Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Exhaust emission measurement—Part 4: Steady-state and transient test cycles for different engine applications
GB/T 8190.4-2023 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 4: Steady-state and transient test cycles for different engine applications
1 Scope
This document specifies the test cycles, the test procedures and the evaluation of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engines coupled to a dynamometer. With certain restrictions, this document can also be used for measurements at site. The tests are carried out under steady-state and transient operation using test cycles which are representative of given applications.
This document is applicable to RIC engines for mobile, transportable and stationary use, excluding engines for on-road transport of passengers and goods. It can be applied to engines for non-road use, e.g. for earth-moving machines, generating sets and for other applications. For engines used in machinery covered by additional requirements (e.g. occupational health and safety regulations, regulations for power plants), additional test conditions and special evaluation methods can apply.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 8190.1-2023 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 1: Test-bed measurement systems of gaseous and particulate emissions (ISO 8178-1:2020, IDT)
ISO 8178-5 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 5: Test fuels
Note: GB/T 8190.5-2019, Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 5: Test fuels (ISO 8178-5:2015, IDT)
ASTM E29–06b Standard practice for using significant digits in test data to determine conformance with specifications
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
adjustment factors
additive (upward adjustment factor and downward adjustment factor) or multiplicative factors to be used for engines equipped with emission controls, that are regenerated on an infrequent (periodic) basis
3.2
applicable emission limit
emission limit to which an engine is subject
3.3
aqueous condensation
precipitation of water-containing constituents from a gas phase to a liquid phase
Note: Aqueous condensation is a function of humidity, pressure, temperature, and concentrations of other constituents such as sulphuric acid. These parameters vary as a function of engine intake-air humidity, dilution-air humidity, engine air-to-fuel ratio, and fuel composition - including the amount of hydrogen and sulphur in the fuel.
3.4
atmospheric pressure
wet, absolute, atmospheric static pressure
Note: If the atmospheric pressure is measured in a duct, negligible pressure losses shall be ensured between the atmosphere and the measurement location, and changes in the duct's static pressure resulting from the flow shall be accounted for.
3.5
calibration
process of setting a measurement system's response so that its output agrees with a range of reference signals
Note: Contrast with verification (3.78).
3.6
calibration gas
purified gas mixture used to calibrate gas analysers meeting the specifications of GB/T 8190.1-2023, 9.2
Note: Calibration gases and span gases (3.65) are qualitatively the same, but differ in terms of their primary function. Various performance verification (3.78) checks for gas analysers and sample handling components might refer to either calibration gases or span gases.
3.7
certification
process of obtaining a certificate of conformity
3.8
compression ignition engine
CI engine
engine that works on the compression-ignition principle
3.9
constant-speed engine
engine whose type approval (3.76) or certification (3.7) is limited to constant-speed operation (3.10)
Note: Engines whose constant-speed governor (3.29) function is removed or disabled are no longer constant-speed engines.
3.10
constant-speed operation
engine operation with a governor (3.29) that automatically controls the operator demand (3.47) to maintain engine speed, even under changing load
Note: Governors do not always maintain speed exactly constant. Typically, speed can decrease 0.1 % to 10 % below the speed at zero load, such that the minimum speed occurs near the engine's point of maximum power (3.39).
3.11
continuous regeneration
regeneration process of an exhaust after-treatment system that occurs either in a sustained manner or at least once over the applicable transient test cycle or ramped-modal cycle; in contrast to infrequent (periodic) regeneration (3.33)
3.12
conversion efficiency of non-methane cutter
conversion efficiency of NMC
E
efficiency of the conversion of an NMC that is used for the removal of the non-methane hydrocarbons from the sample gas by oxidizing all hydrocarbons (3.30) except methane
Note: Ideally, the conversion for methane is 0 % (ECH4 = 0) and for the other hydrocarbons represented by ethane 100 % (EC2H6 = 100 %). For the accurate measurement of NMHC (3.44), the two efficiencies shall be determined and used for the calculation of the NMHC emission mass flow rate for methane and ethane. Contrast with penetration fraction (3.52).
3.13
delay time
difference in time between the change of the component to be measured at the reference point and a system response of 10 % of the final reading (t10) with the sampling probe (3.54) being defined as the reference point
Note: For the gaseous components, this is the transport time of the measured component from the sampling probe to the detector (see Figure 1).
3.14
deNOx system
exhaust after-treatment system (3.22) designed to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (3.48)
Example: Passive and active lean NOx catalysts, NOx adsorbers and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems.
3.15
dew point
measure of humidity stated as the equilibrium temperature at which water condenses under a given pressure from moist air with a given absolute humidity
Note: Dew point is specified as a temperature in °C or K, and is valid only for the pressure at which it is measured.
3.16
drift
difference between a zero or calibration (3.5) signal and the respective value reported by a measurement instrument immediately after it was used in an emission test, as long as the instrument was zeroed (3.79) and spanned (3.64) just before the test
3.17
dual-fuel engine
engine system that is designed to simultaneously operate with liquid fuel (3.36) and a gaseous fuel (3.26), both fuels being metered separately, where the consumed amount of one of the fuels relative to the other one may vary depending on the operation
3.18
emission-control system
device, system, or element of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine
3.19
engine family
manufacturers grouping of engines which, through their design as defined in ISO 8178-7, have similar exhaust emission characteristics
Note: All members of the family shall comply with the applicable emission limit (3.2) values.
3.20
engine governed speed
engine operating speed when it is controlled by the installed governor (3.29)
3.21
engine type
category of engines which do not differ in essential engine characteristics
3.22
exhaust after-treatment system
catalyst, particulate filter, deNOx system (3.14), combined deNO x particulate filter or any other emission-reducing device that is installed downstream of the engine
Note: This definition excludes exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) (3.23) and turbochargers, which are considered an integral part of the engine.
3.23
exhaust-gas recirculation
EGR
technology that reduces emissions by routing exhaust gases that had been exhausted from the combustion chamber(s) back into the engine to be mixed with incoming air before or during combustion
