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Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative. GB/T 1147 consists of two parts under the general title Small and medium power internal combustion engines: ——Part 1: General requirements; ——Part 2: Test methods. This is Part 1 of GB/T 1147. This part is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This standard replaces GB/T 1147.1-2007 Small and medium power internal combustion engines—Part 1: General requirements. The following main changes have been made with respect to GB/T 1147.1-2007: ——The normative references are modified (see Clause 2 hereof, Clause 2 of 2007 Edition); ——Requirements for flammable gas quality are added (see 3.1.4); ——Relevant technical specifications and parameters of gas engines are added (see 3.2.1 hereof and 3.2.1 of 2007 Edition); ——Requirements and calibrated methods for weighted fuel consumption rate of non-road diesel engines, heat consumption rate of gas engines, and fuel oil consumption rate of general utility small gasoline engines are added (see 3.4 hereof, 3.4 of 2007 Edition); ——Requirements for speed regulation performance of gas engines are added (see 3.10 hereof, 3.10 of 2007 Edition); ——Safety requirements of ignition engines and gas engines are added (see 3.14 hereof, 3.14 of 2007 Edition); ——The durability requirements of gas engines are added (see 3.29 hereof, 3.29 of 2007 Edition); ——The content of gas engines test methods is added (see Clause 4 hereof, Clause 4 of 2007 Edition); ——Requirements for type-approval inspection, end-of-manufacturing inspection and random inspection of gas engine are added (see Clause 5 hereof, Clause 5 of 2007 Edition); ——In Table 13, the end-of-manufacturing inspection of fuel consumption rate project is changed from need to be done to need to be selected (see Clause 5 hereof, Clause 5 of 2007 Edition). This part is proposed by the China Machinery Industry Federation. This part is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee on internal combustion engines of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 177). The previous editions replaced by this part are as follows: ——GB/T 1147-1987; ——GB/T 1147.1-2007. Small and medium power internal combustion engines— Part 1: General requirements 1 Scope This part of GB/T 1147 specifies technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, packaging, transportation and storage for small and medium power internal combustion engines with a calibrated power not more than 560 kW. This part is applicable to small and medium power internal combustion engines (hereinafter referred to as internal combustion engines) for road vehicles, vessels, agricultural tractors and forestry machinery, construction machinery, generator sets, and irrigation and drainage machinery. For small and medium power internal combustion engines that currently have no applicable standards available, this part may apply as a reference. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 191 Packaging—Pictorial marking for handling of goods GB/T 725 Internal combustion engines—Nomenclature and code of designations GB/T 726 Reciprocating internal combustion engine—Designation of the direction of rotation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder heads and definition of right-hand machine and left-hand in line engine and locations on an engine GB/T 1147.2 Small and medium power internal combustion engines—Part 2: Test methods GB/T 1883 (All parts) Reciprocating internal combustion engines-terminology—Vocabulary GB 3847 Limits and measurement methods for exhaust smoke from C.I.E. (Compression Ignition Engine) and vehicle equipped with C.I.E. GB/T 3475 Requirement and test method for speed governing system of marine diesel engine GB/T 3821 Small and medium power internal combustion engines—Cleanliness limits and measurements GB/T 6072.1 Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Performance—Part 1: Declarations of power fuel and lubricating oil consumptions and test methods—Additional requirements for engines for general use GB/T 6072.4 Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Performance—Part 4: Speed governing GB/T 6388 Transport package shipping mark GB/T 6809 (All parts) Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Vocabulary of components and systems GB/T 7184-2008 Small and medium power diesel engines—Measurement and evaluation of vibration GB 8840 Limit for exhaust smoke of marine diesel engine GB 9486 Diesel engine—Exhaust smoke measurement method at steady state GB/T 10398 Small gasoline engines—Evaluation and measurement of vibration GB/T 10826 (All parts) Fuel injection equipment—Vocabulary GB 11871 Limits of airborne noise emitted by marine diesel engines GB 14097 Noise limits for small and medium power diesel engines GB/T 15371 Torsional vibration of crankshaft system—Measurement and evaluation method GB 17691-2005 Limits and measurement methods for exhaust pollutants from compression ignition and gas fuelled positive ignition engines of vehicles (III IV V) GB/T 18297 Performance test code for road vehicle engines GB/T 19055 Reliability test methods for motor vehicle engines GB 19756-2005 Limits and measurement methods for exhaust pollutants from diesel engines of tr-wheel low-speed goods vehicles (China III, IV) GB 20651.1 Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Safety—Part 1: Compression ignition engines GB 20651.2 Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Safety—Part 2:Spark ignition engines GB 20891-2014 Limits and measurement methods for exhaust pollutants from diesel engines of non-road mobile machinery (CHINA III, IV) GB 26133-2010 Limits and measurement methods for exhaust pollutants from small spark ignition engines of non-road mobile machinery (I, II) GB 28239-2012 Limits and measurement methods for non-road diesel engine specific fuel consumption and specific oil consumption CB/T 3256-2013 The evaluation of vibration on marine diesel engine CB/ T 3325 The evaluation of torsional vibration in shaft system of marine diesel engine JB/T 5135.1 General utility small gasoline—Part 1: Technical specification JB/T 5135.2 General utility small gasoline engine—Part 2: Performance test method JB/T 5135.3 General utility small gasoline engine—Part 3: Test and evaluate method of reliability and durability JB/T 10629-2006 Gas engines—General requirements and test methods JB/T 11323 Small and medium diesel engines—Evaluation of reliability JB/T 11482 Speed boat diesels—Requirements QC/T 901-1998 Evaluation method for quality inspection of automotive engine products 3 Technical requirements 3.1 General requirements 3.1.1 The internal combustion engines shall be manufactured according to the product drawings and technical documents approved via established procedures. Components and parts and accessories shall meet the relevant standards. 3.1.2 For model preparation of internal combustion engine, GB/T 725 is recommended to apply. 3.1.3 The terms of internal combustion engines shall meet those specified in GB/T 1883 (all parts), GB/T 6072.1, GB/T 6072.4, GB/T6809 (all parts), GB/T 10826 (all parts) and JB/T 10629-2006. 3.1.4 Flammable gas quality shall comply with those specified in 4.3 of JB/T 10629-2006. 3.2 Technical specifications 3.2.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following main technical specifications and parameters of the internal combustion engine in the product technical documents, and may increase or decrease them according to the structural type and purpose of internal combustion engine: Model; Type (Refers to the number of strokes, cooling method, cylinder arrangement, combustion chamber type, left or right machine, boost mode, and whether there is a booster intercooler, etc.); Number of cylinders; Cylinder bore diameter, mm; Piston stroke, mm; Piston displacement, L; Calibrated power, kW; Calibrated speed, r/min; Maximum torque/rotating speed, N·m/(r/min); Rated no-load speed, r/min; Minimum adjustable no-load speed, r/min; Booster rotating speed, r/min; Fuel oil consumption rate, g/(kW·h); Engine oil consumption, g/(kW·h); Fuel oil grade; Engine oil grade; Coolant specification; Mean piston speed, m/s; Compression rate; Mean effective pressure, kPa; Boost pressure, kPa; Carburetor model, type (if applicable); Fuel supply advance angle (crankshaft angle), (°); Firing order; Ignition method (if applicable); Ignition system (if applicable): a) Type; b) Model of ignition coil; c) Model and type of sparking plug; d) Sparking plug electrode cold gap, in mm; e) Working ambient temperature of ignition system, in °C; f) Model and type of magneto or generator. Gas phase (two-stroke machine refers to the crankshaft angle of the intake, exhaust, and scavenging; the four-stroke machine refers to the crankshaft angle when the intake and exhaust valves are opened and closed), (°); Starting method; Rotation direction (according to GB/T726); Overall dimension (length × width × height), mm; Net mass, kg; Total mass, kg. 3.2.2 The following fuel consumption rate shall be marked as required in the product technical documents of internal combustion engines. a) Fuel consumption rate in declared working condition; b) Minimum fuel consumption rate in external characteristic; c) Weighted fuel consumption rate; d) Fuel oil consumption rate in other working conditions agreed between the manufacturer and the customer. 3.2.3 The calibrated power and calibrated speed are also referred to as rated power and rated speed in other standards related to internal combustion engines. 3.2.4 For automotive internal combustion engines, engine oil consumption rate indicator is replaced by the engine oil/fuel consumption rate. 3.2.5 The manufacturer shall give the required main characteristic curve in the instruction manual following the purpose and characteristics of the internal combustion engines. 3.2.6 The manufacturer shall provide the overall drawing of the internal combustion engine in the instruction manual, and shall indicate the overall dimension, installation dimension and connection dimension. 3.3 Power calibration 3.3.1 The calibrated power on the nameplate of internal combustion engine shall be expressed in accordance with GB/T 6072.1 or relevant professional standards. 3.3.2 The internal combustion engine shall be able to emit the calibrated power indicated on the nameplate with ±5% allowable deviation. Where the test environmental conditions differ from the standard conditions, the power shall be corrected according to the method specified in GB/T 6072.1. 3.3.3 There are several types of power use, such as continuous power, overload power and oil limited power. The allowed duration and frequency of the overload power depends on the service condition, but there shall be sufficient margin when setting the engine oil limiter so that it can emit allowable overload power concurrently meeting the requirements of mandatory standards such as noise, smoke, emission, etc. The overload power shall be expressed as a percentage of the continuous power, and the duration and frequency of the allowable operation and the corresponding engine speed shall be indicated. Unless otherwise specified, the overload power at 110% continuous power corresponding to the engine’s working rotating speed allows for 1 h intermittent or uninterrupted operation during the 12 h operating period. 3.4 The calibration of fuel and engine oil consumption rate 3.4.1 The fuel and engine oil consumption rate of the internal combustion engine shall not exceed the ex-factory indicators specified in the product technical documents and the relevant national standards or energy conservation indicators. The weighted fuel consumption rate of non-road diesel engines shall meet the requirements of GB 28239-2012. The fuel oil consumption rate of general utility small gasoline engines shall meet those specified in JB/T 5135.1, and the heat consumption rate of gas engines shall be as specified in 4.7 of JB/T 10629-2006. The fuel consumption rate of the internal combustion engine for different purpose (excluding non-road diesel engines) at the maximum torque point and partial load and partial rotating speed shall meet the requirements of Table 1. The boost internal combustion engine shall be assessed with fuel consumption rate at the 50% load point and an internal combustion engine under 4.5 kW is not specified its partial load point and partial rotating speed fuel consumption rate. The calibration of weighted fuel consumption rate of non-road diesel engines shall be in accordance with those specified in GB 28239-2012, and the fuel consumption rate of other purpose internal combustion engines shall be calibrated according to GB/T 6072.1. Table 1 Requirements for fuel consumption rate at maximum torque point, partial load and partial rotating speed working conditions Operating characteristics of internal combustion engine Maximum torque point 75% load point at calibrated speed 50% load point at calibrated speed 90% calibrated speed point Percentage /% of fuel consumption rate in declared working conditions Speed characteristics ≤100 - - - Load characteristic - ≤105 ≤112 - Propulsion characteristics - - - ≤105 3.4.2 The engine oil consumption rate is expressed by the grams of engine oil consumed per kilowatt hour of the internal combustion engine at the calibrated power and speed. The engine oil consumption rate of the general utility small gasoline engine is in accordance with JB/T 5135.1, and the gas engine oil consumption rate shall meet the requirements of 4.8 in JB/T 10629-2006. Note 1: The calibration value of the engine oil consumption rate is the engine oil consumption rate after the running-in period, and the engine oil grade used must be indicated. Note 2: For liquid fuel engines, the calibrated fuel consumption rate in unite of mass is based on a low heating value of 42700 kJ/kg. The fuel consumption rate of other types fuel engines is expressed in terms of energy, or expressed by both fuel consumption rate in unite of mass and related low calorific values. Note 3: For automotive internal combustion engines, engine oil consumption rate is replaced by the engine oil/fuel consumption rate. 3.5 Test conditions for noise and emission The noise, smoke and emission indexes of the power indicated on the nameplate of the internal combustion engine shall be assessed, and the values shall comply with the limits specified by the relevant industry standards. If the assessment required to be carried out after running-in, the time shall not exceed 45 hours or according to the technical documents of the enterprise. 3.6 Parameter requirements under declared working condition When the internal combustion engine is running under declared working conditions, the following parameters shall comply with the requirements of product technical documents: a) Exhaust temperature (manifold or its branches), °C; b) Inlet temperature of turbocharger gas, °C; c) Engine oil temperature, °C; d) The outlet temperature of cooling medium for internal combustion engine, °C; e) Engine oil pressure, kPa; f) Maximum burst pressure (as required and possible), MPa; g) Booster rotating speed, r/min; h) The inlet/outlet temperature of intercooler cooling medium, °C; 3.7 Additional requirements for marine main engine In the declared working condition, when one cylinder (the main engine with the number of cylinders equal to or less than 7) or two cylinders (the main engine with the number of cylinders equal to or greater than 8) stops working, it shall be able to operate stably under low load. When the exhaust turbocharger is stopped, the main engine shall be able to operate stably at low rotating speeds and low loads. 3.8 Working uniformity of cylinders When the internal combustion engine is running under declared working condition, the nonuniformity of each cylinder parameter and the mean deviation of all cylinders shall not exceed the requirements in Table 2. The power nonuniformity rate of each cylinder of general small multi-cylinder gasoline engine shall not exceed 5%. Table 2 Requirements for working uniformity of cylinders Working parameters of cylinders Deviation Compression pressure ±3% Maximum burst pressure ±4% Exhaust temperature ±5% (Medium and high boost diesel engine is 8%) Mean indicated pressure or indicated power ±4% Note: All or part project may be specified depending on the structural type and purpose of internal combustion engine. 3.9 Torque reserve For internal combustion engines operating at speed characteristics, the torque reserve rate shall meet the requirements for matching or meet the provisions of Table 3. The rate of maximum torque point to the calibrated speed shall comply with Table 4. The internal combustion engine less than 4.5 kW may not assess the torque characteristics but to follow the product technical documents, and use internal combustion engine for torque converter construction machinery. Table 3 Requirements for torque reserve rate Type and purpose of internal combustion engine Torque reserve rate/% For low speed cars/ vehicles ≥12/10 For tractors Single cylinder ≥12 For tractors Multiple cylinders ≤36kW ≥15 >36kW ≥17 For construction machinery For wheeled bulldozers ≥15 For caterpillar bulldozers ≥20 Others According to relevant standards or technical documents. Table 4 Requirements for the rate of maximum torque point speed to calibrated speed Type and purpose of internal combustion engine Rate of maximum torque point speed to calibrated speed Single cylinder engine ≤80 Multi-cylinder engine For tractors ≤75 For low speed cars/ vehicles ≤70 For construction machinery nb≤1800 r/min ≤75 For construction machinery nb>1800 r/min ≤70 3.10 Speed regulating characteristics The speed regulation performance of the internal combustion engine under declared working condition shall comply with the provisions of Table 5. The speed regulation performance of the gas engine shall be in accordance with the provisions of 4.10 in JB/T 10629-2006. The speed regulation performance of the general utility small gasoline engine shall be in accordance with JB/T 5135.1. The marine diesel engine is in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 3475. Table 5 Requirements for speed regulating characteristics Purpose of internal combustion engine Instantaneous rotating speed difference /% Calibrated speed regulating rate /% Rotating speed recovery time tn,in (loading), tn,de (deloading) Steady state speed fluctuation rate βn /% Fixed power, for agricultural drainage ≤12 ≤8 ≤10 ≤1 For tractors - ≤8 - - For combine harvesters - ≤5 - - For low speed cars/ vehicles - ≤17 - - For construction machinery - ≤12 - - For power generation ≤10 ≤5 ≤5 - 3.11 Minimum adjustable no-load speed (minimum no-load steady speed) The steady and continuous running time of internal combustion engine shall not be less than 5 min at the minimum adjustable no-load speed. The steady speed fluctuation rate shall comply with the requirements of product technical documents. The minimum adjustable no-load speed of general utility small gasoline engine shall follow the requirements of JB/T 5135.1. 3.12 Minimum full load continuous speed (minimum working steady speed) The minimum allowable full load continuous speed of internal combustion engine and its continuous running time shall comply with the requirements in Table 6. Table 6 Requirements for minimum full load continuous speed and its continuous running time Purpose of internal combustion engine Minimum full load continuous speed (minimum working steady speed) (percentage of calibrated speed) /% Continuous running time/ min For low speed cars/ vehicles ≤45 ≥30 For tractors, construction machinery and others ≤55 ≥30 Marine main engines nbx < 300 r/min ≤30 ≥20 nb≥300~1000 r/min ≤40 ≥20 nb>1000 r/min ≤45 ≥20 3.13 Starting The internal combustion engine shall be started 3 times at the ambient temperature specified in Table 7 and within the specified starting time without any external measures, of which at least 2 times shall be able to start smoothly. The heat start requirement of the general utility small gasoline engine shall be as specified in JB/T 5135.1. The starting method is in accordance with GB/T 1147.2. For internal combustion engines with special starting performance requirements (such as low-temperature starting and starting with gasoline engines), the ambient temperature and starting time shall be in accordance with relevant standards or be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the user. Table 7 Requirements for starting temperature and starting time Starting mode and diesel engine purpose Ambient temperature /°C Each starting time /s Electric starting and compressed air starting For low speed cars/ vehicles, tractors, combine harvesters and construction machinery -5 15 Marine main and auxiliary engines 10 10 Emergency generator sets and fixed 0 10 Manual starting 5 30 3.14 Safety requirements Safety requirements for internal combustion engines such as starting safety, normal shutdown, emergency shutdown, fire prevention, explosion prevention and overspeed protection, etc. shall comply with the requirements of GB 20651.1 and GB 20651.2 and other relevant standards. The safety requirements for gas engines shall comply with the requirements of 4.21 in JB/T 10629-2006. 3.15 Reversing The marine main engine shall be subjected to the reversing test. The steering shall be light and flexible during reversing, and the reversing time of the engine which can be directly reversed shall not exceed 15s. 3.16 Inclination The internal combustion engine shall be able to work under the lateral inclination and longitudinal inclination listed in Table 8. The general utility small gasoline engine shall be able to work under the lateral inclination and longitudinal inclination conditions specified in JB/T 5135.1. The diesel engine for speedboats shall be able to work under the conditions of lateral inclination and longitudinal inclination, roll and pitch specified in JB/T 11482. Note: For internal combustion engines with special requirements for lateral inclination and longitudinal inclination, the value shall be determined by the manufacturer and the user. Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Technical requirements 4 Test methods 5 Inspection rules 6 Marking, packaging, transportation and storage Annex A (Normative) Name of main components and parts of diesel engine Annex B (Normative) Name of main components and parts of gasoline engine ICS 27.020 J 91 GB 中华人民共和国国家标准 GB/T 1147.1—2017 代替GB/T 1147.1—2007 中小功率内燃机 第1部分通用技术条件 Small and medium power internal combustion engines-Part 1: General requirements 2017-02-28发布 2017-09-01实施 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局 中国国家标准化管理委员会 发布 GB/T 1147.1—2017《中小功率内燃机 第1部分:通用技术条件》 国家标准第1号修改单 本修改单经国家标准化管理委员套于2018年9月17日批准,自2019年4月1日起实施。 将本标准第1章中“GB/T 1147的本部分规定了中小功率内燃机……”修改为“GB/T 1147的本部分规定了中小功率内燃机(标定功率不大于560 kW)……”。 前言 GB/T 1147《中小功率内燃机》分为两个部分: ——第1部分:通用技术条件; ——第2部分:试验方法。 本部分为GB/T 1147的第1部分。 本部分按照GB/T 1.1—2009给出的规则起草。 本部分代替GB/T 1147.1—2007《中小功率内燃机 第1部分:通用技术条件》。 本部分与GB/T 1147.1—2007相比,主要内容变化如下: ——修改了规范性引用文件(见第2章,2007年版的第2章); ——增加了可燃气体品质规定(见3.1.4); ——增加了燃气机有关技术规格和参数(见3.2.1,2007年版的3.2.1); ——增加了非道路用柴油机加权燃料消耗率、燃气机热耗率、小型通用汽油机燃油消耗率要求及标定方法(见3.4,2007年版的3.4); ——增加了燃气机调速性能要求(见3.10,2007年版的3.10); ——增加了点燃式发动机及燃气机安全要求(见3.14,2007年版的3.14); ——增加了燃气机耐久性要求(见3.29,2007年版的3.29); ——增加了燃气机试验方法内容(见第4章,2007年版的第4章); ——增加了燃气机定型检验、出厂检验和抽查检验的要求(见第5章,2007年版的第5章); ——表13中将燃料消耗率项目出厂检验由需要进行的项目改为按需要选定的项目(见第5章,2007年版的第5章)。 本部分由中国机械工业联合会提出。 本部分由全国内燃机标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC 177)归口。 本部分所代替标准的历次版本发布情况为: GB/T 1147-1987; GB/T 1147.1-2007。 中小功率内燃机第1部分:通用技术条件 1范围 GB/T 1147的本部分规定了中小功率内燃机的技术要求、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输和贮存等。 本部分适用于道路车辆、船舶、农用拖拉机和林业机械、工程机械、发电机组、排灌机械用中小功率内燃机(以下简称内燃机),其他目前尚无合适标准可用的中小功率内燃机也可参照执行。 2规范性引用文件 下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件,仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 GB/T 191包装储运图示标志 GB/T 725内燃机产品名称和型号编制规则 GB/T 726往复式内燃机旋转方向、气缸和气缸盖上气门标志及直列式内燃机右机、左机和发动机方位的定义 GB/T 1147.2中小功率内燃机第2部分:试验方法 GB/T 1883(所有部分)往复活塞式内燃机词汇 GB 3847车用压燃式发动机和压燃式发动机汽车排气烟度排放限值及测量方法 GB/T 3475船用柴油机调速系统技术要求和试验方法 GB/T 3821中小功率内燃机清洁度限值和测定方法 GB/T 6072.1往复式内燃机性能第1部分:功率、燃料消耗和机油消耗的标定及试验方法通用发动机的附加要求 GB/T 6072.4往复式内燃机性能第4部分:调速 GB/T 6388运输包装收发货标志 GB/T 6809(所有部分)往复式内燃机零部件和系统术语 GB/T 7184-2008中小功率柴油机振动测量及评级 GB 8840船用柴油机排气烟度限值 GB9486柴油机稳态排气烟度及测定方法 GB/T 10398小型汽油机振动评级和测试方法 GB/T 10826(所有部分)燃油喷射装置词汇 GB 11871船用柴油机辐射的空气噪声限值 GB 14097中小功率柴油机噪声限值 GB/T 15371曲轴轴系扭转振动测量与评定方法 GB 17691-2005车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V阶段) GB/T 18297汽车发动机性能试验方法 GB/T 19055汽车发动机可靠性试验方法 GB 19756-2005三轮汽车和低速货车用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国I、Ⅱ阶段) GB 20651.1往复式内燃机 安全 第1部分:压燃式发动机 GB 20651.2往复式内燃机 安全 第2部分:点燃式发动机 GB 20891-2014非道路移动机械用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三、四阶段) GB 261332010非道路移动机械用小型点燃式发动机排气污染物排放限值与测量方法(中国第一、二阶段) GB 28239-2012非道路用柴油机燃料消耗率和机油消耗率限值及试验方法 CB/T 3256-2013船用柴油机振动评级 CB/T 3325船用柴油机轴系扭转振动评级 JB/T 5135.1通用小型汽油机 第1部分:技术条件 JB/T 5135.2通用小型汽油机 第2部分:台架性能试验方法 JB/T 5135.3通用小型汽油机 第3部分:可靠性、耐久性试验与评定方法 JB/T 10629-2006燃气机 通用技术条件和试验方法 JB/T 11323中小功率柴油机 可靠性评定方法 JB/T 11482快艇用柴油机 技术条件 QC/T 901-1998汽车发动机产品质量检验评定方法 3技术要求 3.1一般要求 3.1.1内燃机产品应按经规定程序批准的产品图样和技术文件制造。零、部件和附件应符合有关标准规定。 3.1.2内燃机型号编制建议按GB/T 725的规定。 3.1.3内燃机术语应符合GB/T 1883(所有部分)、GB/T 6072.1、GB/T 6072.4、GB/T6809(所有部分)、GB/T 10826(所有部分)和JB/T 10629-2006的规定。 3.1.4可燃气体品质按JB/T 10629-2006中4.3的规定。 3.2技术规格 3.2.1制造厂应在产品技术文件中提供下列内燃机的主要技术规格和参数,并可根据内燃机的结构型式和用途予以增减: 型号; 型式(系指冲程数、冷却方式、气缸排列方式、燃烧室型式、左机或右机、增压方式及是否带增压中冷器等): 气缸数; 气缸直径,mm 活塞行程,mm 活塞总排量,L; 标定功率,kW; 标定转速,r/min; 最大扭矩/转速,N·m/(r/min); 标定空载转速,r/min; 最低可调空载转速,r/min; 增压器转速,r/min; 燃油消耗率,g/(kW·h); 机油消耗率,g/(kW·h); 燃油牌号; 机油牌号; 冷却液规格; 活塞平均速度,m/s; 压缩比; 平均有效压力,kPa; 增压压力,kPa; 化油器型号、型式(若适用); 供油提前角(曲轴转角),(°); 发火次序; 点火方式(若适用); 点火系统(若适用): a)型式; b)点火线圈型号; c)火花塞型号、型式; d)火花塞电极冷间隙,单位为mm; e)点火系统工作环境温度,单位为℃; f)磁电机或发电机型号、型式。 配气相位(二冲程机系指进、排、扫气时的曲轴转角;四冲程机系指进、排气门开启和关闭时的曲轴转角),(°); 起动方式; 旋转方向(按GB/T726规定); 外形尺寸(长×宽×高),mm; 净质量,kg; 总质量,kg。 3.2.2内燃机产品技术文件中应按需要标出下列燃料消耗率: a)标定工况燃料消耗率; b)外特性最低燃料消耗率; c)加权燃料消耗率; d)制造厂与客户商定的其他使用工况的燃油消耗率。 3.2.3标定功率、标定转速在与内燃机有关的其他标准中也被称作额定功率、额定转速。 3.2.4对于车用内燃机,机油消耗率指标用机油/燃料消耗比来代替。 3.2.5制造厂应按内燃机的用途和特点在使用说明书中给出所需的主要特性曲线。 3.2.6制造厂应在使用说明书中提供内燃机的外形图样,并应注明外形尺寸、安装尺寸和连接尺寸。 3.3功率标定 3.3.1内燃机铭牌上的标定功率应按GB/T 6072.1或相关专业标准的规定进行表示。 3.3.2内燃机应能发出铭牌上标明的标定功率。实际所发标定功率与铭牌对应功率的允许偏差为±5%。当试验环境状况与标准环境状况有差异时,其功率应按GB/T 6072.1的规定进行修正。 3.3.3功率使用有持续功率、超负荷功率和油量限定功率等几种类型。 超负荷功率允许使用的持续时间和频次取决于使用情况,但在调定发动机油量限制器时应有足够的裕量,使之在满足噪声、烟度、排放等强制性标准要求时,能发出允许的超负荷功率。超负荷功率应按持续功率的百分数表示,同时需注明允许运行的持续时间和频次及相应的发动机转速。 除非另有说明,在相应于发动机使用转速时110%持续功率的超负荷功率允许在12h运行期内,间断或不间断地运行1h。 3.4燃料和机油消耗率的标定 3.4.1内燃机的燃料和机油消耗率应不大于产品技术文件规定的出厂指标及国家相关标准规定或节能指标,非道路用柴油机加权燃料消耗率应符合GB 28239-2012的要求,通用小型汽油机的燃油消耗率按JB/T 5135.1的规定,燃气机热耗率按JB/T 10629-2006中4.7的规定。不同用途内燃机(非道路用柴油机除外)在最大扭矩点和部分负荷、部分转速时的燃料消耗率应符合表1的规定,增压内燃机考核50%负荷点燃料消耗率,4.5kW以下的内燃机,对部分负荷点及部分转速燃料消耗率不作规定。 非道路用柴油机加权燃料消耗率的标定按GB 28239-2012的规定,其他用途内燃机燃料消耗率标定按GB/T 6072.1的规定。 表1最大扭矩点和部分负荷、部分转速工况点燃料消耗率要求 内燃机工作特性 最大扭矩点 标定转速 75%负荷点 标定转速 50%负荷点 90%标定转速点 标定工况燃料消耗率的百分数/% 速度特性 ≤100 - - - 负荷特性 - ≤105 ≤112 - 推进特性 - - - ≤105 3.4.2内燃机机油消耗率标定时,以内燃机在标定功率和转速下,每千瓦小时所消耗的机油克数来表示,通用小型汽油机的机油消耗率按JB/T 5135.1的规定,燃气机机油消耗率按JB/T 10629-2006中4.8的规定。 注1:内燃机机油消耗率的标定值,为其规定磨合期后的机油消耗率,并标明所用的机油牌号。 注2:液体燃料发动机,以质量为单位的标定燃料消耗率均以低热值42700kJ/kg为准,其他类型燃料发动机标定的燃料消耗率以能量为单位表示;或者以质量为单位的燃料消耗率和相关的低热值两者来表示。 注3:车用内燃机,机油消耗率可用机油/燃料消耗比来代替。 3.5噪声、排放的试验条件 应考核内燃机铭牌所示功率的噪声、烟度和排放指标,其值应符合相关行业标准规定的限值。当需要磨合后进行考核时,磨合时间不得超过45h或按企业技术文件规定。 3.6标定工况参数要求 内燃机在标定工况运转时,下列参数应符合产品技术文件的规定: a)排气温度(总管或各缸歧管),℃; b)涡轮增压器燃气进口温度,℃; c)机油温度,℃; d)内燃机冷却介质出口温度,℃; e)机油压力,kPa; f)最高爆发压力(按需要与可能),MPa; g)增压器转速,r/min; h)中冷器冷却介质进出口温度,℃。 3.7船用主机的附加要求 船用主机在标定工况时,当一个气缸(指气缸数等于或小于7的主机)或两个气缸(指气缸数等于或大于8的主机)停止工作时,应能在低负荷下稳定运转。 当废气涡轮增压器停止工作时,主机应能在低转速和低负荷下稳定运转。 3.8各缸工作均匀性 内燃机在标定工况运转时,各缸参数的不均匀性与所有气缸的平均值偏差应不大于表2的规定,通用小型多缸汽油机的各缸功率不均匀率应不大于5%。 表2各缸工作均匀性要求 各缸工作参数 偏差 压缩压力 ±3% 最高爆发压力 ±4% 排气温度 ±5%(中、高增压柴油机8%) 平均指示压力或指示功率 ±4% 注:可根据内燃机的结构型式和用途规定全部或部分项目。 3.9扭矩储备 按速度特性工作的内燃机,扭矩储备率应满足配套用需要或符合表3规定,最大扭矩点的转速与标定转速之比,应符合表4的规定。4.5kW以下的内燃机可不考核扭矩特性,采用变扭器的工程机械用内燃机,扭矩特性可按产品技术文件规定。 表3扭矩储备率要求 内燃机型式及用途 扭矩储备率/% 低速汽车/车用 ≥12/10 拖拉机用 单缸 ≥12 拖拉机用 多缸 ≤36kW ≥15 >36kW ≥17 工程机械用 轮式推土机用 ≥15 履带式推土机用 ≥20 其他 按有关标准或技术文件规定 表4最大扭矩点转速与标定转速之比的要求 内燃机型式及用途 最大扭矩点转速与标定转速之比/% 单缸机 ≤80 多缸机 拖拉机用 ≤75 低速汽车/车用 ≤70 工程机械用 nb≤1800 r/min ≤75 工程机械用 nb>1800 r/min ≤70 3.10调速特性 内燃机标定工况下的调速性能应符合表5的规定,燃气机的调速性能按JB/T 10629-2006中4.10的规定,通用小型汽油机的调速性能按JB/T 5135.1的规定,船用柴油机按GB/T 3475的规定。 表5调速特性要求 内燃机用途 瞬时转速差 /% 标定调速率 /% 转速回复时间 tn,in(加载),tn,de(减载) 稳态转速波动率βn/% 固定动力、农排用 ≤12 ≤8 ≤10 ≤1 拖拉机用 - ≤8 - - 联合收割机用 - ≤5 - - 低速汽车/车用 - ≤17 - - 工程机械用 - ≤12 - - 发电用 ≤10 ≤5 ≤5 - 3.11最低可调空载转速(最低空载稳定转速) 内燃机在最低可调空载转速下,稳定持续运转时间不少于5min,稳态转速波动率应符合产品技术文件规定,通用小型汽油机的最低可调空载转速按JB/T 5135.1的规定。 3.12最低满载持续转速(最低工作稳定转速) 内燃机允许的最低满载持续转速及其连续运转时间应符合表6的规定。 表6最低满载持续转速及其连续运转时间要求 内燃机用途 最低满载持续转速(最低工作稳定转速) (占标定转速的百分数)/% 连续运转时间/min 低速汽车/车用 ≤45 ≥30 拖拉机、工程机械等用 ≤55 ≥30 船用主机 nbx<300 r/min ≤30 ≥20 nb≥300~1000 r/min ≤40 ≥20 nb>1000 r/min ≤45 ≥20 3.13起动 内燃机在表7规定的环境温度下及规定的起动时间内,不采取任何机外措施进行3次起动,其中至少有2次应能顺利起动,通用小型汽油机的热起动要求按JB/T 5135.1的规定。 起动方法按GB/T 1147.2的规定,起动性能有特殊要求(例如低温起动、用汽油机起动)的内燃机,起动时环境温度及起动时间按有关标准规定或由制造厂与用户商定。 表7起动温度和起动时间要求 起动方式及柴油机用途 环境温度/℃ 每次起动时间/s 电起动及压缩空 气起动 低速汽车/车用及拖拉机、联合收割机及工程机械用 -5 15 船用主、辅机 10 10 应急发电机组及固定用 0 10 人力起动 5 30 3.14安全要求 内燃机的起动安全性、正常停机、应急停机、防火、防爆、超速保护等安全要求都应符合GB20651.1、GB20651.2的要求和其他有关标准的规定,燃气机安全要求按JB/T10629-2006中4.21的规定。 3.15换向 船用主机应进行换向试验,换向时操纵应轻便灵活,可直接倒转的船用主机换向时间应不超过15s。 3.16倾斜 内燃机应能在表8所列的横倾和纵倾条件下工作,通用小型汽油机应能在JB/T5135.1规定的横倾和纵倾条件下工作,快艇用柴油机应能在JB/T11482规定的横倾、纵倾、横摇、纵摇条件下工作。 注:对横倾与纵倾有特殊要求的内燃机,其数值由制造厂与用户商定。 表8横倾、纵倾要求 内燃机用途 倾斜角度/(°) 横倾 纵倾 低速汽车/车用 10 15 工程机械用 履带式推土机、装载机、单斗挖掘机等 35 35 轮胎式推土机、装载机、单斗挖掘机、振动压路机等 25 30 自行式铲运机、平地机等 20 25 行车起重机、叉车等 15 20 多斗挖掘机、翻斗车等 20 15 拖拉机用 轮式 20 20 履带式 20 30 联合收割机用 20 20 表8(续) 内燃机用途 倾斜角度/(°) 横倾 纵倾 移动式发电 机组用 在移动中不工作 10 10 在移动中工作(功率不大于30kW) 28.5 15 船用 主机及辅机 15 5 应急用内燃发电机组 22.5 10 3.17密封性 内燃机各密封面及管接处,在预热、磨合运行及性能试验期间,经紧固后不允许出现油、气、水渗漏。 内燃机标定工况漏气量一般不超过名义进气量的1%,通用小型汽油机的密封性应符合JB/T 5135.1的规定。 3.18热平衡 内燃机的热平衡性能应符合有关标准或制造厂技术文件的规定。 3.19工作介质 内燃机各系统的工作介质应符合使用说明书规定,工作介质中的添加剂应无毒、无腐蚀和无附着沉淀。 3.20仪器仪表 内燃机应配备为保证正常运行所必需的仪表和指示系统。对功率大于220kW的内燃机,应对转速、压力、温度等参数超过规定范围时设置监控和/或报警装置。 3.21机械振动 内燃机机械振动值,应根据用途分别符合GB/T 7184-2008、GB/T 10398、CB/T 3256-2013或其他有关标准的规定,达到GB/T 7184-2008表A.1的C级、GB/T 10398、CB/T 3256-2013中规定的C级(可容忍级)。 3.22扭转振动 内燃机曲轴轴系扭转振动,对中小功率和船用内燃机应分别符合GB/T 15371和CB/T 3325的规定。内燃机在标定转速±10%范围内,不应有危险扭振临界转速。 3.23清洁度 内燃机的清洁度应根据用途分别符合GB/T 3821、QC/T 901或其他有关标准的规定。 3.24噪声 内燃机的噪声还应根据其用途分别符合GB 14097、GB 11871或其他有关标准的规定。 3.25烟度 内燃机的排气烟度应根据用途分别符合GB 9486、GB 3847、GB 8840或其他有关标准的规定,燃气机的排气烟度按JB/T 10629-2006中4.12的规定。 3.26排放 内燃机排放的气体和颗粒污染物应根据用途分别符合GB 17691-2005、GB 19756-2005、GB 20891-2014或其他有关标准的规定。 地下用发动机排放的气体和颗粒污染物应符合GB 20651.1的要求,详见表9。 燃气机的排气污染物应符合JB/T 10629-2006中4.16的规定。 通用小型汽油机的排气污染物应符合GB 26133-2010的规定。 表9地下用发动机排放限值 功率P/kW 排放限值/[g/(kW·h)] 一氧化碳CO 碳氢化合物HC 氮氧化物NOX 颗粒PT 37≤P<75 6.5 1.3 9.2 0.85 75≤P<130 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.7 130≤P<560 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.54 3.27热冲击 内燃机按GB/T1147.2规定进行热冲击试验时,其受热零件应无裂纹或漏水、漏气、漏油现象发生。 3.28可靠性 3.28.1非道路用内燃机产品按JB/T 11323规定进行可靠性考核时,考核指标为: a)首次故障前平均工作时间(MTTFF)不低于500h; b)平均故障间隔时间(MTBF)不低于1000h; c)无故障综合评分值(Q)不低于60分。 3.28.2汽车用内燃机可靠性考核可按QC/T 901-1998中5.5及GB/T 19055规定进行。 3.28.3通用小型汽油机的可靠性应符合JB/T 5135.3的规定。 3.29耐久性 对需要进行耐久试验的内燃机应按GB/T1147.2规定的方法进行台架耐久试验,试验后,高速、低速内燃机应符合表10的规定,中速内燃机应符合表11的规定,燃气机按JB/T10629-2006中4.20的规定,小型通用汽油机的耐久性应符合JB/T5135.3的规定。 表10高速、低速内燃机耐久试验后要求 项目 技术要求 主要件a损坏 不允许 试验后主要零件磨损值 - 试验后主要性能指标变化 标定工况燃料消耗率升高值不超过标定值的4%、机油消耗率升高值不超过标定值的30% 非主要件损坏 不超过5件 表10(续) 项目 技术要求 故障停机 不超过4次 a柴油机主要件见附录A,汽油机主要件见附录B,燃气机主要件见JB/T 10629-2006附录A。 表11中速内燃机耐久试验后要求 项目 技术要求 主要件a损坏 不允许 试验后主要零件磨损值 应符合产品技术文件规定 试验后主要性能指标变化 标定工况燃料消耗率升高值不超过标定值的3%、机油消耗率升高值不超过标定值的20% 非主要件损坏 应符合产品技术文件规定 故障停机 不超过4次 a柴油机主要件见附录A,汽油机主要件见附录B,燃气机主要件见JB/T 10629-2006附录A。 3.30寿命 内燃机寿命应符合表12的规定。 表12使用寿命 内燃机型式 高速内燃机 单缸机 3000h 多缸机 <37kW 非恒速 5000h 恒速 nb<3 000 nb≥3 000 3000h ≥37kW 8000h 低速汽车/车用 2.5×105km 中、低速内燃机 nb≥750r/min 8000h nb<750 r/min 12000h 注:内燃机寿命可按时间或公里数计算,两者比照期暂按1个月≈3000km,3个月≈10000km,6个月≈15000km,1年≈30000km,2年≈50000km。 3.31交货 内燃机交货时,应向用户提供随机备用的配件、保养工具以及三包凭证、产品合格证及使用说明书等有关技术文件。如用户另有要求,可与制造厂商定。 4试验方法 内燃机的试验方法根据用途按GB/T 1147.2、GB/T 18297或有关标准的规定进行,燃气机的试验方法按JB/T 10629-2006中第5章的规定,通用小型汽油机的试验方法按JB/T 5135.2的规定。 5检验规则 5.1定型检验 5.1.1为确认某机型的主要性能数据、并尽可能对其使用中的可靠性和耐久性作出评价,对其有代表性的发动机所进行的一系列检验为定型检验。 5.1.2凡新设计和经重大改进以及转厂生产的内燃机应进行定型检验,检验项目见表13(可根据内燃机结构型式和用途予以增减),燃气机检验项目见JB/T 10629-2006中表6。 5.1.3定型检验用样机一台或按相关专业标准规定,一般由生产企业提供。 5.2出厂检验 5.2.1为保证产品质量,生产企业按技术文件规定的出厂要求(或合同要求),对出厂产品进行的检验为出厂检验。 5.2.2每台内燃机应进行出厂检验,检验项目见表13(可根据内燃机结构型式和用途予以增减),燃气机检验项目见JB/T 10629-2006中表6。 5.3抽查检验 5.3.1为考核内燃机生产企业批量生产产品制造质量的一致性,由政府有关部门或生产企业检验部门根据生产批量大小、按有关判定规则定期抽取一定数量的产品对主要性能进行的检验为抽查检验。 5.3.2检验项目见表13(可根据内燃机结构型式和用途予以增减),燃气机检验项目见JB/T 10629-2006中表6。 表13检验项目 序号 检验项目 检验类别 定型检验 出厂检验 抽查检验 1 起动性能试验 √ √(常温) √(常温) 2 调速性能试验 √ ▽ ▽ 3 负荷特性试验 √ ▽ ▽ 4 标定功率试验 √ √ √ 5 燃料消耗率试验 √ ▽ √ 6 速度特性试验 √ ▽ ▽ 7 使用特性试验 ▽ ▽ ▽ 8 万有特性试验 √ ▽ ▽ 9 标定功率工作稳定性试验 √ ▽ √ 10 空载特性试验 √ × ▽ 11 最低可调空载转速测定 √ √ √ 12 最低满载持续转速测定 ▽ ▽ ▽ 序号 检验项目 检验类别 定型检验 出厂检验 抽查检验 13 各缸工作均匀性试验 √ ▽ ▽ 14 安全性能检查 √ √ √ 15 机械效率测定 √ ▽ ▽ 16 热平衡试验 ▽ × 17 噪声测定 √ ▽ √ 18 排气烟度测定 √ ▽ √ 19 排气排放测定 √ ▽ √ 20 机械振动和曲轴扭转振动试验 ▽ ▽ ▽ 21 活塞漏气量测定 ▽ ▽ ▽ 22 机油消耗率测定 √ ▽ √ 23 清洁度测定 ▽ ▽ √ 24 特殊性能试验 ▽ ▽ ▽ 25 功能检查 √ ▽ √ 26 可靠性试验 √ × ▽ 27 耐久性试验 ▽ × ▽ 28 热冲击试验 ▽ × × 注1:√——需要进行的项目;×——可不进行的项目;▽——按需要选定的项目。 注2:在“√”及“▽”的项目中若包含多项内容时,也可择需进行部分内容。 注3:特殊性能试验系指发动机与从动机的匹配试验、内燃发电机组的并联运行及其他电气试验、船用发动机紧急换向试验、船用发动机最低稳定转速试验、双燃料发动机的燃料转换试验、在制造厂规定时间内的维修能力试验、在规定故障下(如增压器失效)的机动性能及发出规定功率的能力试验。 注4:功能检查系指超速限制装置、压力和温度异常的故障自动保护和报警装置等功能和能力检查、起动系统验收试验前后操作能力检查、换向机构或倒车减速机构和离合器的功能检查、重要零部件的运行温度检查、曲柄臂的挠度检查、发动机在支座上的稳定性检查、活塞和气缸组件及轴承在试验后的状况检查。 注5:可靠性试验应单独抽取2台样机进行试验。 6标志、包装、运输和贮存 6.1标志 6.1.1内燃机应具有牢固的铭牌,铭牌上至少应标明下列内容,通用小型汽油机按JB/T 5135.1的规定: a)制造厂名称、商标; b)型号、用途; c)标定功率/标定转速,kW/(r/min); d)净质量,kg; e)厂址、许可证号; f)出厂编号、制造日期(年、月); g)产品执行标准代号和顺序号。 6.1.2内燃机一般应在飞轮或输出端的机体部位或飞轮壳上标出旋转方向,同时在飞轮上或适当位置标出第一缸上止点位置。 6.1.3安全警示标志应置于明显部位。 6.1.4对列入国家工业产品生产许可证管理目录的产品,在产品或其包装、说明书上应标注生产许可证标志。 6.2包装和运输 6.2.1内燃机应和随机配件、工具和技术文件一起牢固包装。制造厂在征得用户同意后可采取简易包装。 6.2.2包装箱的包装储运标志应符合GB/T 191的规定。 6.2.3包装箱的收发货标志应符合GB/T 6388的规定。 6.3贮存 6.3.1内燃机应贮存在通风、干燥、无腐蚀性物质的仓库内。 6.3.2在按照制造厂规定的产品油漆、封存、包装、储运的技术要求下,内燃机的有效封存期自出厂之日起不少于12个月。出口内燃机按有关标准规定。 附录A (规范性附录) 柴油机主要件名称 A.1柴油机主要零件 柴油机主要零件包括: ——机体、气缸套、气缸盖垫片、气缸盖(包括燃烧室镶块)及其螺栓; ——活塞、活塞销、活塞环、连杆、连杆衬套、连杆轴瓦和连杆螺栓; ——曲轴及其连接螺钉、主轴承或主轴瓦、轴承盖、飞轮及其螺栓; ——正时齿轮、凸轮轴及其轴瓦、摇臂和摇臂轴; ——气门、气门座、气门导管、气门弹簧、气门挺杆和气门推杆。 A.2柴油机主要部件 柴油机主要部件包括: ——输油泵、喷油泵、调速器、喷油器、空气滤清器1)和柴油滤清器1); ——水泵、水箱、冷凝器、热交换器和风扇; ——机油泵、机油冷却器和机油粗、精滤清器1); ——起动机、发电机、励磁机; ——增压柴油机的增压器和中冷器; ——电控单体泵、电控共轨系统; ——安全装置(超速保护、机油的高温和低油压保护等); ——排放后处理系统。 1)纸质滤芯和橡胶密封圈除外。 附录B (规范性附录) 汽油机主要件名称 B.1汽油机主要零件 汽油机主要零件包括: ——机体、气缸套、气缸盖垫片、气缸盖及其螺栓; ——活塞、活塞销、活塞环、连杆衬套、连杆轴瓦、连杆和连杆螺栓; ——曲轴及其连接螺钉、曲轴箱、曲轴箱盖、主轴承或主轴瓦、轴承盖、飞轮及其螺栓; ——正时齿轮、凸轮轴及其轴瓦、摇臂和摇臂轴; ——气门、气门座、气门导管、气门弹簧、气门挺柱、气门推杆。 B.2汽油机主要部件 汽油机主要部件包括: ——化油器、电控喷油系统、调速器、空气滤清器、排气消声器; ——散热器、水泵、热交换器(风冷机无此部件)和风扇; ——机油泵、机油冷却器和机油粗、精滤清器; ——点火系统; ——增压器; ——安全装置(超速保护、机油的高温和低油压保护等); ——排放后处理系统。 |
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GB/T 1147.1-2017/XG1-2018, GB 1147.1-2017/XG1-2018, GB 1147.1-2017XG1-2018, GB/T1147.1-2017/XG1-2018, GB/T 1147.1, GB/T1147.1, GB1147.1-2017/XG1-2018, GB 1147.1, GB1147.1, GB1147.1-2017XG1-2018, GB 1147.1, GB1147.1 |