GB 21670-2025 Technical requirements and testing methods for passenger car braking systems English, PDF
1 Scope
This document specifies the structural and functional requirements, test and performance requirements, and requirements for determination of the same type of passenger car braking systems, and describes the corresponding test methods.
This document is applicable to Category M1 vehicles specified in GB/T 15089.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB 4094 Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales of motor vehicles
GB/T 5345 Road vehicles - Labelling of containers for petroleum-based or non-petroleum-based brake fluid
GB/T 5620 Road vehicles - Vocabulary and definition for braking of automotive vehicles and their trailers
GB 12981 Motor vehicle brake fluids
GB/T 15089 Classification of power-driven vehicles and trailers
GB/T 34590 (all parts) Road vehicles - Functional safety
GB 34660 Road vehicles - Requirements and test methods of electromagnetic compatibility
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 5620 and GB/T 34590.1 as well as the following apply.
3.1
braking equipment
all braking systems installed on a vehicle
3.2
braking system
combination of components consisting of control device, transmission device, and brake, designed to gradually decelerate or stop a moving vehicle or to keep a stopped vehicle stationary
3.3
control device
component directly operated by the driver to supply the transmission device with the energy required for braking or controlling
Note: Such energies include the driver's physical strength, energy from other energy sources controlled by the driver, or a combination of different energies.
3.4
transmission device
combination of components located between the control device and the brake, enabling functional connection between them
Note 1: Transmission devices are classified as mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electric or hybrid types.
Note 2: When the braking force is provided or assisted by an energy source other than the driver's physical strength, the energy accumulator is considered as a part of the transmission device.
Note 3: The transmission device has two independent functions: control transmission and energy transmission. When the term "transmission" is used alone in this document, it encompasses both "control transmission" and "energy transmission".
3.4.1
control transmission device
combination of components within the transmission device that control the operation of the brake, featuring control function and the required energy accumulator
3.4.2
energy transmission device
combination of components that supply the energy required for the brake to function, including the energy accumulator required for the brake operation
3.5
brake
component that generates a force opposite to the vehicle's motion tendency
Note: The brakes include friction brakes (where the braking force is generated by friction between two relatively moving components in the vehicle), electric brakes (where the braking force is generated by electromagnetic interaction between two relatively moving but non-contacting components in the vehicle), hydraulic brakes (where the braking force is generated by liquid with relative motion between two components in the vehicle), and engine retarders (artificially enhanced engine brake actuation, with force transmitted to the wheels).
3.6
component of braking system
individual component that can be assembled to constitute a braking system
3.7
graduated/modulatable braking
braking process under brake actuation, during which the driver can manipulate the control device at any time within the normal control range to adjust the braking force with sufficient precision, so that the braking force increases or decreases with the magnitude of the manipulation (monotonic function)
3.8
distribution of mass among the axles
distribution of the gravitational force of the vehicle and its loading mass among the axles
3.9
wheel/axle load
vertical static reaction force exerted by the pavement on one/all wheels of an axle within the contact area
3.10
hydraulic braking system with stored energy
braking equipment powered by pressurized fluid stored in an energy accumulator
Note: The pressurized fluid is supplied by a hydraulic pump equipped with pressure limiting device, with the pressure limit specified by the manufacturer.
3.11
actuation
activation and release of the control device
3.12
electric regenerative braking system
braking system that converts kinetic energy of a vehicle into electrical energy during deceleration
3.12.1
electric regenerative braking control
device that modulates the brake actuation of the electric regenerative braking system
3.12.2
electric regenerative braking system of category A
electric regenerative braking system that does not belong to the service braking system
3.12.3
electric regenerative braking system of category B
electric regenerative braking system that belongs to the service braking system
3.13
traction battery; propulsion battery
battery that provides energy for the power system of an electric vehicle
[Source: GB/T 19596-2017, 3.3.1.1.1.1]
3.14
state-of-charge; SOC
percentage of the currently releasable capacity relative to the available capacity in the electrical storage device (such as battery and super-capacitor)
3.15
phased braking
function where two or more braking sources share a single control device, with priority given to one braking source by delaying the activation of the others, allowing it to strengthen the necessary control actions before the others engage
3.16
automatically commanded braking
function where the electronic control system automatically controls the braking system or the brakes of an axle to brake according to the result of automatic evaluation on vehicle information, so as to decelerate the vehicle
3.17
selective braking
function where the electronic control system automatically activates a single brake to adjust the vehicle state through deceleration
3.18
nominal value
reference braking performance obtained by assigning specific values to the input-output transfer functions of each vehicle braking system, which is used to characterize the relationship between the braking rate that the vehicle itself can produce and the level of braking input variables
Note: The "nominal value" is defined as a characteristic parameter representing the relationship between the braking rate of the vehicle itself and the braking input variables.
3.19
braking signal
logic signal indicating the activation of braking
3.20
emergency braking signal
logic signal indicating the activation of emergency braking
3.21
wheel locking
state where, at a vehicle speed of greater than 15km/h, the rotational speed of a wheel is 0r/min or the wheel's braking slip is 100% for a duration of 100ms or longer (500ms for ABS tests conducted on pavements with a low coefficient of adhesion)
3.22
yaw angle
included angle between the vehicle's centerline when stationary and the reference line of travel
3.23
anti-lock braking system; ABS
system that can automatically control the degree of slip of one or more wheels of a vehicle in the wheels' direction of rotation during braking
3.24
sensor
component that identifies the vehicle's motion state or the wheels' rotation state and then transmits such information the controller
3.25
controller
component that processes the information provided by the sensor and issues commands to the modulator
3.26
modulator
component that modulates the braking force according to commands received from the controller
3.27
directly controlled wheel [ An ABS with select-high control may be considered to include both directly and indirectly controlled wheels. In an ABS with select-low control, all sensor-equipped wheels are considered as directly controlled wheels.])
wheel whose braking force is modulated according to data provided by its own sensor on the vehicle
3.28
indirectly controlled wheel 1)
wheel whose braking force is modulated according to data provided by other wheels' sensors
3.29
full cycling
ABS operation mode where braking force is repeatedly modulated to prevent the directly controlled wheels from locking
Note: This definition is not applicable to single modulation performed during braking until the vehicle comes to a stop.
3.30
electronic control system
combination of a series of units that collaboratively realize vehicle control functions by means of electronic data processing
Note: This system is typically controlled by software and consists of independent functional components such as sensors, controllers, and actuators connected via transmission links. It includes mechanical, electro-pneumatic, and electro-hydraulic units.
3.31
unit
smallest division of system components that can be combined to form a separate identifiable, analyzable or replaceable entity
3.32
transmission links
means of interconnecting internal units for signal transmission, operational data transfer, or energy supply
Note: These are typically electronic, but may also be mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, or optical.
3.33
boundary of functional operation
extent of external physical boundaries within which the system can maintain control
3.34
energy source
device that generates and supplies the energy required by the braking system
3.35
electrical storage device
device or combination of devices capable of storing electrical energy and supplying it to the transmission device of the braking system
Note: Multiple electrical storage devices connected in series and/or parallel to supply energy to a single braking circuit are considered as one electrical storage device.
3.36
electrical supply
device that supplies electrical energy to the electrical storage device of the braking system
Examples: Batteries, rechargeable energy storage systems (REESS), generators, fuel cells, or combinations thereof.
3.37
state of an electrical storage device
current capability of an electrical storage device to supply power (W) and energy (Wh)
3.38
performance of an electrical storage device
capability of a fully charged electrical storage device to supply power (W) and energy (Wh)
3.39
electrical transmission braking system; ETBS
braking system where the service braking force and its transmission are solely powered by electrical energy from an electrical storage device controlled by the driver
3.40
brake demand value
demand value for braking on a single wheel or single axle actuated electrically to generate braking force
3.41
effect of ageing
irreversible degradation in the performance of an electrical storage device caused by factors such as time, usage, and environmental conditions
3.42
energy management system
system that monitors key variables affecting the performance and state of an electrical storage device (e.g., voltage, temperature, internal resistance, effect of ageing, SOC, power consumption, and charging cycles) and infers whether the actual capability of the electrical storage device meets the design requirements
Note: The energy management system does not necessarily have to be part of the ETBS but is utilized by it.
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
areduced: reduced value of the deceleration demand value
aref: deceleration demand value
B: braking force
BEF: braking effectiveness factor
dm: mean fully developed deceleration
dM: maximum mean fully developed deceleration of a passenger car in an Type-O test with disengaged powertrain
dM+R: calculated mean fully developed deceleration of a passenger car towing an unbraked trailer
Dw: ratio of wheel cylinder inner diameter to piston diameter
Δd: difference between the thickness of a brand new brake lining (maximum brake lining thickness) and the thickness of a completely worn brake lining (minimum brake lining thickness declared by the manufacturer)
Δt: braking cycle period, that is, the time elapsed from the start of one braking event to that of the next one
E: wheelbase
ε: adhesion utilization, that is, the quotient of the maximum braking rate and the theoretical coefficient of adhesion when the ABS is in operation
εH: ε value on pavement with high coefficient of adhesion
εL: ε value on pavement with low coefficient of adhesion
F: braking force
Contents
Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviations
5 Structural and functional requirements
6 Test and performance requirements
7 Test methods
8 Determination of the same type
9 Implementation of this standard
Annex A (Normative) Functional safety requirements for brake electronic control systems
Annex B (Normative) Requirements for functional safety test reports of brake electronic control systems
Annex C (Normative) Requirements for functional safety descriptions of brake electronic control systems
Annex D (Normative) Inspection procedures for SOC of traction batteries
Annex E (Normative) Requirements for braking and running deviation tests of vehicles equipped with temporary spare wheels/tyres
Annex F (Normative) Processing requirements for vehicle parameters and test data
乘用车制动系统技术要求及试验方法
1范围
本文件规定了乘用车制动系统的结构和功能要求、试验和性能要求及同一型式判定要求，描述了相应的试验方法。
本文件适用于GB/T 15089规定的M1类车辆。
2规范性引用文件
下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB 4094汽车操纵件、指示器及信号装置的标志
GB/T 5345道路车辆 石油基或非石油基制动液容器的标识
GB/T 5620道路车辆 汽车和挂车制动名词术语及其定义
GB 12981机动车辆制动液
GB/T 15089机动车辆及挂车分类
GB/T 34590(所有部分)道路车辆 功能安全
GB 34660道路车辆 电磁兼容性要求和试验方法
3术语和定义
GB/T 5620和GB/T 34590.1界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1
制动装备 braking equipment
装备在车辆上的所有制动系统。
3.2
制动系统 braking system
由控制装置、传输装置和制动器组成，使行驶车辆逐步减速或停车，或使已经停驶的车辆保持静止状态的零部件组合。
3.3
控制装置 control device
由驾驶人直接操纵向传输装置提供制动或控制所需能量的部件。
注：这些能量包括驾驶人的体力、来自驾驶人控制的其他能源或不同能量的组合。
3.4
传输装置 transmission device
处于控制装置和制动器之间并使两者实现功能连接的零部件组合。
注1：传输装置分为机械式、液压式、气压式、电力式或混合式。
注2：制动力由驾驶人体力以外的能源提供或助力时，储能器视为传输装置的一部分。
注3：传输装置具有两种独立的功能：控制传输和能量传输。本文件单独使用“传输”一词时，同时具有“控制传输”和“能量传输”两种含义。
3.4.1
控制传输装置 control transmission device
传输装置中控制制动器工作的零部件组合，具有控制功能和所需的储能器。
3.4.2
能量传输装置 energy transmission device
向制动器提供其功能所需能量的零部件组合，包括制动器工作所需的储能器。
3.5
制动器 brake
产生与车辆运动趋势相反的力的部件。
注：包括摩擦式制动器(制动力由车辆中具有相对运动的两个部件摩擦产生)、电力制动器(制动力由车辆中具有相对运动但不互相接触的两个部件间的电磁作用产生)、液力制动器(制动力由位于车辆的两个部件间、具有相对运动的液体产生)和发动机缓速器(人为增加发动机制动作用，并将力传递到车轮上)。
3.6
制动系统的零部件 component of braking system
可组装构成制动系统的单个零部件。
3.7
渐进/可调节制动 graduated/modulatable braking
制动作用期间，驾驶人可在正常操纵范围内随时操纵控制装置，以足够的精度调整制动力大小，使制动力随操纵幅度的大小而增加或减少(单调函数)的制动过程。
3.8
轴荷分配 distribution of mass among the axles
车辆及其装载质量的重力作用在车轴间的分配。
3.9
轮/轴荷 wheel/axle load
在接触区域内、路面对某车轴的一个/全部车轮的垂直静态反力。
3.10
储能式液压制动系统 hydraulic braking system with stored energy
由存储在储能器中的压力液体供能的制动装备。
注：压力液体由装有限压装置的液压泵供给，限压值由制造商规定。
3.11
促动 actuation
控制装置的作用和释放。
3.12
电力再生式制动系统 electric regenerative braking system
在减速过程中将车辆动能转化为电能的制动系统。
3.12.1
电力再生式制动控制装置 electric regenerative braking control
调节电力再生式制动系统制动作用的装置。
3.12.2
A 型电力再生式制动系统 electric regenerative braking system of category A
不属于行车制动系统的电力再生式制动系统。
3.12.3
B 型电力再生式制动系统 electric regenerative braking system of category B
属于行车制动系统的电力再生式制动系统。
3.13
动力蓄电池 traction battery；propulsion battery
为电动汽车动力系统提供能量的蓄电池。
[来源：GB/T 19596—2017，3.3.1.1.1.1]
3.14
荷电状态 state-of-charge；SOC
蓄电装置(如蓄电池、超级电容等)中当前可以释放的容量占可用容量的百分比。
3.15
相位制动 phased braking
两个或两个以上的制动源采用同一个控制装置，通过延后其他制动源来给予某个制动源以优先权，使其在其他制动源工作之前加强必要的控制动作。
3.16
自动控制制动 automatically commanded braking
电子控制系统根据车辆信息自动评价的结果，自动操纵制动系统或某车轴的制动器进行制动，使车辆减速的功能。
3.17
选择制动 selective braking
电子控制系统以自动方式对单个制动器进行制动，通过减速对车辆状态进行调整的功能。
3.18
标称值 nominal value
给各车辆制动系统的输入-输出传递函数分别赋值所得到的基准制动性能，用来表征车辆自身所能产生的制动强度与制动输入变量水平之间的关系。
注：“标称值”被定义为表示车辆自身制动强度与制动输入变量之间关系的特性参数。
3.19
制动信号 braking signal
指示制动触发的逻辑信号。
3.20
紧急制动信号 emergency braking signal
指示紧急制动触发的逻辑信号。
3.21
车轮抱死 wheel locking
在车速大于15km/h 时，车轮的转速为0r/min 或车轮的滑移率为100% 的持续时间大于或等于100ms(对在低附着系数路面上进行的ABS 试验，该时间为500ms)的状态。
3.22
横摆角 yaw angle
车辆停止行驶时的中心线与行驶基准线所构成的夹角。
3.23
防抱制动系统 anti-lock braking system；ABS
制动过程中，能自动控制车辆的一个或几个车轮在其旋转方向上的滑移程度的系统。
3.24
传感器 sensor
用于识别车辆的运动状态或车轮的旋转状态，并将这些信息传递给控制器的零部件。
3.25
控制器 controller
用于处理传感器提供的信息，并发出指令给调节器的零部件。
3.26
调节器 modulator
用于按收到的控制器指令调节制动力的零部件。
3.27
直接控制车轮1)directly controlled wheel
根据车辆自身车轮传感器提供的数据调节其制动力的车轮。
3.28
间接控制车轮1)indirectly controlled wheel
根据其他车轮的传感器提供的数据来调节制动力的车轮。
1)高选控制的防抱制动系统可认为包括直接控制车轮和间接控制车轮。低选控制的防抱制动系统，其所有装备传感器的车轮均视为直接控制车轮。
3.29
全循环 full cycling
防抱制动系统反复调节制动力以防止直接控制车轮抱死的方式。
注：在制动至停车过程中只进行一次调节的不符合该定义。
3.30
电子控制系统 electronic control system
通过电子数据处理方式协同实现车辆控制功能的一系列单元的组合。
注：该系统通常通过软件控制，由传感器、控制器和执行器等独立的功能组件构成，并通过传输链相连接。该系统包括机械、电子-气压及电子-液压等单元。
3.31
单元 unit
系统组件的最小划分，可组合构成可识别、分析或更换的单独实体。
3.32
传输链 transmission links
为了传输信号、运行数据或能量供给而用于连接内部单元的方式。
注：通常是电子的，或是机械、气压、液压或光学的。
3.33
有效工作范围 boundary of functional operation
系统能保持控制的外部物理界限的范围。
3.34
能量源 energy source
产生和提供制动系统所需能量的装置。
3.35
蓄电装置 electrical storage device
能够储存电能并向制动系统的传输装置提供电能的装置或装置的组合。
注：为单个制动回路提供能量而串联和/或并联的多个蓄电装置视为一个蓄电装置。
3.36
供电装置 electrical supply
为制动系统的蓄电装置提供电能的装置。
示例：电池、可充电储能系统(REESS)、发电机、燃料电池等或这些零部件的组合。
3.37
蓄电状态 state of an electrical storage device
当前蓄电装置提供功率(W)和电量(Wh)的能力。
3.38
蓄电性能 performance of an electrical storage device
蓄电装置在完全充电时提供功率(W)和电量(Wh)的能力。
3.39
电力传输制动系统 electrical transmission braking system；ETBS
行车制动力及其传输仅由驾驶人控制的蓄电装置提供电能的制动系统。
3.40
制动需求值 brake demand value
采用电力促动以产生制动力的单个车轮或单根车轴制动的需求值。
3.41
老化效应 effect of ageing
因时间、使用和环境等因素导致的蓄电性能的不可逆衰减。
3.42
能量管理系统 energy management system
监测影响蓄电性能和蓄电状态的关键变量(例如电压、温度、内阻、老化效应、荷电状态、功耗、充电循环等)，并推断蓄电装置的实际能力是否满足设计要求的系统。
注：能量管理系统不必是ETBS 的一部分，但被ETBS 使用。
4符号和缩略语
4.1符号
下列符号适用于本文件。
areduced：减速度需求值减少后的值。
aref：减速度需求值。
B：制动力。
BEF：制动效能因数。
dm：充分发出的平均减速度。
dM：乘用车在动力脱开的O型试验中充分发出的平均减速度的最大值。
dM+R：计算得出的乘用车挂接无制动挂车时充分发出的平均减速度。
Dw：轮缸内径与活塞直径的比值。
Δd：全新制动衬片的厚度(最大制动衬片厚度)减去完全磨损的制动衬片的厚度(制造商声明的最小制动衬片厚度)的值。
Δt：制动循环周期，从一次制动开始到下一次制动开始所经历的时间。
E：轴距。
ε：附着系数利用率，即防抱制动系统工作时最大制动强度和理论附着系数的商。
εH：在高附着系数路面上的ε值。
εL：在低附着系数路面上的ε值。
