the limits of the ingestion gauge as defined in Figure 1. See Figure 2 for an example of keep batteries out of the reach of children.
Figure 2 Example for warning against swallowing, particularly coin cell batteries
In case of ingestion of a cell or battery, seek medical assistance promptly. Swallowing coin cells or batteries can cause chemical burns, perforation of soft tissue, and in severe cases can cause death. They need to be removed immediately if swallowed. See Figure 2 for an example of appropriate warning text.
For batteries that fit entirely within the Ingestion Gauge (Figure 1) the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery, while all other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate package. However, when batteries are intended for direct sale in consumer-replaceable applications, caution for ingestion shall also be marked on the immediate package.
Safety pictograms are provided in Annex D. See Annex E for the requirements of packaging and child resistant packaging of coin cells. See Annex F for use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN safety sign.
Foreword II
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 Requirements
5 Performance Testing
6 Performance Test Conditions
7 Sampling and Quality Assurance
8 Battery Packaging
Annex A (Normative) Criteria for the Standardization of Batteries
Annex B (Informative) Recommendations for Equipment Design
Annex C (Normative) Designation System (Nomenclature)
Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms
D.1 General
Annex E (normative) Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells
Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign
Annex G (Informative) Standard Discharge Voltage — Definition and Method of Determination
Annex H (Informative) Preparation of Standard Methods of Measuring Performance (SMMP) of Consumer Goods
Annex I (Informative) Calculation Method for the Specified Value of Minimum Average Duration
Annex J (Normative) Code of Practice for Packaging, Shipment, Storage, Use and Disposal of Primary Batteries
Bibliography
原电池 第1部分：总则
1 范围
GB/T 8897的本部分规定了原电池的电化学体系、尺寸、命名法、极端结构、标志、检验方法、性能、可靠性和环境等方面的要求，还规定了作为原电池分类工具的电化学体系的体系字母、电极、电解质、标称电压和最大开路电压。
本部分适用于符合附录A要求的电池，以确保不同制造商生产的电池具有标准化的形状、配合和功能。
2 规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T 8897.2—2021 原电池 第2部分：外形尺寸和电性能(IEC 60086-2：2015，MOD)
GB/T 8897.3—2021 原电池 第3部分：手表电池(IEC 60086-3：2016，MOD)
3 术语和定义
下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1
应用检验 application test
模拟电池某种实际应用的检验。
3.2
电池 battery
装配有使用所必需的装置(如外壳、极端、标志及保护装置)的一个或多个单体电池。
注：改写IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-01-04。
3.3
扣式电池 button cell or battery
总高度小于直径的小圆形电池。
注：英文中的“button (cell or battery)扣式电池”适用于非锂电池，而“coin (cell or battery)钮扣电池”适用于锂电池。在其他语言当中，这两个单词经常互相替换使用。
3.4
[单体]电池 cell
直接把化学能转变成电能的一种电源。
注：由电极、电解质、容器、极端、通常还有隔离层组成的基本功能单元。
[IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-01-01]
3.5
闭路电压 closed-circuit voltage；CCV
电池在放电时两极端间通过的电压。
注：改写IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-03-28。
3.6
钮扣电池 coin cell or battery
总高度小于直径的小圆形电池。
3.7
圆柱形电池 cylindrical cell or battery
总高度大于或等于直径的圆形电池或单体电池。
注：改写IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-02-39。
3.8
(原电池)放电 discharge of a primary battery
电池向外电路输出电流的过程。
3.9
干(原)电池dry (primary) battery
其电解液不能流动的电池。
注：改写IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-04-14。
3.10
直流等效内阻 effective internal resistance—DC method
直流等效内阻由下式定义：
3.11
终止电压 end-point voltage；EV
规定的放电终止时的电压。
[IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-03-30]
3.12
泄漏 leakage
电解质、气体或其他物质从电池内意外溢出。
[IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-02-32]
3.13
最小平均放电时间 minimum average duration；MAD
样品电池符合的最小的平均放电时间。
注：宜按规定的方法或标准进行放电检验，以证明电池符合其适用的标准。
3.14
(原电池的)标称电压 nominal voltage of a primary battery
Un
用以标识某种电池或电化学体系的适当的电压的近似值。
注：改写IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-03-31。
3.15
开路电压 open-circuit voltage；OCV
电池停止放电时正负两极端间的电压。
3.16
原电池 primary (cell or battery)
按不可以充电设计的电池。
3.17
圆形电池 round (cell or battery)
横截面为圆形的电池或单体电池。
3.18
(原电池的)放电量 service output (of a primary battery)
电池在规定的放电条件下的放电时间、容量或能量输出。
3.19
放电量检验 service output test
测定电池放电量的检验。
注：可在下列情况下按规定做放电量检验：
a)应用检验过于复杂，难以重复进行；
b)应用检验的放电时间不适用于例行检验。
3.20
小电池 small battery
能完全放进图1所示的截去顶端的圆柱体内的电池或单体电池。
单位为毫米
图1 小电池量规(内壁尺寸)
3.21
贮存寿命 storage life
规定条件下电池的贮存时间；在贮存期结束时，电池保有规定的放电量。
注：改写IEC 60050-482：2004，定义482-03-47。
3.22
原电池的极端 terminals of a primary battery
用于使原电池与一种或多种导体相连接的导电部件。
3.23
爆炸 explosion (battery explosion)
单体电池或电池受内部瞬间过大压力影响，导致内部固体喷出且喷射物达到25cm。
4 要求
4.1 通则
4.1.1 设计
设计原电池时，特别要注意电池尺寸的一致性和稳定性、电池的外形和电性能，同时确保电池在正常使用和可预见的误用条件下的可靠性。
有关电器具设计的信息详见附录B。
4.1.2 电池尺寸
各型号电池的尺寸在GB/T 8897.2—2021和GB/T 8897.3—2021中给出。
4.1.3 极端
4.1.3.1 通则
极端应符合GB/T 8897.2—2021中第6章的规定。
极端的外形应设计成能确保电池在任何时候都能形成并保持良好的电接触。
极端应由具有适当导电性和抗腐蚀性的材料制成。
4.1.3.2 抗接触压力
在GB/T 8897.2—2021电池技术要求中提到的抗接触压力是指，通过直径为1mm的钢球，施加10N的力持续作用于电池的每个接触面中央10s，不应出现妨碍电池正常工作的明显变形。
注：例外情况详见GB/T 8897.3—2021。
4.1.3.3 帽与底座型极端
此类极端用于按GB/T 8897.2—2021中图1～图4、图6规定尺寸的电池，电池的圆柱面与正、负极端相绝缘。
4.1.3.4 帽与外壳型极端
此类极端用于GB/T 8897.2—2021中图7和图8规定尺寸的电池，电池的圆柱面构成电池正极端的一部分。
4.1.3.5 螺旋形极端
此类接触件由金属螺杆和金属螺母组合而成，或由金属螺杆和绝缘金属螺母组合而成。
4.1.3.6 平面接触性极端
此类接触件为基本扁平的金属面，用适合的接触机构压在其上形成电接触。
4.1.3.7 平面弹簧或螺旋弹簧型极端
由金属片或绕制成螺旋状的金属线构成，其形状能形成压力接触。
4.1.3.8 插座型极端
由金属接触件组件安装在绝缘的壳体或固定件中构成，与之配套的插头可插入其中。
4.1.3.9 子母扣型极端
4.1.3.9.1 通则
由作为正极端的无弹性的子扣和作为负极端的有弹性的母扣组成。
该极端应由合适的金属制成，使其与外电路相应部件连接时能形成良好的点接触。
4.1.3.9.2 子母扣型极端
这种极端由一个螺栓构成正极，一个插槽构成负极。该极端由镍金属板或其他合适的材料制成，使其在与类似的部件搭配形成电流时，能够提供可靠的物理和电气连接。
4.1.3.10 导线
导线应是带绝缘层的单股或多股可弯曲的镀锡铜导线，正极端导线的外套应为红色，负极端应为黑色。
4.1.3.11 其他类型的弹簧式接触件或弹簧夹
当不能准确知道外电路上的相应连接件是何种状态时，电池通常采用此类接触件。此类接触件应由黄铜弹簧片或具有相似性质的其他材料制成。
4.1.4 分类(电化学体系)
原电池按照其电化学体系分类。
除了“锌-氯化铵、氯化锌-二氧化锰”体系外，每一个体系用一个字母来表示。
迄今为止已标准化的电化学体系见表1。
表1 已标准化的电化学体系
字母 负极 电解质 正极 标称电压Un
V 最大开路电压
V
无字母 锌(Zn) 氯化铵，氯化锌 二氧化锰(MnO2) 1.5 1.73
A 锌(Zn) 氯化铵，氯化锌 氧(O2) 1.4 1.55
B 锂(Li) 有机电解质 一氟化碳聚合物(CF)x 3.0 3.7
C 锂(Li) 有机电解质 二氧化锰(MnO2) 3.0 3.7
E 锂(Li) 非水无机物 亚硫酰氯(SOCl2) 3.6 3.9
F 锂(Li) 有机电解质 二硫化铁(FeS2) 1.5 1.90
G 锂(Li) 有机电解质 氧化铜(Ⅱ)(CuO) 1.5 2.3
L 锌(Zn) 碱金属氢氧化物 二氧化锰(MnO2) 1.5 1.68
P 锌(Zn) 碱金属氢氧化物 氧(O2) 1.4 1.59
S 锌(Zn) 碱金属氢氧化物 氧化银(Ag2O) 1.55 1.63
W 锂(Li) 有机电解质 二氧化硫(SO2) 3.0 3.05
Y 锂(Li) 非水无机物 硫酰氯(SO2Cl2) 3.9 4.1
Z 锌(Zn) 碱金属氢氧化物 羟基氧化镍(NiOOH) 1.5 1.78
注1：标称电压值是不可检测的，仅供参考。
注2：最大开路电压按5.5和6.8.1的规定测量。
注3：当表示一个电化学体系时，一般先列出负极，再列出正极，比如锂-二硫化铁。
4.1.5 型号
原电池型号是根据原电池的外形尺寸参数、电化学体系以及必要时再加上修饰符来确定的。
型号体系(命名法)详见附录C。
4.1.6 标志
4.1.6.1 通则(见表2)
除小电池(见4.1.6.2)外，每个电池上均应以中文标明以下内容：
a)型号；
b)生产时间(年和月或周)和保质期，或标注的使用期的截止期限，可用代码表示；
c)正极极端的极性(＋)；
d)标称电压；
e)生产商或供应商的名称和地址；
f)商标；
g)执行标准编号；
h)使用注意事项(警示说明)。
注：标注我国电池型号(即IEC型号)，如要加标其他国家或地区的俗称，可参见GB/T 8897.2—2021的附录E。
表2 标志要求
标志 小电池
电池(除小电池外) 其他体系 P体系小电池
a)型号 A A C
b)生产时间(年和月或周)和保质期，或标注的使用期的截止期限，可用代码表示 A B B
c)正极极端的极性(＋) A A D
d)标称电压 A B B
e)生产商或供应商的名称和地址 A B B
f)商标 A Ba Ba
g)执行标准编号 A Ba Ba
h)使用注意事项(警示说明) A Ba Ba
A：应标在电池上。
B：可标在电池的直接包装上而不标在电池上。
C：可标在电池、密封条或直接包装上。
D：可标在电池的密封条上和/或电池上。
a 应有防止误吞小电池的注意事项。详见4.1.6.2c)。
4.1.6.2 小电池的标志(见表2)
小电池主要是GB/T 8897.2—2021中的第三类和第四类电池。小电池的标志规定如下：
a)小电池的表面太小，无法标上4.1.6.1的所有内容，对于这类电池，4.1.6.1a)和4.1.6.1c)应标在电池上；4.1.6.1中的其他标志可标在电池的直接包装(销售包装)上而不是电池上；
b)对于P-体系电池，4.1.6.1a)可标在电池、密封条或包装上；4.1.6.1c)可标在电池的密封条上和/或电池上，4.1.6.1b)、4.1.6.1d)以及4.1.6.1e)可标在电池的直接包装上而不是电池上；
c)应有防止误吞小电池的注意事项。
电池应远离儿童，应将易被吞下的电池放在儿童拿不到的地方，特别是那些能放入图1所示小电池量规的电池。远离儿童标识见图2。
警示
远离儿童存放。吞咽可导致化学灼伤、软组织溃疡和死亡。吞咽后两小时内可产生严重灼伤，应立即寻求医疗帮助。
图2 电池(尤其是钮扣锂电池)防吞咽警告示例
误吞电池应立即就医。吞入钮扣锂单体电池或钮扣锂电池可能导致化学灼伤、软组织穿孔，或在极端情况下导致死亡。一旦吞咽应立即取出。正确的警告文字见图2。
对于能完全放入图1小电池量规示意图中的小电池，电池上应标明4.1.6.1a)和4.1.6.1c)，而4.1.6.1中其他涉及的标志则可以标在紧贴的包装上。但对于消费者可自行更换电池的直接销售中，防吞咽警示也应标注在紧贴的包装上。
警示图示参见附录D，钮扣电池的包装和防儿童拆解要求见附录E，“远离儿童存放”警示标识的使用参见附录F。
4.1.6.3 关于废电池处理方法的标志
废电池处理方法的标志应符合我国法律法规的要求。
4.1.6.4 电池电压的可互换性
目前在GB/T 8897系列标准中已经标准化的原电池可按其标准放电电压Us1)分类。对于一个新的电池体系，按公式(1)确定其电压的可互换性：
n×0.85Ur≤m×Us≤n×1.15Ur (1)
式中：
n——以参考电压Ur为依据的串联单体电池数；
m——以标准放电电压Us为依据的串联单体电池数；
Ur——参考电压。
1)标准放电电压Us是根据可检验性的原理引用的，标称电压和最大开路电压不符合这个要求。
已经确定了符合上述公式的两个电压范围，是通过参考电压Ur，即相应的电压范围的中点电压来确定的：
a)电压范围1，Ur＝1.4V：即标准放电电压m×Us等于或者介于n×1.19(V)到n×1.61(V)之间的电池；
b)电压范围2，Ur＝3.2V：即标准放电电压m×Us等于或者介于n×2.72(V)到n×3.68(V)之间的电池。
标准放电电压的定义、相应的值及其确定方法参见附录G。
注：对于由一个单体电池组成的电池，以及由多个相同电压范围的单体电池组成的电池，其m和n是相等的；而对与由多个不同电压范围的单体电池组成的电池组，其m和n值则不同于那些已标准化了的电池组。
电压范围1包含迄今已标准化、标称电压为1.5V左右的电池，即“无字母”体系、“A”“F”“G”“L”“P”“S”和“Z”体系的电池。
电压范围2包含迄今已标准化的标称电压为3V左右的电池，即“B”“C”“E”“W”和“Y”体系的电池。
因为电压范围1和电压范围2的电池具有明显不同的放电电压，所以他们的外形应设计成不可互换的。在对一个新的电化学体系标准化之前，参考附录G给出的方法确定其标准放电电压，以判定它的电压可互换性。
警示：若不能符合这一要求，会给电池使用者带来危害，如起火、爆炸、漏液和/或损坏器具。此要求从可靠性角度和使用角度来说都是必要的。
4.2 性能
4.2.1 放电性能
GB/T 8897.2—2021中具体规定了原电池的放电性能。
4.2.2 尺寸稳定性
电池在本部分规定的标准条件下检验时，其尺寸应始终符合GB/T 8897.2—2021和GB/T 8897.3—2021中的相关规定。
注1：B、C、G、L、P和S体系的扣式电池，如果放电低于终止电压，会出现高度增加0.25mm的情况。
注2：连续放电时，C和B体系的某些扣式电池的高度可能会减小。
4.2.3 泄漏
在本部分规定的标准条件下贮存和放电时，电池不应出现泄漏。
4.2.4 开路电压极限值
电池的最大开路电压应不超过表1中给出的值。
4.2.5 放电量
电池初始期和贮存期的放电时间应符合GB/T 8897.2—2021的要求。
4.2.6 可靠性
设计原电池时，应考虑电池在指定使用[电池部分使用(部分放电)后贮存、运输-冲击、运输-振动和气候-温度循环]和可预见的误用条件(不正确安装、外部短路、过放电和自由跌落)下的可靠性要求。电池在指定使用时应不泄漏、不爆炸和不着火，在可预见的误用条件时不爆炸和不着火。
注：锂电池在可预见的误用条件(外部短路、重物撞击、挤压、强制放电、非正常充电、自由跌落、热滥用、不正确安装、过放电)下不爆炸和不着火，外部短路、重物撞击和挤压时不过热，外部短路时无破裂，自由跌落时不泄放。
5 性能检验
5.1 通则
消费品性能测试标准方法(SMMP)的制定，参见附录H。
原电池容量可通过附录G的G.2.3中详述的放电检验得出，然而在消费者使用情况下，通过这种方式得出的结果会有所不同。
以下这些因素/变量对容量释放的适宜性起着重要影响：
a)外部电路/设备对电流的需求；
b)电流需求的频率(连续或间断使用)；
c)设备正常运行的最小电压(临界电压)；
d)运行温度。
从上述a)～d)中所列的变量来看，低温状态下长时间大电流需求加上高临界电压将组成最坏的状况，这会丢失大量的电池容量。
尽管从原电池中通过电气或化学方式导出的容量无法用来准确计算电池的最大性能，向使用者告知电池性能/寿命仍十分必要。请注意，市场上的设备种类繁多，各自的电气要求也不同，因此这种指定的“应用检验”(定义详见GB/T 8897.2—2021)无法完全重现实际情况。另外，电池性能也会受到上述a)～d)中的一个或多个因素影响。
5.2 放电检验
5.2.1 通则
本部分中的放电检验分为两类：
——应用检验；
——放电量检验。
两种检验的放电负荷电阻均应符合6.4中的规定。
负荷电阻和检验条件按5.2.2中给出的方法确定。
5.2.2 应用检验
5.2.2.1 通则
应用检验通则如下：
a)由电器具工作时的平均工作电压和平均电流计算出等效电阻。恒电流或恒功率负荷也可用来展示这类电力需求模式。
b)从所有测得的电器具的数据中得出实用终止电压和等效电阻值、电流负荷或恒定功率值。
c)规定这一数据的中位数作为放电试验的电阻值和终止电压。
d)如果测得的数据集中分成两组或分散成更多组，则应再做一次以上的试验。
应用检验可能因放电负荷和/或日常周期占空比的影响而加速。负荷和时间间歇的指定值应考虑以下因素：
a)与此应用相关的电池放电效率；
b)此应用的典型的占空比使用模式；
c)检验所占时间不超过30d。
在特定情况下，采用恒电流或恒功率的检验方法更能代表实际的应用情况，但采用恒电阻的检验方法却可简化设计并确保检测设备的可靠性。
在将来，可能出现负荷条件交替变化(或新增)的情况，更好地体现应用范围；随着技术的发展，也可能出现某种类型的电器具的负载特性随时间而变化的情况。
精确测定电器具的实用终止电压并非总是可能的，所确定的放电条件是所有选择的一种折中方法，用来代表具有广泛分散特性的某一类电器具。
尽管有以上局限性，按上述方法确定的应用检验的方法仍是评价适用于某类电器具的电池性能的最佳方法。
为了减少应用检验的项目数，所规定的这些检验应代表市场销售该型号电池80％的实际用途。
5.2.2.2 多个负载的应用检验
除另有规定外，具有多个负载的应用检验，在一个检验循环里，应按从最重负载到最轻负载的顺序检验。
5.2.2.3 放电量检验
进行放电量检验，应选择阻值适当的负荷电阻，使放电时间大约为30d。
如果在所要求的时间内不能获得电池的全部容量，则应选择6.4中阻值更高的负荷电阻，以便延长放电时间，但延长的时间应尽可能短。
5.3 放电性能/最小平均放电时间的符合型检验
为了检验电池是否符合所有GB/T 8897.2—2021和GB/T 8897.3—2021中指定的放电检验，应按如下步骤进行：
a)检验8个电池；
b)不排除任何结果计算平均值；
c)如果平均值大于或等于规定值，而且放电时间小于规定值80％的电池数不大于1，则电池的放电量符合要求；
d)如果平均值小于规定值和(或)小于规定值80％的电池数大于1，则另取8个同样的样品电池再做检验并计算平均值；
e)如果第二次检测的平均值大于或等于规定值，而且放电时间小于规定值80％的电池数不大于1，则电池的放电量符合要求；
f)如果第二次检验的平均值小于规定值和(或)小于规定值80％的电池数大于1，则认为电池的放电量不符合要求，并且不准许再进行检验；
g)为了核实是否符合本部分，可在初始期放电检验完成后给予有条件的认可。
注：原电池的电性能要求参见GB/T 8897.2—2021中规定。
5.4 最小平均放电时间规定值的计算方法
最小平均放电时间规定值的计算方法参见附录Ⅰ。
