标准编号:	GB/T 25684.5-2021
中文名称:	土方机械 安全 第5部分：液压挖掘机的要求
英文名称:	Earth-moving machinery—Safety—Part 5: Requirements for hydraulic excavators
中标分类:	P97    建筑工程施工机械
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	53.100 53.100    土方机械 53.100
发布机构:	国家市场监督管理总局 国家标准化管理委员会
发布日期:	2021-12-31
实施日期:	2022-7-1
标准状态:	现行
替代旧标准:	GB 25684.5-2010 土方机械 安全 第5部分：液压挖掘机的要求
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	21000 字
翻译价格(元):	1470.00 元
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.



This document is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2020 Directives for standardization - Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents.



This document is part 5 of GB/T 25684 under the general title of Earth-moving machinery - Safety. The following parts of GB/T 25684 have been issued:



——Part 1: General requirements;



——Part 2: Requirements for dozers;



——Part 3: Requirements for loaders;



——Part 4: Requirements for backhoe loaders;



——Part 5: Requirements for hydraulic excavators;



——Part 6: Requirements for dumpers;



——Part 7: Requirements for scrapers;



——Part 8: Requirements for graders;



——Part 9: Requirements for pipelayers;



——Part 10: Requirements for trenchers;



——Part 11: Requirements for landfill compactors;



——Part 12: Requirements for cable excavators;



——Part 13: Requirements for rollers.



This document replaces GB/T 25684.5-2010 Earth-moving machinery - Safety - Part 5: Requirements for hydraulic excavators. In addition to structural adjustment and editorial changes, the following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 25684.5-2010:



a) The provisions of the channel are deleted (see 4.2 of Edition 2010);



b) The provisions of the minimum activity space is deleted (see 4.3.1 of Edition 2010);



c) The provisions of the operator protective guard are changed (see 4.2.1.1, 4.3.2.1 of Edition 2010);



d) The provisions of roll-over protective structures (ROPS) and tip-over protective structures (TOPS) are changed (see 4.2.1.2, 4.3.2.2 of Edition 2010);



e) The protection of the log shipping condition is deleted (see 4.3.2.3 of Edition 2010);



f) The provisions of the operator’s seat are changed (see 4.2.1.3, 4.3.3 of Edition 2010);



g) The provisions of the rear window defrosting system are changed (see 4.2.2, 4.3.4 of Edition 2010);



h) The provisions of the swing brakes are changed (see 4.4, 4.5 of Edition 2010);



i) The provisions of stability and safety devices are changed (see 4.5, 4.6 of Edition 2010);



j) The provisions of the parking brake of small crawler excavators are deleted (see 4.7 of Edition 2010);



k) The regulations of the export of walking excavators are deleted (see 4.8.1.3 of Edition 2010);



l) The provisions of the bucket applications are changed (see 4.6.4.2, 4.8.4.2 of Edition 2010);



m) The provisions of the object-handling applications are added (see 4.6.4.3);



n) The provisions of the verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures are deleted (see Clause 5 of Edition 2010);



o) The provisions of the information for use are changed (see Clause 5, Clause 6 of Edition 2010);



p) The requirements for excavator swing brakes are changed (see Appendix A, Appendix B of Edition 2010).



This part is identical to ISO 20474-5:2017 Earth-moving machinery - Safety - Part 5: Requirements for hydraulic excavators.



Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. The issuing body of this document shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.



This document was proposed by China Machinery Industry Federation.



This document is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Earth-moving Machine of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 334).



This document was firstly issued as GB 25684.5-2010 in 2010, and this edition is the first revision.



Introduction



This document is a type-C standard as stated in ISO 12100.



The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events are covered are indicated in the Scope of this document.



When requirements of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or B standards, the requirements of this type-C standard take precedence over the requirements of the other standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the requirements of this type-C standard.



GB/T 25684 Earth-moving machinery - safety is a basic and universal standard that guides my country's earth-moving machinery products to meet relevant safety requirements. GB/T 25684 aims to establish general safety requirements applicable to earth-moving machinery products and special safety requirements for specific machine families. It is planned to be composed of 14 parts.



——Part 1: General requirements. The purpose is to establish general safety requirements applicable to all machine types in the earthmoving machinery industry, which is the basic standard of the safety series.



——Part 2: Requirements for dozers. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements in line with the unique characteristics of bulldozer products.



——Part 3: Requirements for loaders. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of loader products.



——Part 4: Requirements for backhoe loaders. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements in line with the unique characteristics of backhoe loader products.



——Part 5: Requirements for hydraulic excavators. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of hydraulic excavators.



——Part 6: Requirements for dumpers. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements in line with the unique characteristics of dump truck products.



——Part 7: Requirements for scrapers. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of scraper products.



——Part 8: Requirements for graders. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of motor graders.



——Part 9: Requirements for pipelayers. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of the pipelayer products.



——Part 10: Requirements for trenchers. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of trencher products.



——Part 11: Requirements for landfill compactors. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements in line with the unique characteristics of backfill compactor products.



——Part 12: Requirements for cable excavators. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of mechanical excavator products products.



——Part 13: Requirements for rollers. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements in line with the unique characteristics of road roller products.



——Part 14: Requirements for small implement carriers. The purpose is to propose specific safety requirements that meet the unique characteristics of small implement carrier products.



The safety requirements of Part 2 ~ Part 14 are used in conjunction with the general requirements of Part 1 in order to better meet the requirements of use.



Earth-moving machinery - Safety

Part 5: Requirements for hydraulic excavators



1 Scope



This document gives the safety requirements specific to hydraulic excavators as defined in ISO 6165. This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to the earth- moving machinery within its scope (see GB/T 25684.1-2021, Annex A) when used as intended or under conditions of misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer. It specifies the appropriate technical measures for eliminating or reducing risks arising from relevant hazards, hazardous situations or events during commissioning, operation and maintenance.



It is intended to be used in conjunction with GB/T 25684.1, which specifies general safety requirements common to two or more earth-moving machine families. The specific requirements given in this document take precedence over the general requirements of GB/T 25684.1.



This document is not applicable to machines manufactured before the date of its publication.



2 Normative references



The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.



GB/T 8419-2007 Earth-moving machinery - Laboratory evaluation of operator seat vibration (ISO 7096:2000, IDT)



GB/T 17771-2010 Earth-moving machinery - Falling-object protective structures - Laboratory tests and performance requirements (ISO 3449:2005, IDT)



GB/T 25684.1-2021 Earth-moving machinery - Safety - Part 1: General requirements (ISO 20474-1:2017, IDT)



ISO 3471 Earth moving machinery - Rollover protective structures - Laboratory tests and performance requirements



Note: GB/T 17922-2014, Earth-moving machinery - Roll-over protective structures - Laboratory tests and performance requirements (ISO 3471:2008, IDT)



ISO 6165 Earth-moving machinery - Basic types - Identification and terms and definitions



Note: GB/T 8498-2017, Earth-moving machinery - Basic types - Identification and terms and definitions (ISO 6165:2012, IDT)



ISO 6682 Earth moving machinery - Zones of comfort and reach for controls



Note: GB/T 21935-2008, Earth-moving machinery - Zones of comfort and reach for controls (ISO 6682:1986/Amd.1:1989, IDT)



ISO 6683 Earth-moving machinery - Seat belts and seat belt anchorages - Performance requirements and tests



Note: GB/T 17921-2010, Earth-moving machinery - Seat belts and seat belt anchorages - Performance requirements and tests (ISO 6683:2005, MOD)



ISO 7135 Earth moving machinery - Hydraulic excavators - Terminology and commercial specifications



Note: GB/T 6572-2014, Earth-moving machinery - Hydraulic excavators - Terminology and commercial specifications (ISO 7135:2009, IDT)



ISO 7451 Earth-moving machinery - Volumetric ratings for hoe-type and grab-type buckets of hydraulic excavators and backhoe loaders



Note: GB/T 21941-2008, Earth-moving machinery - Volumetric ratings for hoe-type and grab-type buckets of hydraulic excavators and backhoe loaders (ISO 7451:2007, IDT)



ISO 7546 Earth-moving machinery - Loader and front loading excavator buckets - Volumetric ratings



Note: GB/T 21942-2008, Earth-moving machinery - Loader and front loading excavator buckets - Volumetric ratings (ISO 7546:1983, MOD)



ISO 8643 Earth-moving machinery - Hydraulic excavator and backhoe loader lowering control device - Requirements and tests



Note: GB/T 21938-2021, Earth-moving machinery - Hydraulic excavator and backhoe loader lowering control device - Requirements and tests (ISO 8643:2017, IDT)



ISO 10262 Earth-moving machinery - Hydraulic excavators - Laboratory tests and performance requirements for operator protective guards



Note: GB/T 19932-2005, Earth-moving machinery -- Hydraulic excavators - -Laboratory tests and performance requirements for operator protective guards (ISO10262:1998, MOD)



ISO 10567 Earth moving machinery - Hydraulic excavators - Lift capacity



Note: GB/T 13331-2014, Earth-moving machinery - Hydraulic excavators - Lift capacity (ISO 10567:2007, IDT)



ISO 12117 Earth-moving machinery - Tip-over protection structure (TOPS) for compact excavators - Laboratory tests and performance requirements



Note: GB/T 19930-2005, Earth-moving machinery -- Tip-Over Protection Structure(TOPS) for compact excavators -- Laboratory tests and performance requirements (ISO 12117:1997, MOD)



ISO 12117-2:2008/Amd 1:2016 Earth-moving machinery - Laboratory tests and performance requirements for protective structures of excavators - Part 2: Roll-over protective structures(ROPS) for excavators of over 6t



Note: GB/T 19930.2-2014, Earth-moving machinery - Laboratory tests and performance requirements for protective structures of excavators - Part 2: Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for excavators of over 6t (ISO 12117-2:2008, IDT)



ISO 20474-1 Earth-moving machinery - Safety - Part 1: General requirements



Note: GB/T 25684.1-2021, Earth-moving machinery - Safety - Part 1: General requirements (ISO 20474-1:2017, IDT)



3 Terms and definitions



For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20474-1, ISO 6165 and ISO 7135, and the following apply.



3.1

excavator

hydraulic excavator

self-propelled machine on crawlers, wheels or legs, having an upper structure normally capable of a 360° swing with mounted equipment, primarily designed for excavating with bucket, without moving the undercarriage during the work cycle



Note 1: An excavator work cycle normally comprises excavating, elevating, swinging and the discharging of material.



Note 2: An excavator can also be used for object or material handling/transportation.



Note 3: Unless specifically identified as a cable excavator, an excavator is commonly referred to as a hydraulic excavator.



Note 4: See Annex B for illustrations.



[SOURCE: GB/T 8498-2017, 4.4, modified]



3.1.1

compact excavator

excavator (3.1) with an operating mass 6,000 kg or less



Note: See Annex B for illustrations.



[SOURCE: GB/T 8498-2017, 4.4.4, modified]



3.1.2

walking excavator

excavator with three or more supporting legs which can be articulated, telescopic or both and which can be fitted with wheels



Note: See Annex B for an illustrations.



[SOURCE: GB/T 8498-2017, 4.4.2, modified]



3.2

extra-long reach equipment application

application of hydraulic excavator (3.1) equipped with extra-long reach equipment



Note: Extra-long reach equipment application includes the following:



——extra-long front equipment application consisting of an extra-long boom and an extra-long arm with lighter duty bucket for extra wide working range purpose;



——telescopic arm application;



——-telescopic arm with clamshell bucket application;



——extra-long front equipment demolition application consisting of an extra-long boom (multi-booms), extra- long arm and demolition attachment.



3.3

material handling

moving of scrap and loose bulk material, e.g. scrap iron, demolition debris and mulch



3.4

material handling excavator

hydraulic excavator (3.1) purpose-built for material handling and typically equipped with an elevated (fixed or movable) operator station



3.5

demolition application

demolishing by pushing or pulling, or fragmenting by crushing or shearing, buildings or other civil engineering structures and their component parts



3.6

swing

rotation of the upper structure of an excavator in relation to a fixed reference frame on the ground



3.7

working swing revolution speed

turntable-swing speed, reached in a 180° revolution of the upper structure with maximum rotation command input starting from a still position



Note: It is expressed in revolutions per minute (r/m).



3.8

deceleration swing angle

angle measured in degrees of swing while the swing motion is decelerated from working swing revolution speed to a complete stop (halt)



3.9

swing torque

torque which propels the upper structure relative to the undercarriage



Note: It is expressed in newton metres (N•m).



3.10

swing service brake

device or system to decelerate the rotation of the upper structure and to bring it to a stop in any position



Example: Frictional brake, electrically operated brake, hydrostatically or other hydraulically operated brake.



Note: See Annex A.



3.11

swing parking brake

device or system to hold the stopped upper structure in a stationary position



Note: See Annex A.



3.12

swing lock

mechanically engaged device designed to block the upper structure in a fixed position with respect to the undercarriage



Note: See Annex A.



4 Safety requirements and protection measures



4.1 General



Hydraulic excavators shall comply with the safety requirements and protective measures of ISO 20474-1, in as far as those are not modified by the specific requirements of this clause.



4.2 Operator station



4.2.1 Operator protection



4.2.1.1 Operator protective guard



Excavators with an operating mass greater than 1,500 kg shall be designed so that an operator protective guard can be fitted. The manufacturer, according to the intended use of the machine, shall offer a protective guard. The protective guard shall be in accordance with ISO 10262.



Note: For excavators used in demolition applications, additional requirements exist.



4.2.1.2 Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) and tip-over protective structures (TOPS)



4.2.1.2.1 Except for walking excavators (see 4.6.3), GB/T 25684.1-2021, 4.3.3 does not apply.



4.2.1.2.2 Hydraulic excavators with an operating mass of 1,000 kg up to 6,000 kg shall be equipped with a TOPS in accordance with ISO 12117. If the structure is compliant with the performance requirements given in both ISO 12117 (TOPS) and ISO 12117-2 (ROPS), the manufacturer may identify both standards (TOPS and ROPS) on the label.



4.2.1.2.3 Hydraulic excavators with an operating mass greater than 6,000 kg and less than 50,000 kg shall be provided with a ROPS in accordance with ISO 12117-2.

Foreword I
Introduction IV
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Safety requirements and protection measures
4.1 General
4.2 Operator station
4.3 Controls for driving and steering
4.4 Swing brakes
4.5 Stability and safety devices
4.6 Specific requirements for walking excavators
5 Information for use
Appendix A (Nominative) Requirements for excavator swing brakes
Annex B (Informative) Illustrations
Bibliography

土方机械 安全
第5部分：液压挖掘机的要求
1 范围
本文件规定了ISO 6165定义的液压挖掘机的安全要求；规定了土方机械在制造商指定用途或预知的误操作条件下应用时，与其相关的所有重大危险、危险状态和危险事件(见GB／T 25684.1—2021的附录A)；并规定了在使用、操作和维护中消除或降低重大危险、危险状态或危险事件引起的风险的技术措施。
本文件与GB／T 25684.1(规定了两个或更多的土方机械族的通用安全要求)合并使用。本文件的特定要求优先于GB／T 25684.1的通用要求。
本文件不适用于在本文件实施前制造的机器。
2 规范性引用文件
下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB／T 8419—2007 土方机械 司机座椅振动的试验室评价(ISO 7096：2000，IDT)
GB／T 17771—2010 土方机械 落物保护结构 试验室试验和性能要求(ISO 3449：2005，IDT)
GB／T 25684.1—2021 土方机械 安全 第1部分：通用要求(ISO 20474-1：2017，IDT)
ISO 3471 土方机械 滚翻保护结构 实验室试验和性能要求(Earth moving machinery—Rollover protective structures—Laboratory tests and performance requirements)
注：GB／T 17922—2014 土方机械 滚翻保护结构 实验室试验和性能要求(ISO 3471：2008，IDT)
ISO 6165 土方机械 基本类型 识别、术语和定义(Earth-moving machinery—Basic types—Identification and terms and definitions)
注：GB／T 8498—2017 土方机械 基本类型识别、术语和定义(ISO 6165：2012，IDT)
ISO 6682 土方机械 操纵的舒适区域与可及范围(Earth moving machinery—Zones of comfort and reach for controls)
注：GB／T 21935—2008 土方机械 操纵的舒适区域与可及范围(ISO 6682：1986／Amd.1：1989，IDT)
ISO 6683 土方机械 座椅安全带及其固定器 性能要求和试验(Earth-moving machinery—Seat belts and seat belt anchorages—Performance requirements and tests)
注：GB／T 17921-2010 土方机械 座椅安全带及其固定器 性能要求和试验(ISO 6683：2005，MOD)
ISO 7135 土方机械 液压挖掘机 术语和商业规格(Earth moving machinery—Hydraulic excavators—Terminology and commercial specifications)
注：GB／T 6572—2014 土方机械 液压挖掘机 术语和商业规格(ISO 7135：2009，IDT)
ISO 7451 土方机械 液压挖掘机和挖掘装载机的反铲斗和抓铲斗容量标定(Earth-moving machinery—Volumetric ratings for hoe-type and grab-type buckets of hydraulic excavators and backhoe loaders)
注：GB／T 21941—2008 土方机械 液压挖掘机和挖掘装载机的反铲斗和抓铲斗 容量标定(ISO 7451：2007，IDT)
ISO 7546 土方机械 装载机和正铲挖掘机的铲斗 容量标定(Earth-moving machinery—Loader and front loading excavator buckets—Volumetric ratings)
注：GB／T 21942—2008 土方机械 装载机和正铲挖掘机的铲斗 容量标定(ISO 7546：1983，MOD)
ISO 8643 土方机械 液压挖掘机和挖掘装载机下降控制装置 要求和试验(Earth-moving machinery—Hydraulic excavator and backhoe loader lowering control device—Requirements and tests)
注：GB／T 21938—2021 土方机械 液压挖掘机和挖掘装载机下降控制装置 要求和试验(ISO 8643：2017，IDT)
ISO 10262 土方机械 液压挖掘机 司机防护装置的实验室试验和性能要求(Earth-moving machinery—Hydraulic excavators—Laboratory tests and performance requirements for operator protective guards)
注：GB／T 19932—2005 土方机械 液压挖掘机 司机防护装置的实验室试验和性能要求(ISO10262：1998，MOD)
ISO 10567 土方机械 液压挖掘机 起重量(Earth moving machinery—Hydraulic excavators—Lift capacity)
注：GB／T 1331—2014 土方机械 液压挖掘机 起重量(ISO 10567：2007，IDT)
ISO 12117 土方机械 小型挖掘机 倾翻保护结构(TOPS)的实验室试验和性能要求[(Earth-moving machinery—Tip-over protection structure (TOPS) for compact excavators—Laboratory tests and performance requirements)]
注：GB／T 19930—2005 土方机械 小型挖掘机 倾翻保护结构的实验室试验和性能要求(ISO 12117：1997，MOD)
ISO 12117-2：2008／Amd 1：2016 土方机械 挖掘机保护结构的实验室试验和性能要求第2部分：6t以上挖掘机的滚翻保护结构(ROPS)[Earth-moving machinery—Laboratory tests and performance requirements for protective structures of excavators—Part 2：Roll-over protective structures(ROPS) for excavators of over 6t]
注：GB／T 19930.2—2014 土方机械 挖掘机保护结构的实验室试验和性能要求 第2部分：6t以上挖掘机的滚翻保护结构(ROPS)(ISO 12117-2：2008，IDT)
ISO 20474-1 土方机械 安全 第1部分：通用要求(Earth-moving machinery—Safety—Part 1：General requirements)
注：GB／T 25684.1—2021 土方机械 安全 第1部分：通用要求(ISO 20474-1：2017，IDT)
3 术语和定义
ISO 20474-1、ISO 6165和ISO 7135界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1
挖掘机 excavator
液压挖掘机 hydraulic excavator
自行的履带式、轮胎式或步履式机械，具有可带着工作装置做360°回转的上部结构，主要用铲斗进行挖掘作业，在其工作循环中底盘不移动。
注1：挖掘机的工作循环通常包括物料的挖掘、提升、回转和卸载。
注2：液压挖掘机也可能用于物品或物料的搬运(运输)。
注3：除非明确标注机械挖掘机，挖掘机通常指液压挖掘机。
注4：图例见附录B。
[来源：GB／T 8498—2017，4.4，有修改]
3.1.1
小型挖掘机 compact excavator
工作质量小于或等于6000kg的挖掘机(3.1)。
注：图例见附录B。
[来源：GB／T 8498—2017，4.4.4，有修改]
3.1.2
步履式挖掘机 walking excavator
具有3条或3条以上支腿的挖掘机，支腿可能是铰接的.伸缩的或两者兼有，并可能安装车轮。
注：图例见附录B。
[来源：GB／T 8498—2017，4.4.2，有修改]
3.2
超长工作装置应用 extra-long reach equipment application
配备超长工作装置液压挖掘机(3.1)的应用。
注：超长工作装置的应用包括：
——超长前置工作装置的应用，包括超长动臂和配备轻载铲斗的超长斗杆，以实现更大的作业范围；
——伸缩臂应用；
——带蛤壳式铲斗的伸缩臂应用；
——超长前置工作装置拆除应用，包括超长动臂(多臂)、超长斗杆和用于拆除的附属装置。
3.3
物料搬运 material handling
废料和散装物料的搬运，例如废铁拆除碎片和覆盖物。
3.4
物料搬运挖掘机 material handling excavator
专门用于物料搬运的液压挖掘机(3.1)，通常配备高位(固定或移动)司机室。
3.5
拆除应用 demolition application
对建筑物或其他土木工程结构及其组成部分，通过推或拉进行拆除，或通过压或剪进行破碎。
3.6
回转 swing
挖掘机上部结构相对于地面上固定基准车架的旋转。
3.7
作业回转速度 working swing revolution speed
上部结构按输入的最大回转指令，从静止位置旋转到180°时的回转平台回转速度。
注：单位为转每分(r／min)。
3.8
回转减速角 deceleration swing angle
回转运动从作业回转速度减速到完全停止所转过的角度。
3.9
回转力矩 swing torque
驱动上部结构相对于底盘回转的力矩。
注：单位为牛[顿]米(N·m)。
3.10
回转行车制动器 swing service brake
使上部结构回转减速且停在任意位置的装置或系统。
示例：摩擦式制动器、电动制动器、静液压或其他液压操作的制动器。
注：见附录A。
3.11
回转停车制动器 swing parking brake
将已停止的上部结构保持在其固定位置的装置或系统。
注：见附录A。
3.12
回转锁定装置 swing lock
将上部结构与下部总成锁定在一固定位置的机械啮合装置。
注：见附录A。
4 安全要求和防护措施
4.1 一般要求
液压挖掘机应符合ISO 20474-1中没有被本章特定要求所修改的安全要求和防护措施。
4.2 司机操作位置
4.2.1 司机防护
4.2.1.1 司机防护装置
工作质量大于1500kg的挖掘机应设计成能安装司机防护装置。制造商应根据机器的预期用途提供防护装置。提供的防护装置应符合ISO 10262的规定。
注：对用于拆除应用的挖掘机，还有附加要求。
4.2.1.2 滚翻保护结构(ROPS)和倾翻保护结构(TOPS)
4.2.1.2.1 GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.3.3仅适用于步履式挖掘机(见4.6.3)。
4.2.1.2.2 工作质量为1000kg～6000kg的液压挖掘机应配备符合ISO 12117规定的TOPS。如果该结构符合ISO 12117(TOPS)和ISO 12117-2(ROPS)的性能要求，制造商可在标签上标识这两个标准。
4.2.1.2.3 工作质量大于6000kg小于50000kg的液压挖掘机应配备符合ISO 12117-2规定的ROPS。
4.2.1.2.4 带固定式高位司机室、工作质量大于1000kg小于50000kg的物料搬运挖掘机应安装TOPS。
应用ISO 12117-2中规定的侧向载荷以及下列侧向载荷能量(Us)对TOPS性能进行评定：
Us=6500×(M／10000)1.25
TOPS应按照ISO 12117-2：2008中第9章(被ISO 12117-2：2008／Amd 1：2016修改的)的规定标记，但应标识GB／T 25684.5。
或者，为满足此要求，制造商也可提供符合ISO 12117-2规定的ROPS。在这种情况下，标记按照ISO 12117-2规定的ROPS的要求或上述修改的TOPS的要求均可。如果结构符合ROPS和TOPS的性能要求，制造商可选择在标签上标识这两个标准(ROPS和TOPS)。
注：ISO 12117适用于具有回转动臂，且工作质量在1000kg～6000kg的小型挖掘机。这并不妨碍确立一种可重复的方法评估静态荷载下TOPS承载特性，及规定工作质量大于6000kg的挖掘机在该荷载下典型试样的性能要求。在这种情况下，试验按照ISO 12117-2的规定进行。
4.2.1.3 司机座椅
如果挖掘机安装了悬浮座椅，座椅应符合GB／T 8419—2007中的EM 6输入谱类。
4.2.2 后车窗除霜系统
当要求后车窗可视性满足GB／T 25684.1—2021中4.8.1的要求时，后车窗除霜应符合GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.3.2.7。
4.3 驾驶和转向控制装置
应符合GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.5.1和4.6.1及以下附加／例外条款：如果上部结构没有在其正常的行驶方向上，驾驶和转向控制装置的运动方向不需要与其运动的预期方向一致。
4.4 回转制动系统
回转制动系统应满足附录A规定的要求。
注：配备超长工作装置的挖掘机要求可能不同。
4.5 稳定性和安全装置
4.5.1 一般要求
应符合GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.11以及本文件4.5.2和4.5.3的规定。
注：此后定义的所有额定起重量都是基于机器置于水平硬实的支承地面上测量和／或计算的。
额定工作载荷和附属装置尺寸／容量确定时，应考虑载荷质量、密度及其质心位置，以及附属装置和快速连接装置(若配置)的质量。
为了确保足够的稳定性，应按4.5.2和4.5.3的规定确定预计工作条件下的额定工作载荷。
4.5.2 反铲和正铲工况
反铲或正铲工况挖掘机的额定起重量应按照ISO 10567的规定确定。
反铲斗或正铲斗的额定容量应按照ISO 7451或ISO 7546的规定确定。
4.5.3 物件吊运工况
4.5.3.1 一般要求
挖掘机的起重量应按4.5.3.2和4.5.3.3确定。
4.5.3.2 物件吊运工况的额定起重量
应按ISO 10567的规定确定物件吊运工况的额定起重量。
4.5.3.3 物件吊运工况额定起重量表
应提供制造商确定的符合ISO 10567规定的物件吊运工况的额定起重量表。在司机位置应能得到司机手册规定的不同物件吊运配置的额定起重量表。
4.5.3.4 载荷安全装置
用于物件吊运操作时，符合ISO 10567规定的最大额定起重量大于或等于1000kg或倾翻力矩大于或等于40000N·m时的挖掘机应进行以下配备。
a) 当额定起重量或相应的载荷力矩达到并持续超出规定值时，提示司机的听觉或视觉报警装置。额定起重量见4.5.3.2的规定。
当挖掘机进行物件吊运外的其他作业时，此装置可解除工作。此装置起作用时应能够明确显示。激活和复位的控制装置应在ISO 6682规定的司机舒适区域内。警告标识应置于操纵装置附近，以提醒(司机)在物件吊运时启动报警装置。
b) 每个动臂液压缸和斗杆液压缸上都有一个下降控制装置，以防止液压管路失效或破裂时的不受控制的运动。对于每个斗杆液压缸，该装置应安装在末端，通过加压使斗杆远离主机。每个动臂液压缸和斗杆液压缸上的下降控制装置应按照ISO 8643的规定进行试验。
4.5.3.5 其他工况
物料搬运挖掘机及其衍生机器的额定起重量应由制造商按照4.5.3.2和4.5.3.3给出的载荷确定，并考虑相应的危险。
4.6 步履式挖掘机的特殊要求
4.6.1 司机操作位置
4.6.1.1 转向系统
GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.6.1不适用。
4.6.1.2 可视性
GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.8.1不适用。
与地面接触的每条支腿所有可能的位置均应在司机位置处可见，以确保司机能把支腿放到硬实的地面上。
4.6.2 车轮的制动系统
GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.7不适用两个轮子及少于两个轮子的步履式挖掘机。
4.6.3 司机防护
4.6.3.1 滚翻保护结构(ROPS)
步履式挖掘机应安装符合ISO 3471中规定的具有相同质量挖掘装载机的滚翻保护结构(ROPS)。
4.6.3.2 约束系统
所有安装司机室的步履式挖掘机应安装满足ISO 6683的司机约束系统。
4.6.3.3 落物保护结构(FOPS)
步履式挖掘机应设计成能安装符合GB／T 17771—2010规定的验收基准Ⅱ的落物保护结构(FOPS)(见GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.3.4)。
4.6.3.4 液压支腿
为防止液压系统失效时机器失稳，应在所有支腿液压缸上安装锁止阀。
4.6.4 稳定性
4.6.4.1 试验条件
机器的稳定性应在下列试验条件下确定：
a) 水平和硬实的试验地面；
b) 由制造商规定的支腿和伸开的车轮(在最大伸开位置)；
c) 下底盘较低侧的水平位置，大约在试验地面以上350mm处；
d) 如图1所示的倾翻线；
e) 配置／不配置伸缩式动臂，如图2所示的前／后和如图3所示的侧面的最大伸出范围。

图1 步履式挖掘机的倾翻线
单位为米

标引序号说明：
1——完全伸开；
2——完全收回；
3——测量线。
图2 前／后方额定倾翻载荷的测量
单位为米

标引序号说明：
1——完全伸开；
2——完全收回；
3——测量线。
图3 侧向额定倾翻载荷的测量
4.6.4.2 反铲工况
反铲步履式挖掘机的起重量应根据ISO 10567确定。
铲斗的额定斗容量应根据ISO 7451确定。
4.6.4.3 物件吊运工况
物件吊运工况的额定起重量应根据ISO 10567确定。
4.6.5 救助和牵引
应符合除GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.15.2和4.15.5外，GB／T 25684.1—2021的4.15的规定。
5 使用信息
应符合GB／T 25684.1—2021的6.2及下列附加条款的规定：
——挖掘机物件吊运所需配置的描述；
——不同工况下挖掘机稳定性的描述；
——步履式挖掘机特殊防护的规定；
——载荷安全装置操作说明(如安装)；
——物料吊运工况的额定起重量表(如适用)；
——司机防护装置的选择和使用说明，如顶防护、前防护(见4.2.1.1)。
附录A
(规范性)
挖掘机回转制动系统的要求
A.1 一般要求
本附录规定了挖掘机回转行车制动器、回转停车制动器和回转锁定装置的最低性能准则和试验方法。
A.2 最低性能
A.2.1 回转驱动装置
A.2.1.1 试验回转速度
试验回转速度应为作业回转速度。
A.2.1.2 回转减速 角(βB)
回转减速角(βB)应小于公式(A.1)和公式(A.2)中的最大值：
(A.1)
(A.2)
式中：
n——试验回转速度，单位为转每分(r／min)；
——取值250(min－2)；
βB0——取值40°。
A.2.2 回转行车制动器
回转行车制动应能使上部结构从A.2.1.1规定的回转试验的回转速度下减速到完全停止，回转行车制动不应断开，见图A.1。

标引序号说明：
X——上部结构转速，单位为转每分(r／min)；
Y——回转减速角，单位为度(°)。
图A.1 回转行车制动
在不少于10次试验中的回转减速角不应大于回转减速角(βB)(见A.2.1.2)的120％。这些试验的连续速率应为允许的回转加速度和减速度。
A.2.3 回转停车制动器
回转停车制动器应能使上部结构在制造商规定的最大坡度和上部结构最不利位置保持30min。工作装置应伸出至最大半径处且空铲斗在伸出位置。
若发动机熄火时，回转停车制动应能自动起作用，或在发动机运转和不运转时，回转停车制动应能通过手动起作用。
回转停车制动在动力源失效时仍能保持有效状态。
对于工作质量大于或等于6000kg的挖掘机，其回转停车制动应为全机械式的，例如弹簧摩擦制动器。对于工作质量小于6000kg的挖掘机，其回转停车制动可是直接作用到回转马达的液压闭锁阀，然而如果其回转停车制动是独立的，应按A.2.4的规定提供回转锁定。
注1：以上关于回转停车制动全机械式的要求不是为了阻碍将来提供等效安全性的其他技术方式发展。
注2：若管路失效，回转停车制动能作为紧急制动。
工作质量小于1000kg的挖掘机不需要回转停车制动。
A.2.4 回转锁定装置
回转锁定装置应能承受最大回转马达力矩且无永久变形。
若回转停车制动器提供了该功能，则不需要回转锁定装置。
A.3 回转行车制动器的试验条件
试验应在制造商规定的标准工作装置下进行。
支腿和推土铲(如安装)按制造商的规定应放置在地面的工作位置上。
所有液体系统应按制造商规定加足液体。燃油箱应至少为半箱。回转系统压力应按制造商规定调整和运行。
A.2.1.1 中规定的试验回转速度和A.2.1.2中规定的回转减速角的回转行车制动的试验应在工作装置伸出至最大半径处且空铲斗在伸出位置处进行。
在试验回转速度时起动制动并进行测量。
机器行车回转制动和回转锁定的试验应在最大坡度±1％的平整地面进行。
A.4 试验报告
试验报告应包含下列信息：
——机器制造商；
——型号和序列号；
——机器规格；
——试验结果。
附录 B
(资料性)
图例
见图B.1～图B.5。

图B.1 履带式挖掘机

图B.2 小型履带式挖掘机

图B.3 轮胎式挖掘机

图B.4 小型轮胎式挖掘机

图B.5 步履式挖掘机
参考文献
[1] GB／T 8498—2017 土方机械 基本类型 识别、术语和定义(ISO 6165：2012，IDT)
[2] GB／T 25684.1 土方机械 安全 第1部分：通用要求
[3] ISO 6014 Earth-moving machinery—Determination of ground speed
[4] ISO 6016 Earth-moving machinery—Methods of measuring the masses of whole machines，their equipment and components
[5] ISO 8084 Machinery for forestry—Operator protective structures—Laboratory tests and performance requirements
[6] ISO 12100 Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction