标准编号:	NB/T 47013.7-2012
中文名称:	承压设备无损检测 第7部分：目视检测
英文名称:	Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 7: Visual examination
中标分类:	H26    金属无损检验方法
行业分类:	NB    能源行业标准
ICS分类:	77.040.20 77.040.20    金属材料无损检测 77.040.20
发布机构:	国家能源局
发布日期:	2012-1-4
实施日期:	2012-3-1
标准状态:	valid
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	4000 字
翻译价格(元):	200.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Announcement of the National Energy Administration [2012] No. 1 According to the requirements of "Standardized Management Methods for Energy Industry (Tentative)", the National Energy Administration hereby approves to issue 182 professional standards (see annex) such as "Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 7: Visual Examination", including 3 professional standards on energy (NB), 81 professional standards on electric power (DL) and 98 professional standards on oil and gas (SY). Annex: Catalogue of Professional Standards January 4, 2012 Annex: Catalogue of Professional Standards No. Standard No. Standard name Replaced standard name Reference standard No. Approval date Implementation date 1 NB/T 47013.7-012 (JB/T 4730.7) Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 7: Visual Examination Modified in relation to: 1. Chapter IX, Volume V of "Boiler and Pressure Vessel Specifications" (ASME, 2001) 2. "Non-destructive Testing-Visual Testing - General Principles" (EN 13018:2001) 2012-01-04 2012-03-01 2 NB/T 47013.8-2012 (JB/T 4730.8) Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 8: Leakage Examination Modified in relation to: 1. Chapter X, Volume V of "Boiler and Pressure Vessel Specifications" (ASME, 2001); 2. ASTM E1066-95R06 2012-01-04 2012-03-01 3 N/T 47013.9-2012 (JB/T4730.9) Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 9: Acoustic Emission Examination 2012-01-04 2012-03-01 4~182 Ignored Foreword This Part is Part 7 (Visual Examination) of "Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment (NB/T 47013). This Part is formulated mainly by reference to Chapter IX, Volume V of "Boiler and Pressure Vessel Specifications" (ASME, 2001) and "Non-Destructive Testing - Visual Testing - General Principles" (EN 13018: 2001) in combination with the actual conditions of China. This Part was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Boilers and Pressure Vessels of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 262). Drafting organizations of this Part: China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Nanjing Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection Institute, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, Shanghai Research Institute of Materials, Sinopec Engineering Incorporation, Aerosun Corporation, Sinopec Nanjing Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. Chemical Machinery Works, Nanjing Baose Co., Ltd., Hebei Supervision and Inspection Institute of Boiler and Pressure Vessel and Inspection and Research Institute of Boiler and Pressure Vessel of Jiangxi Province Drafting staffs of this Part: Lin Shuqing Shen Gongtian, Jing Weike, Liang Hua, Sun Fuguang, Jin Yufei, Chen Guozhu, Xu Feng, Wang Xiaomei, Liu Canrong, Zhou Qinming, Liu Hongyan, Ma Jianyu, Tang Zhiqiang and Hu Bin. National Technical Committee on Boilers and Pressure Vessels of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 262) is in the charge of the explanation of this Part. Content Foreward I 1 Scope 1 2 Normative References 1 3 Terms and Definitions 1 4 General Requirements 2 5 Testing Methods and Technology 3 6 Results Evaluation 4 7 Records and Report 5 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 7: Visual Examination 承压设备无损检测 第7部分：目视检测 1 Scope This Part of NB/T 47013 specifies the visual examination methods of pressure equipment. This Part is applicable to the visual examination of pressure equipment in manufacturing and in use. The visual examination of the support Parts and structural members related to pressure equipment may also refer to this Part. This Part is not applicable to visual observation activity adopted in other nondestructive testing methods 2 Normative References The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated edition applies. For undated references, the latest edition (including all the amendments) of the normative document applies. GB 11533 Standard Logarithmic Visual Acuity Charts GB/T 20737 Non-destructive Testing - General Terms and Definitions GB/T 20968 Non-destructive Testing - Aids to Visual Inspection - Selection of Low-power Magnifiers JB/T 4730.1 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment - Part 1: General Requirements 3 Terms and Definitions For the purpose of this Part, the following terms and definitions as well as those given in GB/T 20737 apply. 3.1 Visual examination It is a kind of nondestructive testing method for the observation, analysis and evaluation of an examined piece, and only refers to an examination of the examined piece by eyes or by a visual aid. 3.2 Direct visual examination It refers to a kind of visual examination technique of examining by eyes, not by visual aids (lighting source, reflector and magnifier excluded). 3.3 Remote visual examination It refers to a kind of visual examination technique of examining the examined position or area, which is difficult to receive direct visual examination, by reflector, telescope, endoscope, optical fiber, camera, video system, automatic system, robot and other applicable visual aids. 3.4 Translucent visual examination It refers to a kind of visual examination technique of observing the thickness variation of translucent laminated material by artificial lighting. 3.5 Auxiliary lighting It refers to a kind of artificial lighting source for visual examination aids to improve the observation condition and identification of visual examination. 3.6 Surface glare It refers to the reflected light of artificial lighting source which interferes with visual examination. 3.7 Translucent laminate It refers to a kind of laminate agglutinated by glass reinforcing materials for calibration of transmitted light. 4 General Requirements 4.1 General The general requirements for visual examination shall not only comply with JB/T 4730.1, but also meet the requirements of Sections 4.2~4.4. 4.2 Examination personnel The non-corrected or corrected near vision and far vision of visual examination personnel shall not be less than 5.0 (accurate to 1.0) and the examination method shall meet the requirements of GB 11533. The examination personnel shall have vision examination every 12 months in order to guarantee normal or correct near-distance visual capacity. If the examination may have special requirement of color recognition, color recognition examination should be supplemented for the examination personnel upon agreement by the contracting parties. 4.3 Procedure specification 4.3.1 Procedure specification of visual examination shall be formulated in accordance with the requirements in JB/T 4730.1, and shall include but not limited to: a) Application scope; b) Normative regulations and standards; c) Examination personnel qualification; d) Testing apparatus; e) Observation methods f) Examined piece, position, accessibility and geometrical shape; g) Examination scope; h) Examined surface structure; i) Lighting requirements of the examined surface; j) Examination time; k) Examination technique; l) Assessment of the examination results; m) Examination record, report and document file; n) Preparer, reviewer, and approver; o) Formulation date. 4.3.2 A verification sample shall be used to verify the procedure specification of visual examination. The verification sample can be a thin line whose width is less than or equal to 0.8 mm or other similar artificial defects. The verification sample shall be placed on the surface of the examined piece or the surface which is similar to the examined piece in lighting condition, surface structure, contrast ratio and accessibility. 4.3.3 Where the factors, such as examination technique, observation method, examined surface structure, lighting requirement of the examined surface or verification sample which have a strong impact on the examination sensitivity, change, procedure specification shall be re-verified. 4.4 Equipment and apparatus 4.4.1 The equipment and apparatus for visual examination include apparatus for direct visual examination, remote visual examination and translucent visual examination 4.4.2 The direct visual examination apparatus mainly includes lighting source, reflector and low power magnifier. 4.4.3 The remote visual examination apparatus mainly includes lighting source, reflector, telescope, endoscope, optical fiber, camera, video system, automatic system, robot and other applicable visual aids. 4.4.4 The translucent visual examination apparatus mainly includes lighting source and magnifier. 4.4.5 The visual examination apparatus shall meet the specified performance and safety requirements.

Foreward I 1 Scope 2 Normative References 3 Terms and Definitions 4 General Requirements 5 Testing Methods and Technology 6 Results Evaluation 7 Records and Report

国家能源局 公 告 2012年第1号 按照《能源领域行业标准化管理办法》(试行)的规定，经审查，国家能源局批准《承压设备无损检测第7部分：目视检测》等1 82项行业标准(见附件)，其中能源标准(NB)3项、电力标准(DL)81项和石油天然气标准(SY)98项，现予以发布。 附件：行业标准目录 二○一二年一月四日 附件： 行业标准目录 序号 标准编号 标准名称 代替标准 采标号 批准日期 实施日期 1 NB／T 47013.7—2012 (JB／T 4730.7) 承压设备无损检测 第7部分：目视检测 修改采用： 1、ASME《锅炉压力容器规范》(2001) 第V卷第九章 2、EN13018：2001《无损检测目视检测总则》 2012-01-04 2012-03-01 2 NB／T 47013.8—2012 (JB／T 4730.8) 承压设备无损检测 第8部分：泄漏检测 修改采用： 1、ASME《锅炉压力容器规范》(2001) 第V卷第十章； 2、ASTM E1066-95R06 2012-01-04 2012-03-01 3 NB／T 47013.9—2012 (JB／T4730.9) 承压设备无损检测 第9部分：声发射检测 2012-01-04 2012-03-01 4～182 (略) 前言 本部分为NB／T47013《承压设备无损检测》的第7部分：目视检测。 本部分主要参照ASME《锅炉压力容器规范》(2001)第V卷第九章和：EN 13018：2001《无损检测目视检测总则》的有关要求，并结合国内的实际情况制定。 本部分由全国锅炉压力容器标准化技术委员会(SAC／TC 262)提出并归口。 本部分起草单位：中国特种设备检测研究院、南京市锅炉压力容器检验研究院、合肥通用机械研究院、上海材料研究所、中国石化工程建设公司、航天晨光股份公司、中石化南化公司化工机械厂、南京宝色股份公司、河北省锅炉压力容器监督检验院、江西省锅炉压力容器检验检测研究院。 本部分起草人：林树青、沈功田、景为科、梁华、孙福广、金宇飞、陈国柱、徐锋、王笑梅、刘灿荣、周勤明、刘鸿彦、马建宇、汤志强、胡斌。 本部分由全国锅炉压力容器标准化技术委员会(SAC／TC 262)负责解释。 承压设备无损检测 第7部分：目视检测 1 范围 NB／T 47013的本部分规定了承压设备的目视检测方法。 本部分适用于在制和在用承压设备的目视检测。对于与承压设备有关的支承件和结构件等的目视检测，也可参照本部分执行。 本部分不适用于其他无损检测方法中的目视观察活动。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 GB 11533 标准对数视力表 GB／T 20737 无损检测 通用术语和定义 GB／T 20968 无损检测 目视检测辅助工具 低倍放大镜的选用 JB／T 4730.1 承压设备无损检测第1部分：通用要求 3 术语和定义 GB／T 20737界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本部分。 3.1 目视检测 visual examination 观察、分析和评价被检件状况的一种无损检测方法，它仅指用人的眼睛或借助于某种目视辅助器材对被检件进行的检测。 3.2 直接目视检测 direct visual examination 不借助于目视辅助器材(照明光源、反光镜、放大镜除外)，用眼睛进行检测的一种目视检测技术。 3.3 间接目视检测 remote visual examination 借助于反光镜、望远镜、内窥镜、光导纤维、照相机、视频系统、自动系统、机器人以及其他适合的目视辅助器材，对难以进行直接目视检测的被检部位或区域进行检测的一种目视检测技术。 3.4 透光目视检测translucent visual examination 借助于人工照明，观察透光叠层材料厚度变化的一种目视检测技术。 3.5 辅助照明 auxiliary lighting 为了改善目视检测观察条件和识别，用作目视检测辅助器材的人工照明光源。 3.6 表面眩光 surface glare 干扰目视检测的人工照明光源的反射光。 3.7 透光叠层片 translucent laminate 校准透射光的一种玻璃增强材料粘结的叠层。 4 一般要求 4.1 概述 目视检测的一般要求除应符合JB／T 4730.1的有关规定外，还应符合4.2～4.4的规定。 4.2 检测人员 目视检测人员未经矫正或经矫正的近(距)视力和远(距)视力应不低于5.0(小数记录值为 1.0)，测试方法应符合GB 11533的规定。检测人员应每12个月检查一次视力，以保证正常的或正确的近距离分辨能力。 如果检测可能对辨色力有特别要求，经合同各方同意，检测人员宜补充辨色力测试，以保证必要的辨色力。 4.3 工艺规程 4.3.1 应按JB／T4730.1的要求制定目视检测工艺规程，目视检测工艺规程应至少包括如下内容： a) 适用范围； b) 引用法规、标准； c) 检测人员资格； d) 检测器材； e) 观察方法； f) 被检件、位置、可接近性和几何形状； g) 检测覆盖范围； h) 被检表面结构情况； i) 被检表面照明要求； j) 检测时机； k) 检测技术； l) 检测结果的评定； m) 检测记录、报告和资料存档； n) 编制、审核和批准人员； o) 编制日期。 4.3.2 应采用验证试样来验证目视检测工艺规程。验证试样可采用一条宽度小于或等于0.8mm的细线或其他类似人工缺陷。验证试样应放在被检件表面或光照条件、表面结构、反差比和可接近性等方面与被检件相似的表面，且宜放在被检区域中最难以观察到的部位。 4.3.3 当检测技术、观察方法、被检表面结构情况、被检表面照明要求或验证试样等对检测灵敏度有严重影响的因素发生改变时，工艺规程应重新进行验证。 4.4 设备和器材 4.4.1 目视检测使用的设备和器材包括：直接目视检测、间接目视检测和透光目视检测使用的器材。 4.4.2 直接目视检测器材主要有：照明光源、反光镜和低倍放大镜。 4.4.3 间接目视检测器材主要有：照明光源、反光镜、望远镜、内窥镜、光导纤维、照相机、视频系统、自动系统、机器人以及其他适合的目视辅助器材。 4.4.4 透光目视检测器材主要有：照明光源和放大镜。 4.4.5 目视检测器材应达到规定的性能要求和安全要求。 5 检测方法和技术 5.1 概述 目视检测技术有：直接目视检测、间接目视检测和透光目视检测。通常，目视检测主要用于观察材料、零件、部件、设备和焊接接头等的表面状态、配合面的对准、变形或泄漏迹象等。此外，目视检测还可用于确定复合材料(半透明的层压板)表面下的状态。 5.2 直接目视检测 5.2.1 直接目视检测时，应使眼睛能够与被检件表面达到最佳的距离和角度。眼睛与被检件表面的距离不超过600mm，且眼睛与被检件表面所成的夹角不小于30°。 5.2.2 直接目视检测可以采用反光镜改善观察的角度，并可以借助低倍放大镜来分辨细小缺陷，低倍放大镜的选用按GB／T 20968执行。 5.2.3 直接目视检测的区域应有足够的照明条件，被检件表面至少要达到500lx的照度，对于必须仔细观察或发现异常情况并需要作进一步观察和检测的区域则至少要达到1000lx的照度。 5.2.4 为达到最佳检测效果，照明条件应满足以下要求： a) 使照明光线方向相对于观察点达到最佳角度； b) 避免表面眩光； c) 优化光源的色温度； d) 使用与表面反射光相适应的照度级。 5.3 间接目视检测 5.3.1 在不易或无法进行直接目视检测的被检部位和区域，可采用间接目视检测。 5.3.2 间接目视检测可以采用反光镜、望远镜、内窥镜、光导纤维、照相机、视频系统、自动系统、机器人以及其他适合的目视辅助器材进行检测。 5.3.3 间接目视检测应至少具有与直接目视检测相当的分辨力，必要时应验证间接目视检测系统能否满足检测工作的要求。 5.4 透光目视检测 5.4.1 透光目视检测需要借助于人工照明，其中包括一个能产生定向光照的光源，该光源应能提供足够的强度，照亮并均匀地透过被检部位和区域，使能检查半透明层压板中任何的厚度变化。 5.4.2 周边光线必须事先识别，来自被检表面的反射光或表面眩光，应小于所施加的透过被检部位和区域的透照光。 6 结果评价 6.1 所有的检测结果应按承压设备相关法规、标准和(或)合同要求进行评价。 6.2 检测工艺规程规定了最低限度的检测要求，但并不限制在生产过程中可能进行的更高要求的检测。 6.3 当目视检测发现异常情况，且不能判断缺陷的性质和影响时，可采用厚度测量、硬度测量、金相组织检验、磁粉或渗透检测等其他无损检测方法对异常处进行检测和评价。 7 记录和报告 7.1 记录 应按检测工艺规程的要求记录检测数据或信息，并按相关法规、标准和(或)合同要求保存所有记录。 7.2 报告 检测报告应至少包括如下内容： a) 委托单位； b) 被检件的名称、编号、规格和材质等； c) 检测使用的设备和器材； d) 检测和验收标准； e) 检测方法； f) 所有观察项目和检测结果； g) 检测人员、报告编写人和审核人签字及资格证书编号； h) 检测日期。