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Information technology - Radio frequency identification - Conformance test methods for air interface at 800/900MHz
1 Scope
This standard specifies the conformance test method for air interface of radio frequency identification at 840~845MHz and 920~925MHz based on GB/T 29768-2013.
This standard is applicable to the conformance test for air interface of radio frequency identification device (reader-writer and tag) at 840~845MHz and 920~925MHz.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 29261.3-2012 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques - Vocabulary - Part 3: Radio-frequency identification
GB/T 29768-2013 Information technology - Radio frequency identification - Air interface protocol at 800/900MHz
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 29261.3-2012 apply.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in GB/T 29768-2013 and the followings apply.
PW pulse width.
Target check flag.
GI antenna gain.
Tc the reference time of forward link.
Tpri the reference clock cycle of communication link from the tag to the reader-writer
TRext the lead signal indication.
dS the distance between reader-writer antenna and test antenna.
dTE the distance between reader-writer antenna and tag simulator.
Λ the wavelength corresponding to the working frequency.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the abbreviations defined in GB/T 29768-2013 and the followings apply.
AM: amplitude modulation
ASK: amplitude shift keying
DSB-ASK: double-sideband amplitude shift keying
DUT: device under test
ID: identifier
PSK: phase shift keying
RBW: resolution bandwidth
SSB-ASK: single-sideband amplitude shift keying
VBW: video bandwidth
VSWR: voltage standing wave ratio
4 Basic requirements
4.1 Test conditions
4.1.1 Test environment
Unless otherwise specified, the test shall be carried out in 23±3℃ environment with a relative humidity of 40% to 60% and without condensation.
4.1.2 Preconditioning
Prior to test, place DUT in the test environment for 24h.
4.1.3 Default tolerance
Unless otherwise specified, the value tolerance of test equipment characteristics and that generated in test process is ±5%.
4.1.4 Test site
Unless otherwise specified, the test shall be carried out in an anechoic chamber. Where the anechoic chamber limits the movement and test distance of the device, it is allowed to carry out the test in an open test environment. See Annex A for the test site.
4.1.5 Noise level at the test position
Measure the noise level at the test position with spectrum analyzer for at least 1min under the condition same as the test condition of DUT.
At a measurement bandwidth of 10kHz, the maximum noise level is -60dBm within the frequency range of 0.5~2GHz while -90dBm within the working frequency range of 800~960MHz.
Special attention shall be paid to spurious emission, such as the computer display that is not adequately shielded.
4.1.6 Expanded uncertainty
The expanded uncertainty of test quantity specified in the test method shall be stated in the test report.
4.1.7 Relationship between test method and basic standard
See Annex B for the relationship between this standard and GB/T 29768-2013.
4.2 Reader-writer test device
4.2.1 Test antenna and directional coupler
The test antenna shall have an antenna connector with an impedance of 50Ω. Within the frequency range adopted for the test, the VSWR of antenna shall not be greater than 1.2:1.
Directional coupler shall have a three-port device with a impedance of 50Ω. Within the frequency range adopted for the test, the VSWR at the port of directional coupler shall not be greater than 1.2:1, the coupling factor of directional coupler shall not be greater than 10dB and the in-band unevenness shall not be greater than 0.5dB.
4.2.2 Working frequency and modulation test device of reader-writer
The working frequency and modulation test device of reader-writer includes test antenna and spectrum analyzer (see 4.4.1), as shown in Figure 1. The distance (dS) between test antenna and reader-writer antenna under test is set as 3λ or 10λ.
Figure 1 Working frequency and modulation test device of reader-writer
4.2.3 Demodulation and link time sequence test device of reader-writer
Demodulation and link time sequence test device of reader-writer includes tag simulator and digital oscilloscope (see 4.4.2), as shown in Figure 2.
In the demodulation and link time sequence test of reader-writer, the tag simulator specified in Annex C shall be placed dTE away from the reader-writer antenna in the normal direction of dominant power radiation of reader-writer antenna and the optimal orientation of received field intensity, and dTE is set as 3λ or 10λ.
Figure 2 Demodulation and link time sequence test device of reader-writer
4.2.4 Reader-writer test device with directional coupler
Reader-writer test device with directional coupler includes reader-writer antenna, directional coupler, spectrum analyzer, digital oscilloscope and tag simulator, as shown in Figure 3. Reader-writer test device with directional coupler may not only be used for forward link test but also be used for link time sequence test for tag response. The distance (dS) between test antenna and reader-writer antenna is set as 3λ or 10λ.
Figure 3 Reader-writer test device with directional coupler
4.2.5 Reference tag
The reference tag shall meet the requirements of GB/T 29768-2013 and at least support the mandatory command of GB/T 29768-2013. T1 value of reference tag shall be within the range specified in GB/T 29768-2013.
4.3 Tag test device
4.3.1 Reader-writer antenna and directional coupler
Reader-writer antenna shall meet the requirements of Table 1.
Table 1 Reader-writer antenna requirements for tag test
Symbol Parameter Minimum Maximum
L Maximum size of reader-writer antenna 0.1m
GI Reader-writer antenna gain 2dBi 8dBi
Note: dT is the distance between the center of antenna to the center of tag under test.
See 4.2.1 for the requirements of directional coupler.
4.3.2 Demodulation and link time sequence test device of tag
Demodulation and link time sequence test device of tag includes reader-writer antenna, directional coupler, spectrum analyzer, digital oscilloscope and vector signal generator, as shown in Figure 4. In the demodulation and link time sequence test, the tag under test shall be placed dS away from the reader-writer antenna in the normal direction of dominant power radiation of reader-writer antenna and the optimal orientation of received field intensity, and dS is set as 3λ or 10λ.
Figure 4 Demodulation and link time sequence test device of tag
4.3.3 Backscatter test device of tag
Backscatter test device of tag includes reader-writer antenna, directional coupler, spectrum analyzer, digital oscilloscope and vector signal generator, as shown in Figure 5. This device includes two integrated antennas, one is an reader-writer antenna used for the signal emission of vector signal generator while the other is a test antenna connected to spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope; they shall be placed in parallel to reduce the signal coupling between them.
Backscatter test device of tag is used for testing the return signal of tag. The tag under test shall be placed dS away from the reader-writer antenna in the normal direction of dominant power radiation of reader-writer antenna and the optimal orientation of received field intensity, and dS is set as 3λ or 10λ.
Figure 5 Backscatter test device of tag
4.3.4 Reader-writer for test
Reader-writer for test shall meet the mandatory functions specified in GB/T 29768-2013. For a reader-writer used for test, T2, T3 and T4 shall meet the requirements of GB/T 29768-2013, and its working frequency shall be within 840~845MHz and 920~925MHz; it shall be able to demodulate FM0 baseband coding, Miller baseband coding and subcarrier modulation, and shall be able to provide anti-collision test function according to the requirements of 6.1, GB/T 29768-2013.
4.4 General test device
4.4.1 Spectrum analyzer
The spectrum analyzer shall have a RBW of 30kHz, a VBW of 100kHz, and its minimum bandwidth shall support Octal Data Rate. During test, the maximum peak shall be used for demodulation, the bandwidth with resolution of 1kHz shall be used for testing the amplitude signal or noise 3dB higher than the noise level of spectrum analyzer; with an accuracy of ±2dB, it shall be able to test the signal which is 90dB higher than the current signal level and has a deviation of 10kHz from the current signal; it shall be able to realize the ±1dB relative amplitude test and be able to display and distinguish two signals with a frequency deviation of 1kHz.
Where the spectrum analyzer fails to have the vector analysis function required for the test, software analysis method after sampling may be adopted.
4.4.2 Digital oscilloscope
The adopted digital oscilloscope shall at least have a sampling rate of 100M/s and an 8-bit resolution; otherwise, the digital oscilloscope shall at least have a bandwidth of 1GHz and sampling rate of 5G/s.
4.4.3 Vector signal generator
The vector signal generator shall have a level resolution of at least 0.1dB and parasitic harmonic of less than -30dB, AM depth supports 0%~100%; AM shall have a resolution of at least 0.1%, a distortion of less than 2%, an evenness of less than 0.3dB, frequency accuracy of 0.01Hz and VSWR of less than 1.5:1.
5 Conformance test of reader-writer
5.1 Modulation mode and working frequency of reader-writer
5.1.1 Test purpose
To verify whether the reader-writer modulates the radio-frequency carrier with DSB-ASK or SSB-ASK mode, whether the reader-writer has a working frequency of 840~845MHz and 920~925MHz, there are totally 40 channels in the frequency band and see 5.2.2, GB/T 29768-2013 for the calculation of channel center frequency.
5.1.2 Test steps
Test steps for modulation mode and working frequency of reader-writer are as follows:
a) carry out test with the device shown in Figure 1.
b) set the reader-writer under test to work at the maximum transmitting power and the supported maximum modulation depth;
c) set the working frequency and modulation mode of reader-writer under test according to the parameters of initial test case defined in Table 2;
d) set the spectrum analyzer as power-frequency mode and in triggering power waiting;
e) reader-writer under test sends a query command and see Table 3 for the command parameters;
f) after being triggered by the query command, the spectrum analyzer acquires and saves the sending signal curve;
g) verify the modulation mode and working frequency of signal sent by reader-writer under test according to the acquired power-frequency curve;
h) change the working frequency and modulation mode of reader-writer under test according to the test case parameters defined in Table 2; repeat steps d)~g) until the working frequency and modulation mode tests of all the 40 channels are completed.
Note: where the spectrum analyzer fails to support the demodulation mode of reader-writer, software demodulation mode after sampling may be adopted for analysis of demodulation mode.
Table 2 Test case for modulation mode and working frequency of reader-writer
S.N. Working frequency/MHz Modulation mode
1~20 840.125+0.25n DSB-ASK
21~40 SSB-ASK
41~60 920.125+0.25n DSB-ASK
61~80 SSB-ASK
Notes:
1 n=0~19.
2 Either DSB-ASK or SSB-ASK modulation mode may be selected for test
Table 3 Test parameters for query command
Data field Command code Condition Session Target TRext Reverse link frequency factor Coding selection Check
Parameter 10100100b 01b 11b 1b 1b 0000b 00b CRC-16
Note: Tc=6.25μs or 12.5μs
5.1.3 Test report
The test report shall cover the modulation mode supported by the reader-writer under test and the actual working frequency measured under all channels under test.
5.2 Adjacent channel leakage power ratio of reader-writer
5.2.1 Test purpose
To verify whether the adjacent channel power ratio of reader-writer meets the requirements of 5.2.4, GB/T 29768-2013: the first adjacent channel leakage ratio shall be less than -40dB and the second adjacent channel leakage ratio shall be less than -60dB.
5.2.2 Test steps
Test steps for adjacent channel leakage power ratio of reader-writer are as follows:
a) connect the port of reader-writer antenna under test to the spectrum analyzer via attenuator;
b) set the center frequency of the spectrum analyzer to the working frequency of the reader-writer under test, set the frequency span (recommended as greater than 5 times the channel bandwidth) and the resolution bandwidth (recommended as 10kHz); set the parameter for adjacent channel leakage ratio of the spectrum analyzer, set channel spacing as 250kHz, frequency offset as ±250 kHz and channel power integral bandwidth as 250kHz;
c) turn on the reader-writer under test, which will then work on a fixed channel to continuously transmit modulating signal;
d) set the spectrum analyzer in power-frequency mode, acquire the signal of reader-writer under test and measure the value of adjacent channel power ratio;
e) select high, medium and low channels and then repeat steps c) and e).
5.2.3 Test report
The test report shall cover the working frequency and Tc value of modulating signal of high, medium and low channels as well as the leakage ratios of the first and second adjacent channels measured accordingly.
5.3 Radio-frequency signal envelope of reader-writer when it switches on/off carrier
5.3.1 Test purpose
To verify that whether radio-frequency signal envelope meets the requirements of 5.2.5, GB/T 29768-2013, when the reader-writer switches on/off the carrier: the rising time of the radio-frequency envelope shall be within the range of 1μs to 500μs when the carrier is switched on, and the overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple shall be not greater than 5% of the carrier signal amplitude; the falling time of the radio-frequency envelope shall be within the range of 1μs to 500μs when the carrier is switched off, and the overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple shall be not greater than 5% of the carrier signal amplitude.
5.3.2 Test steps
Test steps for radio-frequency signal envelope of reader-writer when it switches on/off carrier are as follows:
a) test with the device shown in Figure 1 or 3, and set the reader-writer under test to the maximum transmitting power;
b) set the spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope in the power-time mode and in the rising edge triggering waiting;
c) the reader-writer under test switches on the carrier, after the carrier rising to the maximum amplitude, it shall remain stable for at least 1500μs;
d) collect at least 2000μs signal with spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope;
e) measure the rising time of radio-frequency signal envelope of reader-writer under test, overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple;
f) set the spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope in the power-time mode and collect signal in the falling edge triggering mode;
g) the reader-writer under test switches off the carrier, after the carrier falling to the minimum amplitude, it shall remain stable for at least 1500μs;
h) collect at least 2000μs signal with spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope;
i) measure the falling time of radio-frequency signal envelope of reader-writer under test, overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple.
See the requirements in Figure 2, 5.2.5, GB/T 29768-2013 for the measurement of rising and falling time, overshoot and undershoot of envelope ripple; the measurement of rising and falling time shall be started and ended at 10% and 90% of the radio-frequency signal amplitude.
5.3.3 Test report
The test report shall cover the radio-frequency envelope rising time, overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple when the carrier is switched on while shall cover the radio-frequency envelope falling time, overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple when the carrier is switched off.
5.4 Radio-frequency signal envelope from reader-writer to tag
5.4.1 Test Purpose
To verify whether the radio-frequency signal envelope from reader-writer to tag meets the requirements of 5.2.6, GB/T 29768-2013: the modulation depth shall be within the range of 30% to 100%, the overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency envelope ripple shall be not greater than 5% of the radio-frequency signal amplitude, the rising time of radio-frequency signal envelope shall be within the range of 1μs to 0.66Tc, the falling time of radio-frequency signal shall be within the range of 1μs to 0.66Tc, and the pulse width shall be within the range of 0.5Tc to 1.1Tc.
5.4.2 Test steps
Test steps for radio-frequency signal envelope from reader-writer to tag are as follows:
a) test with the device shown in Figure 1 or 3, and set the reader-writer under test to the maximum transmitting power;
b) the reader-writer works in the supported working channel, which is channel 0 by default. See Table 4 for the modulation mode, reference time Tc of forward link and setting of modulation mode.
c) set the frequency spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope in the power-time mode and in the falling edge triggering waiting;
d) the reader-writer under test sends query command, and see Table 3 for the command parameters;
e) the spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope collects the complete query command signal;
f) measure the modulation depth of reader-writer under test, rising and falling time of radio-frequency signal envelope, overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple and pulse width;
g) change the modulation mode of the reader-writer under test, reference time Tc of forward link and modulation depth, and repeat steps a)~f) until all test cases in Table 4 have been tested;
h) change the center frequency of the spectrum analyzer and the working channel of the reader-writer under test, and repeat steps a)~g).
See the requirements in Figure 3, 5.2.6, GB/T 29768-2013 for the measurement of pulse width, overshoot and undershoot of envelope ripple; the measurement of pulse width shall be started and ended at 50% of rising and falling envelope of pulse.
Table 4 Test cases for radio-frequency signal envelope from reader-writer to tag
S.N. Modulation mode Tc/μs Modulation depth /%
1 DSB-ASK or SSB-ASK 6.25 Minimum modulation depth supported by the reader-writer
2 Maximum modulation depth supported by the reader-writer
3 12.5 Minimum modulation depth supported by the reader-writer
4 Maximum modulation depth supported by the reader-writer
5.4.3 Test report
The test record shall cover the modulation mode and depth, Tc time, overshoot and undershoot of radio-frequency signal envelope ripple, rising and falling time of radio-frequency signal envelope and pulse width.
5.5 Reader-writer data coding
5.5.1 Test purpose
To verify whether the reader-writer data coding meets the requirements of 5.2.7, GB/T 29768-2013: symbol ‘00’ has a duration of 2Tc, symbol ‘01’ has a duration of 3Tc, symbol ‘11’ has a duration of 4Tc, and symbol ‘10’ has a duration of 5Tc; the length tolerance of these four symbols is ±1%; Tc may be taken as 6.25μs or 12.5μs, and the length tolerance is ±1%.
5.5.2 Test steps
Test steps for reader-writer data coding are as follows:
a) test with the device shown in Figure 1 or 3, and set the reader-writer under test to the maximum transmitting power;
b) the reader-writer under test works in the supported working channel, which is channel 0 by default; see Table 4 for the modulation mode, reference time Tc of forward link and the setting of modulation mode;
c) set the frequency spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope in the power-time mode and in the falling edge triggering waiting;
d) the reader-writer under test sends query command, and see Table 3 for the command parameters;
e) the spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope collects the complete query command signal;
f) measure the duration of symbols ‘00’, ‘01’, ‘10’ and ‘11’ in query command;
g) change the modulation mode of the reader-writer under test, reference time Tc of forward link and modulation depth, and repeat steps a)~f) until all test cases in Table 4 have been tested;
h) change the center frequency of the spectrum analyzer and the working channel of the reader-writer under test, and repeat steps a)~g).
See Figure 6 for the measurement of symbol length, and the measurement shall be started and ended at 50% of the rising envelope of the previous symbols and rising and falling envelope of this symbol.
Figure 6 Example for data coding measurement
5.5.3 Test report
The test report shall cover the modulation mode and depth, Tc time, length of symbols ‘00’, ‘01’, ‘10’ and ‘11’ and the calculated length tolerance.
5.6 Lead code of reader-writer
5.6.1 Test purpose
To verify whether the lead code of reader-writer meets the requirements of 5.2.8, GB/T 29768-2013: the duration of the separator in lead code of the reader-writer is 12.5μs, the length tolerance of the separator is ±5%; the duration of the 1st calibration symbol is 8Tc, the duration of the 2nd calibration symbol is 2Tc, and the length tolerance of them are ±1%.
5.6.2 Test steps
Test steps for lead code of reader-writer are as follows:
a) test with the device shown in Figure 1 or 3, and set the reader-writer under test to the maximum transmitting power;
b) the reader-writer under test works in the supported working channel, which is channel 0 by default, and see Table 4 for the modulation mode, reference time Tc of forward link and the setting of modulation mode;
c) set the spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope in the power-time mode and in the falling edge triggering waiting;
d) the reader-writer under test sends query command, and the command parameters are shown in Table 3.
e) the spectrum analyzer or digital oscilloscope collects the complete query command signal;
f) measure the duration of the lead code separator, 1st calibration symbol and 2nd calibration symbol of the query command;
g) change the modulation mode of the reader-writer under test, reference time Tc of forward link and modulation depth, and repeat steps a)~f) until all test cases in Table 4 are tested;
h) change the center frequency of the spectrum analyzer and the working channel of the reader-writer under test, and repeat Steps a)~f).
See Figure 7 for the length measurement of separator, 1st calibration symbol and 2nd calibration symbol; the length measurement of separator shall start and stop at 50% of the rising and falling envelope of separator; the length measurement of calibration symbols shall start and stop at 50% of the rising envelope of the former symbol and the falling envelope of this symbol.
Figure 7 Example for lead code measurement
5.6.3 Test report
The test report shall cover the modulation mode, modulation depth, Tc time, lengths of separator, 1st calibration symbol and 2nd calibration symbol, and the calculation of length tolerance.
5.7 Demodulation and decoding of reader-writer
5.7.1 Test purpose
To verify whether the demodulation of reader-writer meets the requirements of 5.3.2, GB/T 29768-2013: the reader-writer shall be able to demodulate tag backscatter modulated by ASK and/or PSK; to verify whether the reader-writer is able to decode the signals under different encoding of the tags specified in 5.3.3, GB/T 29768-2013.
5.7.2 Test steps
Test steps for demodulation and decoding of reader-writer are as follows:
a) test with the device shown in Figure 2 or 3;
b) set the reader-writer under test to work at the maximum transmitting power and the supported maximum modulation depth;
c) the reader-writer works in the supported working channel (channel 0 by default) and modulation mode;
d) set the lead code parameters of the reader-writer according to the parameters of the first test case in Table 6;
e) the reader-writer under test sends the query command, of which, the content is shown in Table 5; set the query command parameters according to the first test case of TRext, reverse link frequency factor and coding selection parameters in Table 6;
f) set the digital oscilloscope in the power-time mode and in the power triggering waiting;
g) after receiving the query command sent by the reader-writer under test, the tag simulator automatically backscatters the response of an 11-bit random number and 5-bit calibration by ASK or PSK modulation; the response rate and coding method shall meet the requirements of the query command received;
h) if the reader-writer under test successfully receives the tag simulator response of an 11-bit random number and 5-bit calibration, a command for acquiring code will be automatically sent, the content of which is shown in 6.5.8, GB/T 29768-2013;
i) use digital oscilloscope to collect the power-time curve of demodulation;
j) for the test cases in Table 6, change Tc, TRext, reverse link frequency factor and coding selection parameters in turn, and repeat steps f)~i).
Table 5 Parameters of query command
Data field Command code Condition Session Target TRext Reverse link frequency factor Coding selection Check
Parameter 10100100b 00b 00b 0b See Table 6 See Table 6 See Table 6 CRC-16
Table 6 Measurement parameters for demodulation and decoding of reader-writer
Parameter type Parameter content
Lead code parameter Tc 6.25μs
12.5μs
Start query command
Parameter TRext 0b
1b
Reverse link frequency factor 0000b
0001b
0010b
0011b
0100b
0101b
0110b
0111b
Coding selection 00b
01b
10b
11b
5.7.3 Test report
The test report shall cover the working channel and modulation depth of reader-writer as well as the results of the reader-writer sending commands for acquiring codes under different lead code parameters and query command parameters.
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols
3.3 Abbreviations
4 Basic requirements
4.1 Test conditions
4.2 Reader-writer test device
4.3 Tag test device
4.4 General test device
5 Conformance test of reader-writer
5.1 Modulation mode and working frequency of reader-writer
5.2 Adjacent channel leakage power ratio of reader-writer
5.3 Radio-frequency signal envelope of reader-writer when it switches on/off carrier
5.4 Radio-frequency signal envelope from reader-writer to tag
5.5 Reader-writer data coding
5.6 Lead code of reader-writer
5.7 Demodulation and decoding of reader-writer
5.8 Link time sequence T2 of reader-writer
5.9 Link time sequence T3 of reader-writer
5.10 Link time sequence T4 of reader-writer
5.11 Reader-writer command
5.12 Multi-tag anti-collision mechanism of reader-writer
5.13 Secure protocol of reader-writer
6 Compliance test for tags
6.1 Tag demodulation
6.2 Working frequency of tags
6.3 Baseband coding and subcarrier modulation of tags
6.4 Lead code of tag
6.5 Reverse link frequency and permissible frequency deviation of tags
6.6 Link time sequence T1 of tag
6.7 Link time sequence T2 of tag
6.8 Tag state transition
6.9 Tag command test
6.10 Anti-collision of tags
6.11 Secure protocols of tags
Annex A (Informative) Test site
Annex B (Informative) Relationship between test method and basic standard requirements
Annex C (Normative) Tag simulator
