Aerodrome technical standards
1 Scope
This standard specifies the requirements for aerodrome data, physical characteristics, limitation and removal of obstacles, visual aviation aids (including marking, marker, aviation light, sign, power supply system of aviation light, monitoring and control system, etc.) and visual aviation aids for marking obstacles in the airfield areas of civil aerodromes.
This standard is applicable to the planning, design and construction of airfield areas of land civil aerodromes (including the civil part of joint-used aerodrome by military and civil units).
This standard is not applicable to heliport, short take-off and landing aerodrome and seadrome.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
accuracy
conformance between the estimated or measured value and the true value
2.2
aerodrome
area demarcated on land or water surface (including various buildings, plants and facilities), all or part of which may be used for take-off, landing and ground movement
2.3
aerodrome beacon
aeronautical beacon used to identify the location of aerodrome from the air
2.4
aerodrome elevation
elevation of the highest point in the runway available at the aerodrome
2.5
aerodrome identification sign
sign arranged in an aerodrome to help identify the aerodrome from the air
2.6
aerodrome obstacle free space
space above the obstacle limitation surface specified to ensure the safety of aircraft take-off and landing, which is used to limit the height of obstacles in the aerodrome and its surrounding areas
2.7
aerodrome reference point
designated point indicating the geographic location of the aerodrome
2.8
aerodrome traffic density
——low: the average number of flights per runway in a busy hour does not exceed 15 or the total number of flights of the aerodrome in a busy hour is less than 20;
——medium: the average number of flights per runway in a busy hour is about 16~25 or the total number of flights of the aerodrome in a busy hour is 20~35;
——high: the average number of flights per runway in a busy hour is about 26 and above or the total number of flights of the aerodrome in a busy hour is greater than 35
Note 1: the average number of flights in a busy hour is the arithmetic average of the number of flights in the busiest hour every day of the year.
Note 2: one take-off or one landing constitutes one flight.
2.9
aeronautical beacon
aeronautical ground light arranged to indicate a specific point on the ground, which can emit light continuously or intermittently and is visible from all directions
2.10
aeronautical ground light
any light other than that displayed on the aircraft, arranged to assist air navigation
2.11
aeroplane reference field length
minimum field length required for an aeroplane to take off with the approved maximum take-off mass from the sea level under standard atmospheric conditions without wind at a runway with longitudinal slope of zero
2.12
aircraft classification number
number indicating the relative influence of the aircraft on the pavement of the specified standard soil foundation class
2.13
aircraft stand
specific site on the apron for parking aircraft
2.14
airfield area
site used for take-off, landing, taxiing and parking of aircraft, including runway, runway strip, runway end safety area, taxiway, apron and areas around the aerodrome that have limitations on obstacles
2.15
apron
specific site in an aerodrome for passengers boarding and alighting, cargo or mail loading and unloading, refueling, parking or maintenance
2.16
balanced field length
distance when the decision speed of the selected aircraft makes the required take-off distance equal to the accelerate-stop distance
2.17
barrette
combination of three to five aeronautical ground lights with a spacing about 1~2m on a straight line perpendicular to the runway direction
2.18
capacitor discharge light
light producing instantaneous high-brightness flash by high voltage electricity through gas discharge in an enclosed tube
2.19
clearway
specific rectangular area or water surface that has been finished so that the aircraft can initially climb to a specified height above it
2.20
declared distances
take-off run available (TORA): the declared runway length that may be used and suitable for ground running during aircraft take-off
take-off distance available (TODA): the length of take-off run available plus the length of the clearway (if any)
accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA): the length of take-off run available plus the length of the stop way (if any)
landing distance available (LDA): the declared runway length that may be used and suitable for ground running during aircraft landing
2.21
de-icing /anti-icing facility
facility used to remove ice, frost or snow from the aircraft to clean the aircraft surface, or to keep the aircraft surface clean for a certain period to prevent the formation of ice, frost, snow or snow melt accumulation
2.22
de-icing/anti-icing pad
site composed of inner and outer areas, wherein, the inner area is used for parking aircraft subjected to de-icing/anti-icing, and the outer area is used for operation of mechanical de-icing/anti-icing equipment
2.23
dependent parallel approaches
simultaneous approaches with minimum radar spacing provided between aircraft on the extension lines of two adjacent parallel or near-parallel instrument runway centerlines
2.24
displaced threshold
threshold not arranged at the end of the runway
2.25
effective intensity
effective intensity of the flash light is equal to that of the fixed light of the same color with the same visual range under the same observation condition, in candela (cd)
2.26
ellipsoid height
geodetic height
height of a point relative to the terrestrial reference ellipsoid measured along the outer normal of the ellipsoid passing through the point
2.27
fixed light
light with constant intensity when observed from a fixed point
2.28
frangible object
light weight object that will break (crush), twist or bend under the specified impact force, thus minimizing the damage to the aircraft
Note: see Part IV of ICAO Aerodrome design manual (Document No. 9157) issued for guidance on frangibility design.
2.29
geoid
equipotential surface in gravity field of the earth that coincides with stationary mean sea level and extends continuously to land
Note: due to local gravity anomaly, the geoid is irregular in shape, and the gravity direction is perpendicular to the geoid at every point.
2.30
geoid undulation
distance of the geoid above (positive) or below (negative) the terrestrial reference ellipsoid
Note: for the ellipsoid specified by the World Geodetic System (WGS-84), the difference between the height of WGS-84 ellipsoid and the orthometric height is the WGS-84 geoid undulation.
2.31
hazard beacon
aeronautical beacon used to indicate hazard to aviation
2.32
heliport
designated area on a site or structure for ground movement of helicopter
2.33
holding bay
specific site near the end of a runway for aircraft holding or avoidance in order to improve the efficiency of aircraft ground movement
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Terms and definitions
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
3.2 Abbreviations
4 General provisions
5 Aerodrome data
5.1 Aeronautical data
5.2 Aerodrome reference point
5.3 Elevation of aerodrome and runway
5.4 Aerodrome reference temperature
5.5 Basic information of facilities
5.6 Pavement strength
5.7 Declared distances
5.8 Pre-flight altimeter check location
6 Physical characteristics
6.1 Runway
6.1.1 Orientation and number of runways
6.1.2 Threshold position
6.1.3 Runway length
6.1.4 Runway width
6.1.5 Spacing between parallel runways
6.1.6 Runway slope
6.1.7 Runway strength
6.1.8 Runway surface characteristics
6.2 Runway shoulder
6.2.1 Runway shoulder width
6.2.2 Runway shoulder slope
6.2.3 Runway shoulder strength
6.3 Runway turn pad
6.3.1 Runway turn pad arrangement
6.3.2 Runway turn pad slope
6.3.3 Runway turn pad strength
6.3.4 Surface characteristics of runway turn pad
6.3.5 Shoulder of runway turn pad
6.4 Runway strip
6.4.1 Runway strip arrangement
6.4.2 Runway strip length
6.4.3 Runway strip width
6.4.4 Objects in runway strip
6.4.5 Runway strip flattening
6.4.6 Runway strip slope
6.4.7 Runway strip strength
6.5 Runway end safety area
6.5.1 Arrangement of runway end safety area
6.5.2 Dimension of runway end safety area
6.5.3 Objects in runway end safety area
6.5.4 Slope of runway end safety area
6.5.5 Flattening and strength of runway end safety area
6.6 Clearway
6.6.1 Clearway arrangement
6.6.2 Clearway position
6.6.3 Clearway length
6.6.4 Clearway width
6.6.5 Clearway slope
6.6.6 Objects on clearway
6.7 Stop way
6.7.1 Stop way arrangement
6.7.2 Stop way width
6.7.3 Stop way slope
6.7.4 Stop way strength
6.7.5 Stop way surface
6.8 Radio altimeter operating area
6.8.1 Area position
6.8.2 Area length
6.8.3 Area width
6.8.4 Area slope
6.9 Taxiway
6.9.1 General requirements
6.9.2 Taxiway width
6.9.3 Taxiway bend
6.9.4 Supplementary surface of taxiway
6.9.5 Minimum spacing between taxiways
6.9.6 Taxiway slope
6.9.7 Taxiway sight distance
6.9.8 Taxiway strength
6.9.9 Taxiway surface characteristics
6.9.10 Rapid exit taxiway
6.9.11 Taxiway bridge
6.9.12 Bypass taxiway
6.9.13 End-around taxiway
6.10 Taxiway shoulder
6.10.1 Taxiway shoulder width
6.10.2 Taxiway shoulder surface
6.11 Taxiway strip
6.11.1 Taxiway strip arrangement
6.11.2 Taxiway strip width
6.11.3 Flattened width of taxiway strip
6.11.4 Taxiway strip slope
6.12 Holding bay, runway-holding position, intermediate holding position and road-holding position
6.12.1 Arrangement of holding bay, runway-holding position, intermediate holding position and road-holding position
6.12.2 Distance between the holding bay, runway-holding position, road-holding position and the runway centerline
6.13 Apron
6.13.1 Apron layout
6.13.2 Apron strength
6.13.3 Apron slope
6.13.4 Apron flatness
6.13.5 Clear distance between parked aircraft at apron
6.13.6 Apron shoulder
6.13.7 Aircraft ground anchor
6.14 De-icing /anti-icing facilities
6.14.1 Arrangement of de-icing/anti-icing facilities
6.14.2 Dimension and quantity of de-icing/anti-icing pads
6.14.3 Slope of de-icing/anti-icing pad
6.14.4 Strength of de-icing/anti-icing pad
6.14.5 Clear distance of de-icing/anti-icing pad
6.14.6 Environmental considerations for de-icing/anti-icing pad
6.15 Parking position of segregated aircraft
6.16 Runway blast pad
6.16.1 Length and width of runway blast pad
6.16.2 Slope of runway blast pad
6.16.3 Surface performance and strength of runway blast pad
7 Limitation and removal of obstacles
7.1 Obstacle limitation surface
7.2 Obstacle limitation requirements
7.3 Objects beyond obstacle limitation surface
7.4 Other objects
8 Marking and marker
8.1 Runway number and taxiway code
8.1.1 Runway number
8.1.2 Taxiway codes
8.2 Marking
8.2.1 General requirements
8.2.2 Runway number marking
8.2.3 Runway centerline marking
8.2.4 Threshold marking
8.2.5 Aiming point marking
8.2.6 Touchdown zone marking
8.2.7 Runway edge line marking
8.2.8 Taxiway centerline marking
8.2.9 Runway turn pad marking
8.2.10 Runway-holding position marking
8.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking
8.2.12 Mandatory instruction marking
8.2.13 Information marking
8.2.14 Taxiway edge line marking
8.2.15 Taxiway shoulder marking
8.2.16 Aircraft stand marking
8.2.17 Apron safety line
8.2.18 Stand safety line
8.2.19 Wing tip clear distance line
8.2.20 Parking marking for apron equipment area
8.2.21 Pedestrian walkway line marking
8.2.22 Marking for hydrant chamber on apron
8.2.23 Road marking
8.2.24 Closing marking
8.2.25 Marking in front of threshold
8.2.26 VOR aerodrome check-point marking
8.2.27 Other markings
8.3 Markers
8.3.1 Basic requirements
8.3.2 Non-paved runway edge line marker
8.3.3 Stop way edge line marker
8.3.4 Snow-covered runway edge line marker
8.3.5 Non-paved taxiway edge line marker
8.3.6 Boundary marker
8.3.7 N/A area marker
9 Aviation light, sign and power supply facilities
9.1 General requirements for aviation light
9.1.1 Lights that may endanger aircraft safety
9.1.2 Laser emission that may endanger aircraft safety
9.1.3 Lights that may cause confusion
9.1.4 Lights
9.1.5 Intensity and control
9.2 Approach lighting system
9.2.1 Simple approach lighting system
9.2.2 Category I approach lighting system
9.2.3 Category II/III approach lighting system
9.2.4 Site scope of approach lighting system
9.3 Visual approach slope indicator system
9.3.1 Basic requirements
9.3.2 T-VASIS and AT-VASIS
9.3.3 PAPI and APAPI
9.4 Runway lighting system
9.4.1 Runway edge light
9.4.2 Threshold light
9.4.3 Threshold wing bar light
9.4.4 Runway end light
9.4.5 Runway centerline light
9.4.6 Runway touchdown zone light
9.4.7 Threshold identification light
9.4.8 Road-holding position light
9.5 Taxiway lighting system
9.5.1 Taxiway edge light
9.5.2 Taxiway centerline light
9.5.3 Runway guard light
9.5.4 Intermediate holding position light
9.5.5 Stop bar light
9.5.6 Rapid exit taxiway indicator light
9.5.7 De-icing/anti-icing facility exit light
9.5.8 Runway turn pad light
9.5.9 Stand operation guide light
9.5.10 Taxiway edge retro-reflective marker
9.5.11 Taxiway centerline retro-reflective marker
9.6 Other lighting systems
9.6.1 N/A area light
9.6.2 Wind vane light
9.6.3 Landing direction indicator
9.6.4 Stop way light
9.6.5 Aeronautical beacon
9.6.6 Hovering guide light
9.6.7 Runway lead-in lighting system
9.6.8 Emergency lighting
9.7 Sign
9.7.1 Basic requirements
9.7.2 Taxiway guidance sign
9.7.3 Mandatory instruction sign
9.7.4 Information sign
9.7.5 Stand sign
9.7.6 Road-holding position sign
9.7.7 Aerodrome identification sign
9.7.8 VOR aerodrome check-point sign
9.8 Apron aviation aids
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Apron floodlighting
9.8.3 Maintenance electricity
9.8.4 Visual docking guidance system
9.8.5 Advanced visual docking guidance system
9.9 Power supply system for visual aviation aids
9.9.1 Aviation light power supply system
9.9.2 Power supply system for apron aviation aids
9.10 Monitoring and control system for visual aviation aids
9.10.1 Aviation light monitoring system
9.10.2 Monitoring and control system for apron aviation aids
9.11 Visual aviation aids for marking obstacles
9.11.1 Objects to be marked and/or lighted
9.11.2 Object marking and/or light
Annex A (Informative) Relationship between aircraft model and airfield area index
Annex B (Normative) Quality requirements of aeronautical data
Annex C (Informative) CAN of various aircraft on rigid and flexible pavements
Annex D (Informative) Evaluation criteria for friction coefficient of new or existing runways
Annex E (Normative) Characteristics of aeronautical ground light
Annex F (Normative) Visual aviation aids
Annex G (Normative) Approach lighting system
Annex H (Normative) Design requirements for taxiway guidance sign
Annex I (Normative) Colors of aeronautical ground lights, markings, signs and panels
Annex J (Normative) Position of light on obstacle
