GB/T 17693.22-2026 Transformation guidelines of geographical names from foreign languages into Chinese—Part 22: Polish English, Anglais, Englisch, Inglés, えいご
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ICS 13.220.10
CCS H 57
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T 17693.22-2026
Transformation guidelines of geographical names from foreign languages into Chinese - Part 22: Polish
外语地名汉字译写导则 第22部分：波兰语
Issue date: 2026-01-28 Implementation date: 2027-02-01
Issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
the Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China
Contents
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 General Principles
5 Detailed Rules
5.1 Specific Terms of Geographical Names
5.2 Generic Terms of Geographical Names
5.3 Transcription Rules for Specific Letters
Annex A (Normative) Transliteration Table for Common Generic Terms and Words of Polish Geographical Names
Annex B (Informative) Transliteration Table for Common Personal Names in Polish Geographical Names
Bibliography
Guidelines for the Translation of Geographical Names from Foreign Languages into Chinese — Part 22: Polish
1 Scope
This document establishes the general principles and detailed rules for the translation of Polish geographical names into Chinese characters, and specifies the requirements for translating common generic terms and words found in Polish geographical names.
This document is applicable for the translation of Polish geographical names into Chinese characters.
2 Normative References
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
geographical names
Proper names assigned to various geographical entities.
[SOURCE: GB/T 38210-2019, 2.1]
3.2
specific term of geographical names
specific term
The part of a geographical name that distinguishes individual geographical entities.
[SOURCE: GB/T 38210-2019, 2.2]
3.3
generic term of geographical names
generic term
The part of a geographical name that indicates the category of the geographical entity.
[SOURCE: GB/T 38210-2019, 2.3]
4 General Principles
4.1 Specific terms of geographical names should be transliterated phonetically.
4.2 Generic terms of geographical names should be translated semantically. The translation of common generic terms and words in Polish geographical names shall be carried out according to the methods specified in Annex A.
4.3 Established conventional Chinese translations shall be retained. Derived names from these conventional translations shall use the same translated terms. Refer to Annex B for the transliteration of common personal names in Polish geographical names.
4.4 The translation of geographical names should preferably use the standard geographical names found in the latest officially published maps, gazetteers, dictionaries of geographical names, toponymy records, and other similar documents from Polish official sources.
4.5 The Chinese characters used for translating Polish geographical names are listed in Table 1.
5 Detailed Rules
5.1 Specific Terms of Geographical Names
5.1.1 Specific terms of geographical names (including generic terms that have become specialized, i.e., generic terms transformed into components of the specific term) should be transliterated phonetically.
5.1.2 Specific terms with a certain meaning or those that clearly reflect the characteristics of the geographical entity should be translated semantically.
5.1.3 Personal names within specific terms shall be translated according to the following rules:
a) For specific terms named after a person, transliterate phonetically according to the conventional translation of the personal name, inserting a middle dot "·" between the parts of the personal name.
b) For specific terms named after a person bearing a title, the title should be translated semantically.
5.1.4 Adjectives modifying the specific term (such as those indicating direction, size, newness/oldness, etc.) should be translated semantically.
5.1.5 Specific terms named after numerals or dates should be translated semantically.
5.1.6 For geographical names derived from the names of administrative divisions or populated places, the specific term, often in adjective form, should be restored to its noun form during Chinese translation.
5.1.7 Prepositional phrases within the specific term that describe the geographical environment or location of the place should be translated semantically.
5.1.8 The conjunction "i" meaning "and" in the specific term shall be represented by a hyphen "-" (a short horizontal line, slightly shorter than the em dash "—").
5.1.9 For specific terms composed of two (or more) words, if the phonetic transliteration exceeds eight Chinese characters, a hyphen "-" shall be added after the first word.
5.1.10 Examples of Chinese character translations for some specific terms of geographical names are shown in Table 2.
5.2 Generic Terms of Geographical Names
5.2.1 Generic terms should be translated semantically.
5.2.2 When a generic term has multiple meanings, the translation should be chosen based on the category of the geographical entity it refers to.
5.2.3 For names of natural geographical entities consisting only of a specific term, the corresponding generic term should be added when translating into Chinese characters.
5.2.4 Examples of Chinese character translations for some generic terms of geographical names are shown in Table 3.
5.3 Transcription Rules for Specific Letters
5.3.1 The letter "m" before "b" and "p" shall be transliterated as "n".
5.3.2 Except for the vowel groups listed in Table 1, when two or more vowels appear together, each shall be transliterated separately.
5.3.3 Sound groups formed by two identical consonant letters shall be transliterated as a single consonant.
5.3.4 Requirements for the Chinese translation of some common fixed affixes are shown in Table 4.
5.3.5 Examples of transliteration for specific letters are shown in Table 5.
