标准编号:	GB/T 16453.2-2008
中文名称:	水土保持综合治理 技术规范 荒地治理技术
英文名称:	Technical specification for comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Technique for erosion control of waste land
中标分类:	B11    土壤、水土保持
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	13.080 13.080    土质、土壤学 13.080
发布机构:	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局 中国家标准化管理委员会
发布日期:	1996-06-25
实施日期:	2009-2-1
标准状态:	valid
替代旧标准:	GB/T 16453.2-1996 水土保持综合治理 技术规范 荒地治理技术
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	20000 字
翻译价格(元):	1200.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Technical specification -Technique for erosion control of waste land 1 Scope This part of GB/T 16453 specifies the technical requirements for the planning, design, construction and management of measures such as establishment of soil and water conservation forest, artificial grass planting, setting apart hills for tree growing, and closing of slopes for grassing on the waste land with soil erosion and water loss. This part is applicable to waste land with soil erosion and water loss (water erosion) in China. 2 Normative references The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this part of GB/T 16453, constitute provisions of this part. For dated references, subsequent amendments to (excluding correction to), or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. GB 2772 Rules for forest tree seed testing GB 6000 Tree seedling quality grading of major species for afforestation GB 7908 Classification of forest tree seed quality GB/T 15162 Technical regulation for afforestation by aerial sowing LY 1000 Technical regulations of containerized seedlings 3 General provisions 3.1 The term "waste land" referred to in this part refers to all the land that can be used but has not yet been used, except for cultivated land, forest land, grassland and other land (villages, roads and waters). The waste land specifically includes barren hills, barren slopes, waste gullies, waste beaches, riverbanks, as well as the land around villages, roads, homes and rivers (referred to as "four around"); it also includes the land that requires human intervention to prevent soil erosion and water loss and obtain ecological and economic benefits, such as fallowed steep slope land, land on fallow rotation, deteriorated forests and sparse forests.   3.2 In addition to artificial afforestation, there are also artificial grass planting and closure for the control and utilization of the above-mentioned various types of land. Overall planning shall be carried out according to the different site conditions of various types of waste land and the needs of the development of local pillar industries, and the above-mentioned three different control measures shall be adopted respectively. 3.3 The control of waste land by artificial afforestation shall focus on development and utilization at the same time, and shall be able to obtain economic, ecological and social benefits. 3.3.1 Reduce or stop soil erosion and water loss, and improve the ecological environment. 3.3.2 Develop a forest- and fruit-oriented commodity economy, and increase economic income. 3.3.3 Establish industrial and agricultural raw material bases, promote the development of industrialized commodity economy, and build well-off rural areas that coordinate environment and economy. 3.4 In the scope of soil and water conservation, artificial afforestation shall include all kinds of cash forests and orchards built on waste land. For some places where tree-crop intercropping or grain-fruit intercropping is carried out on agricultural land, the technical requirements for afforestation may refer to this part, not otherwise specified. 4 Afforestation planning for soil and water conservation 4.1 Forest species planning 4.1.1 The following forest species shall be distributed according to different uses: 4.1.1.1 Cash forest. Priority is given to fresh and dried fruits with local characteristics and species with market competitiveness. 4.1.1.2 Fuel wood forest. In fuel-deficient areas, the fuel wood forest acreage shall be determined according to the amount of firewood needed per capita per year and the amount of firewood that each hectare of forest may provide. 4.1.1.3 In arid and semi-arid areas with insufficient forage grass in northern China, shrub feeds such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa can be established as supplements in combination with soil and water conservation.   4.1.1.4 Timber forest. In case of timber forest established by artificial afforestation for soil and water conservation on barren slopes, land preparation engineering for soil and water conservation shall be built to avoid soil erosion and water loss caused by timber logging. The timber forests in arid and rainless soil erosion areas shall be established around roads, villages, homes and rivers, and at the bottom of river beaches and ditches, as well as other places where the water sources are ample and logging will not cause soil erosion and water loss. 4.1.2 The following forest species shall be distributed according to different terrain and positions: 4.1.2.1 Soil and water conservation forest on slope. According to the location, gradient, site conditions and soil erosion and water loss characteristics of barren slopes, shrubbery, arbor forest and cash forest may be distributed on the upper, middle or lower part of the slope respectively. 4.1.2.2 Soil and water conservation forest on gully. The soil and water conservation forests shall be distributed at the head, slope, and bottom of gullies, which shall be closely combined with gully head protection, check dam, and check dam for farmland forming in erosion control measures of gullies. 4.1.2.3 Soil and water conservation forest on bank. It is mainly used to consolidate river banks, reservoir banks and canals to prevent bank collapse and erosion of canal slopes. 4.1.2.4 Soil and water conservation forest on the "four around". In plain and tableland areas, roads and canals are generally combined to form large square fields. Afforestation around roads and rivers shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of farmland shelterbelts. For the purpose of afforestation around villages and homes in mountainous and hilly areas, the tree species shall be allocated in combination with the timber used in agricultural areas and the afforestation construction in villages and towns. 4.2 Forest form planning 4.2.1 Pure stand 4.2.1.1 Pure shrub stand. It is mainly suitable for arid and semi-arid areas and places with serious soil erosion and water loss and poor site conditions. 4.2.1.2 Pure arbor stand. It is mainly suitable for places with good site conditions, where the biological characteristics of the tree species require a pure stand.   4.2.2 Mixed stand 4.2.2.1 The mixed tree species include coniferous tree species with broadleaved tree species, arbors with shrubs, arbors with shrubs and herbs, and deep-rooted tree species with shallow-rooted tree species. 4.2.2.2 Pattern of mixture a) Mixed by single trees. It is suitable for barren land by planting shrubs with strong water and soil conservation, soil improvement and covering ability between arbors, or by planting one arbor sparsely among every 5~10 shrubs. b) Mixed by rows. It is generally suitable for arbors and shrubs as well as shade tree species and sun tree species.

Foreword I Introduction III 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 General provisions 4 Afforestation planning for soil and water conservation 5 Afforestation design for soil and water conservation 6 Afforestation construction for soil and water conservation 7 Afforestation management for soil and water conservation 8 Grass planting planning for soil and water conservation 9 Grass planting design for soil and water conservation 10 Grass planting construction for soil and water conservation 11 Grass planting management for soil and water conservation 12 Organizational measures for closure 13 Technical measures for setting apart hills for tree growing 14 Technical measures for closing of slopes for grassing Annex A (Informative) Main tree species and shrubs for soil and water conservation in different climatic zones Annex B (Informative) Initial planting density of main tree species and shrubs for soil and water conservation Annex C (Informative) Main grass species for soil and water conservation in different ecological environments Annex D (Informative) Cross-inoculated rhizobia for common leguminous forages Annex E (Informative) Coating formula (ks) of rhizobia inoculation coating for leguminous forage seeds

水土保持综合治理 技术规范 荒地治理技术 1 范围 GB/T 16453的本部分规定了在有水土流失的荒地上采取营造水土保持林措施、人工种草措施以及封山育林或封坡育草措施的规划、设计、施工和管理等技术要求。 本部分适用于全国有水土流失(水蚀)的荒地。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的条款通过GB/T 16453的本部分的引用而成为本部分的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本部分，然而，鼓励根据本部分达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本部分。 GB 2772 林木种子检验规程 GB 6000 主要造林树种苗木质量分级 GB 7908 林木种子质量分级 GB/T 15162 飞播造林技术规程 LY 1000 容器育苗技术 3 总则 3.1 本部分所称荒地是指除耕地、林地、草地和其他用地(村庄、道路、水域)以外一切可以利用而尚未利用的土地。包括荒山、荒坡、荒沟、荒滩、河岸以及村旁、路旁、宅旁、渠旁地(简称“四旁”)等；通时也包括退耕的陡坡地、轮歇地与残林、疏林等需经人为干预才能防治水土流失并获得生态及经济效益的土地。 3.2 上述各类土地的治理和利用，除人工造林外，还有人工种草与封育治理，应根据各类荒地的不同立地条件和当地支柱产业发展的需要，进行总体规划，分别采取上述三种不同的治理措施。 3.3 采取人工造林对各荒地的治理，应同时着眼于开发利用，应能获经济、生态、社会三方面的效益。 3.3.1 减轻或制止水土流失，改善生态环境。 3.3.2 发展以林、果为主导的商品经济，增加经济收人。 3.3.3 建立工、农业原料基地，促进产业化商品经济发展，建设环境与经济协调的小康农村。 3.4 在水土保持范畴内，人工造林应包括利用荒地建成的各类经济林与果园。对有的地方在农地上进行农林间作或粮果间作的，其造林技术要求可参照使用本部分，不另作规定。 4 水土保持造林规划 4.1 林种规划 4.1.1 根据不同用涂布设下列林种： 4.1.1.1 经济林。优先选择具有当地特色的干鲜果品及具市场竞争力的品种。 4.1.1.2 薪炭林。在燃料缺乏的地区，根据各地人均年需烧柴数量和每公顷林木可能提供的烧柴数量确定种植面积。 4.1.1.3 我国北方干旱、半干旱饲草不足地区，可结合水土保持营造刺槐、紫穗槐等灌木饲料作为补充。 4.1.1.4 用材林。荒坡上水土保持人工造林作为用材林的，应修好畜水保土的整地工程，避免用材伐木引起水土流失。干旱少雨的水土流失地区用材林应造在路旁、村旁、宅旁、渠旁、河滩和沟底，以及其他水源较好且伐木不致引起水土流失的地方。 4.1.2 根据不同地形部位布设下列林种： 4.1.2.1 坡面水土保持林。根据荒坡所在位置、坡面坡度、立地条件与水土流失特点，可分别在坡面的上部、中部或下部布设灌木林、乔木林和经济林。 4.1.2.2 沟壑水土保持林。分沟头、沟坡、沟底三个部位，应与沟壑治理措施中的沟头防护、谷坊、淤地坝等紧密结合。 4.1.2.3 岸域水土保持林。主要用以巩固河岸、库岸及渠道，防止塌岸和冲刷渠坡。 4.1.2.4 四旁水土保持林。在平原区和高原区的塬面，一般是道路与渠道结合形成大片方田。路旁、渠旁造林，应按照农田防护林网的要求进行。山区、丘陵区村旁、宅旁造林，应结合农区用材和村镇绿化建设配置树种。 4.2 林相规划 4.2.1 纯林 4.2.1.1 灌木纯林。主要适应于干旱、半干旱地区及水士流失严重，立地条件很差的地方。4.2.1.2 乔木纯林。主要适应于立地条件较好的地方，同时其树种生物学特点要求为纯林。 4.2.2 混交林 4.2.2.1 混交类型有：针叶树种与阔叶树种混交；乔木与灌木混交；乔木与灌木和草本混交；深根性树种与浅根性树种混交。 4.2.2.2 混交方式 a)株间混交。适应于瘠薄土地，在乔木株间栽种具有保水保土、改土作用和覆盖能力强的灌木；或在每5株～10株灌木间，稀疏地栽植一株乔木。 b)行间混交。一般乔木与灌木，阴性树种与阳性树种均适宜采用。 c)带状混交。适应于初期生长较慢、且两类互有矛盾的树种。带的宽度应根据树种特点具体研究确定。 d)块状(不规则)混交。适应于树种间竞争较强烈或地形破碎、不同立地条件镶嵌分布的地方。 4.3 树种规划 4.3.1 适地适树 4.3.1.1 小流域内造林应适地适树。小流域内坡面、沟壑等不同地类，不同位置，不同立地条件，应布设不同林种，在同一林种中，还应配置不同树种。 4.3.1.2 根据各地气温、降雨、土质等主要生态因素，可将全国粗略划分为七个不同立地条件的气候带，各气候带适应的树种参见附录A。 4.3.2 优质高产 4.3.2.1 经济林(果园)：要求品种优良，在市场上有较强的竞争能力；同时应是易于运销、存储和加工增值的树种。 4.3.2.2 薪炭林：要求萌芽、萌蘖力强，耐平茬、耐贫瘠、耐干旱、燃烧值高的树种。 4.3.2.3 饲料林：要求耐干旱、耐放牧、耐平茬，同时适口性好的树种。 4.3.2.4 用材林：要求材质好、价值高、速生丰产的树种。 4.3.2.5 水源涵养林：要求树体高大、冠幅大，林内枯枝落叶丰富和枯落物易于分解，具有深根系、根量多和根域广的树种；长寿、生长稳定且抗性强的树种；低耗水、耐旱树种；不对水环境造成污染的树种。 4.3.3 在符合上述原则前提下，宜采用乡土树种，乡土树种不能满足要求时，应通过试验，引进外地优良树种。 4.4 苗圃规划 4.4.1 县、乡、村或小流域，可根据造林的需要，在规划范围内，分级设置苗圃，应避免从外地远距离购置运苗。 4.4.2 苗圃地应选土质较好，管理方便、且有灌溉条件的地方；在规划范围内应大致均匀分布，便于使用。 4.4.3 苗圃面积应使其育苗数量能按计划逐年满足规划范围内全部造林的需要。有条件的在乡、村或小流域内部调剂，必要时可在县的范围内调剂。 4.4.4 应根据造林规划的林种和树种配备齐全，保证按规划要求全部种植所需林种、树种，避免有什么苗栽什么树，收不到应有的效益。对引进外来的新树种，应先经过试验，确认适宜性后再纳入育苗计划。 4.4.5 苗圃的建设和生产，应明确专人专职管理，按苗圃管理技术规范和有关制度严格执行，保证育苗任务和质量。 4.5 其他有关规划 4.5.1 残次林、疏林和低效林、小老树等的改造规划基本要求如下： 4.5.1.1 残林、疏林，应根据不同的残疏程度与立地条件，分别采取封禁或更新、补植的措施进行改造。 4.5.1.2 低效林、小老树，应根据不同树种和形成小老树的原因，分别采取间伐、修枝、嫁接改良、补修整地工程、松土、灌水等措施进行改造。如因树种选择不当，应以适宜树种更替。 4.5.2 林地道路规划 成片林地四周、较大面积林地内部，均应设置道路，宽为2m～3m，架子车或小型机动车应能通行。 4.5.3 林地管护规划 包括管护措施、管护组织、管护设备与管护人员的规划等。 5 水土保持造林设计 5.1 造林密度设计 5.1.1 造林密度的表现形式 5.1.1.1 以行距(m)、株距(m)计，在造林施工时直接采用。 5.1.1.2 以单位面积(hm2)造林株数计，用以统计需苗数量和造林成果(成活率、保存率、效益等)。 5.1.2 不同林种、树种的造林密度 5.1.2.1 用材林造林密度宜为每公顷2000株～3000株，根据树种特点和当地条件每公顷可放宽到600株～5000株。 5.1.2.2 经济林与果园造林密度宜为每公顷1000株～2000株，根据树种和管理水平每公顷可放宽到500株～5000株。 5.1.2.3 以灌木为主的饲料林和薪炭林，宜为每公顷10000丛～20000丛，不同树种可少到每公顷6000丛。 5.1.2.4 水源涵养林乔木密度宜为每公顷1000株～3000株，灌木密度宜为每公顷2000株～4000株。 5.1.3 不同立地条件的造林密度 5.1.3.1 我国南方水热条件较好地区的造林密度可比北方水热条件较差地区大些。 5.1.3.2 同一地区，立地条件较好地类的造林密度可比立地条件较差地类大些。 5.1.3.3 同样立地条件，计划间伐的造林密度比不计划间伐的大些。 5.1.3.4 农林间作、粮果间作等的造林密度，应采用每公顷30株～40株或50株～100株。 5.1.4 附录B列出若干水土保持主要树种的初植密度，供各地设计时参考。应坚持因地制宜原则，对每一地区每一地类的造林密度，在具体分析立地条件的基础上，通过具体设计确定。 5.2 整地工程设计 5.2.1 基本要求 5.2.1.1 水土保持造林，宜采取整地工程，保水保土，促进树木正常生长。 5.2.1.2 不同立地条件、不同林种，应分别采用不同形式的整地工程。 5.2.1.3 整地工程防御标准，可按1a～5a一遇3h～6h设计暴雨量计算。根据各地不同降雨情况，分别采用不同的暴雨频率和当地最易产生严重水土流失的短历时、高强度暴雨进行设计。 5.2.2 带状整地工程 5.2.2.1 水平阶整地，适用于15°～25°的陡坡，阶面宽1.0m～1.5m，具有3°～5°反坡，上下两阶间的水平距离，以设计的造林行距为准。各水平阶间斜坡径流应在阶面上能全部或大部容纳入渗，以此确定阶面宽度或阶边埂。亦可设计为隔坡形，隔坡距离根据现场确定。树苗植于距阶边0.3m～0.5m(约1/3m阶宽)处。 5.2.2.2 水平沟整地，南方山边沟整地，适用于15°～25°的陡坡。沟口上宽0.6m～1.0m，沟底宽0.3m～0.5m，沟深0.4m～0.6m，沟田半挖半填作成，内侧挖出的生土用在外侧作梗。树苗植于沟底外侧。根据设计的造林行距和坡面暴雨径流情况，确定上下两沟的间距和沟的具体尺寸。 5.2.2.3 反坡梯田整地，主要用于果树或其他对立地条件要求较高的经济树木。坡度较缓、土层较厚、坡面平整的地方，田面宜向内倾斜3°～5°反坡，田面宽2m～3m。应根据设计的果树行距，确定上下两台梯田的间距，并基本沿等高线布设，长度不限。隔一定距离可修筑土埂，预防水流汇集；横向比降宜保持在1％以内。在田面中部挖树穴种植果树。 5.2.2.4 水平犁沟整地，适用于地块较大、5°～10°的缓坡。用机械或畜力沿等高线上下结合翻土，作成水平犁沟，深0.2m～0.4m，上口宽0.3m～0.6m，根据设计的造林行距，确定犁沟间距。树苗应植于沟底中部。 5.2.3 穴状整地 5.2.3.1 鱼鳞坑整地，每坑平面呈半圆形，长径0.8m～1.5m，短径0.5m～0.8m；坑深0.3m～0.5m，坑内取土在下沿作成弧状土埂，高0.2m～0.3m(中部较高，两端较低)。各坑在坡面基本上沿等高线布设，上下两行坑口呈“品”字形错开排列。根据设计造林的行距和株距，确定坑的行距和穴距。树苗栽植在坑内距下沿0.2m～0.3m位置。坑的两端，开挖宽深各约0.2m～0.3m倒“八”字形的截水沟。 5.2.3.2 大坑整地，在土层极薄的土石山区或丘陵区种植果树时，应在坡面开挖大型果树坑，深0.8m～1.0m，圆形直径0.8m～1.0m，方形各边长0.8m～1.0m。取出坑内石砾或生土，将附近表土填入坑内。坑的排列形式和行距、坑距，可参照5.2.3.1规定执行。 6 水土保持造林施工 6.1 施工时间 6.1.1 整地工程修筑时间 6.1.1.1 宜在前一年秋冬两季整地，第二年春秋两季造林，利于容蓄雨雪，促进生土熟化。易风蚀的沙地，应随整地随造林。 6.1.1.2 秋冬造林，最迟应在当年春季整地；雨季和春季造林，最迟应在前一年秋季整地。 6.1.2 造林季节 6.1.2.1 春季应在苗木萌动前7d～10d造林；我国北方应在土壤解冻达到栽植深度时抓紧造林。 6.1.2.2 雨季宜在开始后的前半期造林，保证新栽或直播的幼苗在当年有两个月以上的生长期，利于安全越冬。干旱、半干旱地区应结合天气预报，在连阴天墒情好时造林，可采用容器苗造林及飞机播种造林和小粒种子播种造林等。 6.1.2.3 秋冬造林，应在树木停止生长后和土地封冻前抓紧进行。冻害严重的山区不宜秋季造林大粒种子、带硬壳种子和休眠期较长的种子宜在秋冬直播造林。 6.2 施工质量要求