标准编号:	TSG 71-202X
中文名称:	大型游乐设施安全技术规程 征求意见稿
英文名称:	Large-scale amusement facilities safety technical regulation (Draft for comments)
行业分类:	TSG    特种设备安全技术规范
发布日期:	2023-00-00
实施日期:	2022-11-30
标准状态:	现行
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	72000 字
翻译价格(元):	11000.00 元
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Large-scale amusement facilities safety technical regulation



1 General provisions



1.1 Purpose



The Regulation is developed according to Special Equipment Safety Law of the People's Republic of China and Regulations on Safety Supervision of Special Equipment with a view to ensuring the safe use of large-scale amusement facilities, preventing and reducing accidents, protecting personal and property safety, and promoting economic and social development.



1.2 Meaning of large-scale amusement facilities



(1) The large-scale amusement facilities mentioned in the Regulation refer to the equipment and facilities specified in Special Equipment Catalog, used for business purposes and carrying rider for amusement, to be specific, the people-carrying electromechanical amusement equipment, water amusement facilities and non-powered amusement facilities with the designed maximum operating linear speed (Note 1-1) greater than or equal to 2 m/s, or the operating height (Note 1-2) higher than or equal to 2 m (Note 1-3), except for equipment and facilities used for sports, theatrical performances and non-business activities;



(2) The large-scale amusement facilities mentioned in the Regulation include the body of the large-scale amusement facilities, accessory equipment indispensable for the safe operation of the facilities and decorations fixed on the body, and exclude the power distribution part, foundation and building (structure) part of the large-scale amusement facilities.



Notes:



1-1 The designed maximum operating linear speed refers to the possible maximum linear speed of riders during the normal operation of the designed large-scale amusement facilities.



1-2 The operating height refers to the designed maximum vertical distance from the supporting position of the rider's body to the falling place.



1-3 The designed maximum operating linear speed and the operating height shall be judged based on those specified in the product use and maintenance instructions of the fabrication unit.



1.3 Application scope



The Regulation is applicable to the production (including design, fabrication, installation, modification, and repair), operation, use, inspection, testing, and supervision and management of large-scale amusement facilities.



 

1.4 Categorization and classification of large-scale amusement facilities



Large-scale amusement facilities shall be divided into Class A and Class B according to the corresponding categories and parameters, see "Category and class of large-scale amusement facilities" (Annex A) for the specific categorization and classification.



1.5 Relationship with technical standards and management system (Note 1-4)



(1) The Regulation specifies the basic safety requirements of large-scale amusement facilities, and the technical standards and management systems related to large-scale amusement facilities shall not be less stringent than those in the Regulation.



(2) The basic standards quoted in the Regulation (such as terminology standards, material standards, method standards, etc.) are the reference standards of the Regulation.



Note 1-4: For dated references of the Regulation, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections) to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document applies.



1.6 Handling of special cases



If the relevant units adopt new materials, new technologies and new processes, which are inconsistent with or not required by the Regulation and might have a significant impact on safety performance, they shall report to the State Administration for Market Regulation of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as State Administration for Market Regulation) which entrusts relevant professional institution to conduct technical review, and the new materials, new technologies and new processes may be put into production and use only after the review results are approved by the State Administration for Market Regulation.



1.7 Supervision and administration



Units that design, fabricate, install, modify, repair, operate and use large-scale amusement facilities, as well as inspection and testing institutions, shall strictly implement the Regulation, accept the supervision and administration of the market supervision and management departments of the people's governments at all levels and, in accordance with the relevant provisions for the special equipment informatization administration, timely input the data required into the special equipment informatization administration system.



2 Materials



2.1 General requirements



The selection of materials for large-scale amusement facilities shall be based on the importance of structure, load characteristics, structure type, stress state, fabrication process and working environment.



2.2 Metal



2.2.1 Steel



(1) Steel shall meet the requirements of relevant national standards and professional standards, with its mechanical properties, heat treatment properties, welding properties, etc. meeting the requirements of the actual working conditions.



(2) Rimmed steel must not be used for structural parts;



(3) If steel plate with through-thickness characteristics is adopted for welding load-bearing structural steel plate, the requirements of Class Z15 for through-thickness characteristics specified in GB/T 5313 Steel plate with through-thickness characteristics shall be met to prevent the lamellar tearing of the steel.



2.2.2 Non-ferrous metal



Non-ferrous metals shall meet the requirements of relevant national standards and professional standards, with the mechanical properties, heat treatment properties, welding properties, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, lubrication properties, etc. meeting the requirements of the actual working conditions.



2.3 Non-metallic material



2.3.1 Basic requirements



Non-metallic materials shall meet the requirements of relevant national standards and professional standards, with the properties meeting the requirements of the actual working conditions.



2.3.2 Wood



Wood shall meet the requirements of GB 50005 Code for design of timber structures, with its mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and flammability meeting the requirements of the actual working conditions.



2.3.3 Engineering plastics



Engineering plastics for structures shall meet the requirements of relevant national standards and professional standards, with the mechanical properties, heat resistance and aging resistance meeting the requirements of the actual working conditions.



2.3.4 Rubber



Rubber shall meet the requirements of relevant national standards and professional standards, with its mechanical properties, aging resistance and corrosion resistance meeting the requirements of the actual working conditions.



2.3.5 Glass



(1) Unbreakable organic glass or safety glass shall be adopted, with the organic glass sheet meeting those specified in GB/T 7134 Poly (methyl methacrylate) cast sheets and the safety glass meeting those specified in GB 15763 (all parts) Safety glazing materials in building.



(2) The mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance and appearance quality of the glass shall meet the requirements of the actual working conditions.



2.3.6 Glass fiber reinforced plastics

The materials and parts made of glass fiber reinforced plastics shall meet the following requirements:



(1) The resin for making glass fiber reinforced plastic parts has good water resistance and aging resistance;



(2) Alkali-free glass fiber with good surface wettability is used for the glass fiber reinforced plastic of the water slide of water slide device;



(3) Glass fiber reinforced plastic parts are free from defects such as poor impregnation, poor curing, bubbles, delamination of cutting surface, uneven thickness, etc.;



(4) The surface of glass fiber reinforced plastics is free from cracks, damages, cloth grain exposure, wrinkles, unevenness and other defects, with corner transition smooth without burr.



3 Design



3.1 General requirements



(1) Large-scale amusement facilities fabrication units and their principal responsible persons shall ensure that the design of the large-scale amusement facilities meets the requirements of the Regulation to ensure the personal and property safety;



(2) The large-scale amusement facilities shall be so designed that they are reasonable in structure, convenient for operation and use, maintenance, inspection and testing, and meet the requirements of the place of use and the environment;



(3) As for the design of large-scale amusement facilities, the design service lives of the complete machine as well as the main stressed components (Note 3-1) shall be made clear, which shall be specified based on the structure type, through risk analysis, and taking into account the service conditions and maintenance requirements, etc.



(4) The design documents of large-scale amusement facilities shall be appraised in accordance with the requirements of Clause 7 of the Regulation.



Note 3-1: main stressed components refer to mechanical components and parts that will, if failed, directly cause injury to riders.



3.2 Risk assessment



(1) Large-scale amusement facilities shall be subjected to risk assessment in the design phase, with risk assessment report issued, the report content including at least the hazard source identification, risk assessment and control measures;



(2) The hazard source identification of large-scale amusement facilities shall take into account the equipment factors, personnel factors, environmental factors, as well as the typical hazard sources, damage, and failure modes during the whole life cycle.



(3) Hazard sources of large-scale amusement facilities, together with the severity of consequences and the likelihood of occurrence, shall be subjected to risk assessment; control measures shall be taken for unacceptable risks and reassessment shall be conducted to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.



3.3 Design and calculation



3.3.1 Basic requirements



Corresponding calculations of static strength, stiffness, fatigue strength, stability, overturn-preventing and anti-sideslip shall be conducted according to the specific structure, load situation, working condition analysis and safety requirements of large-scale amusement facilities.



3.3.2 Load of large-scale amusement facilities



(1) The analysis and calculations of permanent loads, rider loads, rider support and restraint reaction forces, inertial forces, collision forces, etc., shall be conducted according to the operating environment, riding and working condition requirements of large-scale amusement facilities, taking into account the effects of vibration loads, wind loads, earthquake loads, snow loads, ice cover loads, temperature loads and other loads.



(2) If large-scale amusement facilities may produce impact load during movement, the impact coefficient shall be considered and the impact load shall be calculated to avoid the impact load causing harm to personnel and equipment; for large-scale amusement facilities with operating speed lower than 2 m/s, the impact load may not be calculated.



3.3.3 Working condition analysis



The analysis shall be conducted according to the different operation phases, different load distribution and different postures of large-scale amusement facilities as well as various possible working conditions. The working condition analysis shall include at least the following conditions:



(1) Normal operating conditions under no-load, unbalanced load and full load conditions;



(2) Abnormal operating conditions under cases of emergency stop, emergency rescue, maintenance, etc.;



(3) Working conditions in limit state under local extreme conditions such as typhoons and earthquakes.



3.3.4 Load combination



(1) The loads borne by the structures of the large-scale amusement facilities shall be combined according to the working condition analysis, and corresponding analysis and calculations shall be conducted separately.



(2) The combination of loads under various working conditions such as non-normal operating conditions and working conditions in limit state shall not cause damage and permanent deformation to the structure



3.3.5 Static strength



For large-scale amusement facilities designed using the permissible safety coefficient method, the static strength safety coefficient, n, shall be larger than or equal to 5 for important shafts (pins) and critical welds, or larger than or equal to 3.5 for general parts and components, or larger than or equal to 8 for parts and components made of brittle materials.



For large-scale amusement facilities designed using the limit state method, the static strength of the metallic parts and components shall meet the requirements of limit state design method specified in GB 8408 Large-scale amusement device safety code, and the calculation of wood structure shall meet those specified in GB 50005.



 

3.3.6 Fatigue strength



Calculation of fatigue strength of large-scale amusement facilities shall meet the following requirements:



(1) The fatigue calculation of steel structure parts and their connections meets the provisions on fatigue strength calculation specified in GB 50017 Code for design of steel structures;



(2) The critical welds are subjected to fatigue strength check, and the fatigue strength may not be calculated for the part without tensile stress in stress cycle;



(3) Main stressed components are subjected to the fatigue strength check. If the maximum calculated stress of cyclic load is less than the fatigue limit of the material, the main stressed components have infinite life; if the maximum calculated stress of cyclic load is greater than the fatigue limit of the material, the fatigue load spectrum is used to calculate the design service life of the main stressed components.



3.3.7 Stiffness



Stiffness shall be calculated for parts and components with deformation requirements.



3.3.8 Stability



In order to prevent structural instability, the whole and local stability calculation shall be conducted for slender and thin-walled structural parts.



3.3.9 Overturn-preventing



Overturn-preventing calculation shall be conducted for large-scale amusement facilities with the possibility of overturn as a whole during operation.



3.3.10 Anti-sideslip



Anti-sideslip calculation shall be conducted for large-scale amusement facilities with the possibility of side slip during operation.



3.4 Speed and acceleration



3.4.1 Speed limit requirement



(1) For large-scale amusement facilities on or off which the riders get during operation, the relative operating speed shall not be greater than 0.3 m/s, so as to avoid injury to riders who are getting on or off caused by excessive speed;



(2) The operating speed of large-scale amusement facilities shall meet the requirements of relevant national standards.



3.4.2 Acceleration limit requirement



In order to prevent riders from being injured by excessive acceleration or duration, the acceleration and duration encountered by the riders on large-scale amusement facilities shall meet the requirements of GB 8408.



 

3.5 Welding design



3.5.1 Welded joint design



(1) The weld metal shall be adapted to the parent metal, and measures shall also be taken for the welds of different materials to eliminate residual stress;



(2) The groove shape and size of welded joints shall be reasonably selected according to the welding structure type, the importance of welds and the welding process;



(3) If weldments with unequal thickness or unequal width are welded, the section transition shall be gentle;



(4) Stress concentration areas shall be avoided or reduced for welded joints.



3.5.2 Classification of welded joints



The weld class shall be determined through risk assessment based on factors such as the possibility of weld failure, the severity of failure consequences and the inspectability of weld. Welds directly related to personal safety are critical welds, among them, those easy to be damaged or failed due to bad stress-bearing condition are Class I welds, and the rest are Class II welds; those not directly related to personal safety are general welds, which can be classified into Class III and Class IV welds according to the stress-bearing condition and structural type.



3.5.3 Weld testing requirements



3.5.3.1 Weld appearance testing



Macroscopic inspection shall be carried out on all welds, and the inspection requirements for appearance quality of welds shall be determined according to the class of welds. The appearance of welds shall be free from appearance defects such as missing welding, burning through, cracking, incomplete penetration, dense pores, collapse, serious undercut, incomplete welding and slag inclusion.



3.5.3.2 Nondestructive testing (NDT) proportion of welds



The NDT proportion of welds shall be determined according to the class of welds. See Table 3-1 for requirements.



Welds that cannot be technically tested internally shall be witnessed by detailed pictures of the welding process.

1 General provisions
2 Materials
3 Design
4 Fabrication
5 Installation, modification and repair
6 Use management
7 Inspection
8 Special requirements
9 Supplementary provisions
Annex A Category and class of large-scale amusement facilities
Annex B Product quality certificate of large-scale amusement facilities
Annex C Large-scale amusement facilities installed directly on the service site, for which type test is allowed not to be carried out
Annex D Design document appraisal and requirements of large-scale amusement facilities
Annex E Submission of inspection of large-scale amusement facilities
Annex F Certificate for design document appraisal of large-scale amusement facilities
Annex G Coverage and parameters of design document appraisal
Annex H Type test of large-scale amusement facilities
Annex J Type test certificate for special equipment
Annex K Parameters of type test
Annex L Items and requirements for supervision inspection and periodic inspection of large-scale amusement facilities

大型游乐设施安全技术规程
1 总 则
1.1 目的
为了保障大型游乐设施的安全使用，预防和减少事故，保护人身和财产安全，促进经济社会发展，根据《中华人民共和国特种设备安全法》和《特种设备安全监察条例》，制定本规程。
1.2 大型游乐设施含义
(1)本规程所指大型游乐设施，是《特种设备目录》规定的，用于经营目的，承载乘客游乐的设备设施，其设计最大运行线速度(注1-1)大于或者等于2m/s，或者运行高度(注1-2)高于或者等于2m的载人机电类游乐设备、水上游乐设施和无动力游乐设施(注1-3)。用于体育运动、文艺演出和非经营活动的设备设施除外；
(2)本规程所指大型游乐设施包括大型游乐设施本体、与该设施安全运行不可分割的附属设备和固定在其本体上的装饰物，不包括大型游乐设施的配送电部分、基础和建(构)筑物部分。
注1-1：设计最大运行线速度，是指设计的大型游乐设施在正常运行过程中乘客可能出现的最大线速度。
注1-2：运行高度，是指设计中乘客从身体的支撑位置到跌落处的最大垂直距离。
注1-3：设计最大运行线速度和运行高度以制造单位产品使用维护保养说明书中的规定为判断依据。
1.3 适用范围
本规程适用于大型游乐设施的生产(包括设计、制造、安装、改造、修理)、经营、使用、检验、检测和监督管理。
1.4 大型游乐设施分类分级
大型游乐设施按照相应的类别和参数分为A级和B级，具体分类和分级见《大型游乐设施类别和级别》(附件A)。
1.5 与技术标准、管理制度的关系(注1-4)
(1)本规程规定了大型游乐设施的基本安全要求，有关大型游乐设施的技术标准、管理制度等不得低于本规程的要求；
(2)本规程中引用的基础性标准(如术语标准、材料标准、方法标准等)为本规程的引用标准。
注1-4：本规程的引用标准中，凡是注明年号的，其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或者修订版均不适用于本规程；凡是不注明年号的，其最新版本适用于本规程。
1.6 特殊情况的处理
有关单位采用新材料、新技术、新工艺，与本规程不一致，或者本规程未作要求、可能对安全性能有重大影响的，应当向国家市场监督管理总局(以下简称市场监管总局)申报，由市场监管总局委托相关专业机构进行技术评审，评审结果经市场监管总局批准，方可投入生产、使用。
1.7 监督管理
大型游乐设施设计、制造、安装、改造、修理、经营、使用单位和检验、检测机构等，应当严格执行本规程，接受各级人民政府市场监督管理部门的监督管理，并且按照特种设备信息化管理的有关规定，及时将所要求的数据输入特种设备信息化管理系统。
2 材 料
2.1 通用要求
大型游乐设施材料的选用应当根据结构的重要性、载荷特征、结构型式、应力状态、制造工艺和工作环境等因素综合考虑。
2.2 金属
2.2.1 钢材
(1)钢材应当符合相关国家和行业标准要求，其力学性能、热处理性能、焊接性能等应当满足实际工况要求；
(2)结构件禁止使用沸腾钢；
(3)焊接承重结构钢板采用厚度方向性能钢板时，为防止钢材的层状撕裂，应当符合GB/T 5313《厚度方向性能钢板》厚度方向性能级别Z15的要求。
2.2.2 有色金属
有色金属应当符合相关国家和行业标准要求，其力学性能、热处理性能、焊接性能、耐磨性能、耐腐蚀性能、润滑性能等均应当满足实际工况要求。
2.3 非金属材料
2.3.1 基本要求
非金属材料应当符合相关国家和行业标准要求，其性能应当满足实际工况要求。
2.3.2 木材
木材应当符合GB 50005《木结构设计规范》的要求，其力学性能、耐腐蚀性、易燃性等应当满足实际工况要求。
2.3.3 工程塑料
结构用工程塑料应当符合相关国家和行业标准要求，其力学性能、耐热性及抗老化性等应当满足实际工况要求。
2.3.4 橡胶
橡胶应当符合相关国家和行业标准要求，其力学性能、抗老化性及耐腐蚀性等应当满足实际工况要求。
2.3.5 玻璃
(1)玻璃应当采用不易破碎的有机玻璃或者安全玻璃，有机玻璃板材应当符合GB/T 7134《浇铸型工业有机玻璃板材》的规定，安全玻璃应当符合GB 15763(所有部分)《建筑用安全玻璃》的规定；
(2)玻璃的力学性能、耐热冲击性和外观质量等应当满足实际工况要求。
2.3.6 玻璃钢
玻璃钢材料和玻璃钢件应当符合以下要求：
(1)制作玻璃钢件的树脂有良好的耐水性和抗老化性；
(2)水滑梯滑道的玻璃钢采用无碱玻璃纤维，纤维表面有良好的浸润性；
(3)玻璃钢件不允许有浸渍不良、固化不良、气泡、切割面分层、厚度不匀等缺陷；
(4)玻璃钢表面不允许有裂纹、破损、布纹显露、皱纹、凹凸不平等缺陷，转角过渡圆滑，不得有毛刺。
3 设 计
3.1 通用要求
(1)大型游乐设施制造单位及其主要负责人应当确保大型游乐设施设计符合本规程要求，保证人身和财产安全；
(2)大型游乐设施的设计应当结构合理、便于操作使用、维护保养、检验与检测，满足使用场所和环境的要求；
(3)大型游乐设施的设计应当明确其整机及其主要受力部件(注2-1)设计使用期限，设计使用期限应当根据结构型式，通过风险分析，并且考虑使用条件及维护保养要求等进行规定；
(4)大型游乐设施的设计文件，应当按照本规程第7章的要求通过设计文件鉴定。
注3-1：主要受力部件是指失效时会直接导致乘客人身伤害的机械零部件。
3.2 风险评估
(1)大型游乐设施在设计阶段应当进行风险评估，并出具风险评估报告，内容至少应当包括危险源辨识、风险的评估和控制措施；
(2)大型游乐设施的危险源辨识应当考虑在全生命周期过程中的设备因素、人员因素、环境因素，以及典型危险源、损伤、故障和失效模式；
(3)大型游乐设施的危险源应当进行风险评估，包括后果严重程度和发生的可能性；对不可接受的风险应当采取控制措施，并且重新评估，使风险降低到可接受程度。
3.3 设计计算
3.3.1 基本要求
应当根据大型游乐设施的具体结构、载荷情况、工况分析和安全性要求进行相应的静强度、刚度、疲劳强度、稳定性、防倾覆、防侧滑等计算。
3.3.2 大型游乐设施载荷
(1)应当根据大型游乐设施的运行环境、乘载和工况要求，对永久荷载、乘客载荷、乘客的支承和约束反力、惯性力、碰撞力等进行分析和计算，还应当考虑振动载荷、风载荷、地震载荷、雪载荷、裹冰载荷、温度载荷和其他载荷等影响；
(2)大型游乐设施在运动过程中有可能产生冲击载荷时，应当考虑冲击系数，计算冲击载荷，避免冲击载荷对人员和设备造成伤害；对于运行速度低于2 m/s的大型游乐设施，可不计算冲击载荷。
3.3.3 工况分析
应当根据大型游乐设施运行的不同阶段、不同载荷分布情况、不同的姿态，以及各种可能发生的工况进行分析。工况分析应当至少包括以下情况：
(1)空载、偏载、满载使用条件下的正常运行工况；
(2)急停、应急救援、维护保养等情况下的非正常运行工况；
(3)台风、地震等当地极端条件下的极限状态工况等。
3.3.4 载荷组合
(1)根据工况分析，对大型游乐设施结构中所承受的各种载荷进行载荷组合，分别进行分析计算；
(2)非正常运行工况和极限状态工况等各种工况下的载荷组合，不应当使结构产生破坏和永久变形。
3.3.5 静强度
采用许用安全系数法设计的大型游乐设施，重要的轴(销轴)和重要焊缝的静强度安全系数n≥5；一般零部件的静强度安全系数n≥3.5，由脆性材料制作的零部件的静强度安全系数n≥8。
采用极限状态法设计的大型游乐设施，其金属零部件静强度应当符合GB 8408《大型游乐设施安全规范》中极限状态设计法的要求，木结构的计算应当符合GB 50005的要求。
3.3.6 疲劳强度
大型游乐设施疲劳强度计算应当符合以下要求：
(1)钢结构件及其连接的疲劳计算符合GB 50017《钢结构设计规范》中关于疲劳强度计算的规定；
(2)重要焊缝进行疲劳强度校核，对应力循环中不出现拉应力的部位可不计算疲劳强度；
(3)主要受力部件进行疲劳强度校核。当循环载荷的最大计算应力小于材料的疲劳极限时，主要受力部件为无限寿命；当循环载荷的最大计算应力大于材料的疲劳极限时，用疲劳载荷谱来计算主要受力部件的设计使用期限。
3.3.7 刚度
有变形量要求的零部件，应当进行刚度计算。
3.3.8 稳定性
为防止结构失稳，对细长、薄壁结构件应当进行整体和局部稳定性计算。
3.3.9 防倾覆
运行中有可能发生整体倾覆的大型游乐设施应当进行防倾覆计算。
3.3.10 防侧滑
运行中有可能发生侧向滑移的大型游乐设施应当进行防侧滑计算。
3.4 速度和加速度
3.4.1 速度限制要求
(1)边运行边上下乘客的大型游乐设施，其相对运行速度应当不大于0.3m/s，避免速度过快对上下乘客造成伤害；
(2)大型游乐设施的运行速度应当符合相关国家标准要求。
3.4.2 加速度限制要求
为了防止加速度过大或持续时间过长给乘客造成伤害，大型游乐设施乘客承受的加速度及持续时间应当符合GB 8408的要求。
3.5 焊接设计
3.5.1 焊接接头设计
(1)焊缝金属应当与母体金属相适应，不同材质的焊缝还应当有消除残余应力的措施；
(2)焊接接头应当根据焊接结构型式、焊缝重要程度、焊接工艺方法，合理选用焊接接头坡口形状和尺寸；
(3)不等厚焊件或不等宽焊件相焊时，截面过渡应当平缓；
(4)焊接接头应当避免和减少应力集中区域。
3.5.2 焊缝分级
焊缝级别应当根据焊缝失效的可能性、失效后果的严重性、焊缝的可检验性等因素，经过风险评估确定。直接涉及人身安全的焊缝为重要焊缝，其中受力情况恶劣容易损伤或失效的为I级焊缝，其他为II级焊缝；不直接涉及人身安全的为一般焊缝，根据受力情况和结构型式等可分为Ш级焊缝和Ⅳ级焊缝。
3.5.3 焊缝检测要求
3.5.3.1 焊缝外观检测
所有焊缝应当进行宏观检查，并且根据焊缝的等级确定焊缝外观质量检测要求，焊缝外观不应当存在漏焊、烧穿、裂纹、未焊透、密集气孔、塌陷、严重咬边、未焊满、夹渣等外观缺陷。
3.5.3.2 焊缝无损检测比例
焊缝的无损检测比例应当根据焊缝等级确定，要求见表3-1。
工艺上无法进行内部无损检测的焊缝，应当有详细的施焊过程图片见证。
表3-1 焊缝无损检测比例