Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems
1 Scope
This standard gives guidance for evaluating the photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems including luminaires. Specifically it specifies the exposure limits, reference measurement technique and classification scheme for the evaluation and control of photobiological hazards from all electrically powered incoherent broadband sources of optical radiation, including LEDs but excluding lasers, in the wavelength range from 200nm through 3,000nm.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections) to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply to this standard. However, parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document applies.
CIE 17.4:1987 International lighting vocabulary (ILV) – Joint publication IEC/CIE
CIE 53:1982 Methods of characterizing the performance of radiometers and photometers
CIE 63:1984 The spectroradiometric measurement of light sources
CIE 105:1993 Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical radiation sources
ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, ISO, Geneva, 1995. ISBN 92-67-10188-9
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations apply.
3.1 actinic dose
quantity obtained by weighting spectrally the dose according to the actinic action spectrum value at the corresponding wavelength
Unit: J·m-2
Note: This definition implies that an action spectrum is adopted for the actinic effect considered, and that its maximum value is generally normalized to 1. When giving a quantitative amount, it is essential to specify which quantity dose or actinic dose is meant, as the unit is the same.
3.2 angular subtense
α
visual angle subtended by the apparent source at the eye of an observer or at the point of measurement. In this standard subtended angles are denoted by the full included angle, not the half angle
Unit: rad
Note: The angular subtense α will generally be modified by incorporation of lenses and mirrors as projector optics, i.e. the angular subtense of the apparent source will differ from the angular subtense of the physical source.
3.3 aperture, aperture stop
opening that defines the area over which average optical emission is measured. For spectral irradiance measurements this opening is usually the entrance of a small sphere placed in front of the radiometer/spectroradiometer entrance slit
3.4 blue light hazard; BLH
potential for a photochemically induced retinal injury resulting from radiation exposure at wavelengths primarily between 400nm and 500nm. This damage mechanism dominates over the thermal damage mechanism for times exceeding 10s
3.5 continuous wave lamp; CW lamp
lamp that is operated with a continuous output for a time greater than 0.25s, i.e., a non-pulsed lamp
Note: In this standard, general lighting service (GLS) lamps are defined to be continuous wave lamps.
3.6 erythema
reddening of the skin; as used in this standard the reddening of the skin resulting from inflammatory effects from solar radiation or artificial optical radiation
Note: The degree of delayed erythema is used as a guide to dosages applied in ultraviolet therapy.
3.7 exposure distance
nearest point of human exposure consistent with the application of the lamp or lamp system. For lamps radiating in all directions the distance is measured from the centre of the filament or arc source. For reflector-type lamps the distance is measured from the outside edge of the lens or the plane defining the end of the reflector in a lens free reflector
Foreword II
Introduction III
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
4 Exposure limits
5 Measurement of lamps and lamp systems
6 Lamp classification
Annex A (Informative) Summary of biological effects
Annex B (Informative) Measurement method
Annex C (Informative) Uncertainty analysis
General references
Figure 1 Spectral weighting function, SUV(λ), for actinic UV hazard for skin and eye
Figure 2 Spectral weighting functions for retinal hazards: B(λ) and R(λ)
Figure 3 Schematic - Irradiance measurements
Figure 4 Example of an imaging device for radiance measurements
Figure 5 Alternative radiance technique
Figure 6 Weighted irradiance exposure limits vs. time for constant exposure
Figure 7 Weighted radiance exposure limits vs. time for constant exposure
Table 1 Spectral weighting function for assessing ultraviolet hazards for skin and eye
Table 2 Spectral weighting functions for assessing retinal hazards from broadband optical sources
Table 3 Summary of the ELs for the surface of the skin or cornea (irradiance based values)
Table 4 Summary of the ELs for the retina (radiance based values)
Table 5 Emission limits for risk groups of continuous wave lamps
Table B.1 Recommended bandwidths
Table B.2 Example of error in weighted value for wavelength error
Table B.3 Recommended wavelength accuracy
Table C.1 Example of uncertainty propagation
