标准编号:	GB/T 16453.1-2008
中文名称:	水土保持综合治理 技术规范 坡耕地治理技术
英文名称:	Technical specification for comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Technique for erosion control of slope land
中标分类:	B11    土壤、水土保持
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	13.080 13.080    土质、土壤学 13.080
发布机构:	国家标准化委员会 国家质量监督检验检疫总局
发布日期:	1996-6-25
实施日期:	2009-2-1
标准状态:	valid
替代旧标准:	GB/T 16453.1-1996 水土保持综合治理 技术规范 坡耕地治理技术
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	15000 字
翻译价格(元):	900.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Technical specification -Technique for erosion control of slope land 1 Scope This part of GB/T 16453 specifies the classification, applicable conditions, and specific methods for implementing soil and water conservation tillage and terracing on slope land. This part is applicable to water-eroded areas and areas where water erosion and wind erosion are intertwined throughout the country. 2 Normative references The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this part of GB/T 16453, constitute provisions of this part. For dated references, subsequent amendments to (excluding correction to), or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. GB/T 16453.4-2008 Technical specification for comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Small engineering of store, drainage and draw water 3 Basic requirements 3.1 Soil and water conservation tillage 3.1.1 Soil and water conservation tillage is a tillage method designed to enhance soil erosion resistance, conserve soil and water, mitigate soil erosion, and boost crop yields on slope land. It involves implementing various measures such as altering microtopography, increasing ground plant cover, and enhancing soil infiltration based on agricultural practices carried out annually. And it can be classified into the following four types: Type I, it involves altering microtopography for soil and water conservation, and mainly includes practices such as contour tillage, ridge and furrow planting, pot-hollowing (burrowing) planting, drought-resistant and high-yielding furrows, and contour furrows in fallow lands. Type II, it involves increasing ground plant cover for soil and water conservation, and mainly includes practices such as grass and cropping rotation, intercropping, interplanting, strip intercropping, rational close planting, sowing green manure in fallow lands and so on. Type III, which is a type of soil and water conservation tillage aimed at improving soil infiltration and enhancing soil erosion resistance, mainly involves practices like deep ploughing, subsoiling, increase organic manure fertilizer application, stubble sowing and so on. Type IV, which is a type of soil and water conservation tillage aimed at reducing soil evaporation, mainly involves practices like plastic film mulching and straw mulching. 3.1.2 Before implementing soil and water conservation tillage, comprehensive planning shall be carried out at small watershed level to effectively manage slope land in its entirety. Various types of terraces shall be set up based on conditions such as different topography, soil quality, and rainfall, and then soil conservation tillage shall be carried out and small slope-specific storage and drainage works shall be constructed accordingly. For slope land with a gradient below 25° that has not been terraced, soil conservation tillage shall be adopted. 3.1.3 While adopting soil conservation tillage, small-scale slope-specific storage and drainage facilities shall be provided on the inner as well as outer sides of the upper part of the slope land to prevent external water from entering. 3.1.4 The specific practices and relevant specifications and dimensions of various soil conservation tillage have different adaptation conditions; thus, they shall be determined reasonably based on the varying topography, soil quality, rainfall, and agricultural practices in different regions, tailored to local conditions. 3.2 Terrace 3.2.1 Depending on the different ground gradients, terraces can be divided into steep slope terraces and gentle slope terraces. Depending on the different materials used for making the field ridges, terraces can be divided into earth ridge terraces, stone ridge terraces, and plant ridge terraces. Depending on the different sections of terraces, they can be divided into bench terraces, sloping terraces, interval terraces, and back-slope terraces (see Figure 1). Depending on the different purposes of terraces, they can be divided into dry crop terraces, rice terraces, orchard terraces, tea garden terraces, rubber plantation terraces, etc. Figure 1 Schematic diagram for the sections of three types of terraces 3.2.2 Comprehensively plan the management of slope land by taking small watersheds as the unit. Then, determine applicable practices based on specific conditions, such as constructing terraces, adopting soil conservation tillage, or providing small slope-specific storage and drainage works. For areas to be developed as terraced areas, specific planning for terraces shall be carried out. Based on this, design and construction shall be carried out accordingly. 3.2.3 When the slopes above the terraces are slope lands or waste lands, small-scale slope-specific storage and drainage facilities shall be arranged to prevent surface runoff from entering the terraced area. Small-scale storage and drainage facilities shall also be arranged in terraced areas in southern China, so as to properly manage excess rainwater and ensure the safety of the terraces. The technical requirements for small-scale slope-specific storage and drainage facilities are as specified in GB/T 16453.4. Generally, the criteria for safeguarding terraces against rainstorms shall be established against a 10-year maximum rainfall, lasting for a duration of 3 to 6 hours. In arid and semi-arid regions, the criteria may be established against a 20-year maximum rainfall, lasting for a duration of 3 to 6 hours. Depending on the rainfall characteristics of each region, locally prevalent short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events that are most likely to cause severe soil erosion and water loss shall be considered.

Foreword I Introduction III 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Basic requirements 4 The first type of soil and water conservation tillage 5 The second type of soil and water conservation tillage 6 The third type of soil and water conservation tillage 7 The fourth type of soil and water conservation tillage 8 Terrace layout 9 Terrace design 10 Construction of terraces 11 Terrace management Annex A (Informative) Reference values for section dimensions of bench terraces

水土保持综合治理 技术规范 坡耕地治理技术 1 范围 GB/T 16453的本部分规定了坡耕地上采取保水保土耕作及修梯田的分类、适用条件和具体方法。 本部分适用于全国各地水蚀地区和水蚀与风蚀交错地区。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的条款通过GB/T 16453的本部分的引用而成为本部分的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本部分，然而，鼓励根据本部分达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本部分。 GB/T 16453.4—2008 水土保持综合治理 技术规范 小型蓄排引水工程 3 基本规定 3.1 保水保土耕作 3.1.1 保水保土耕作是一种耕作方法，是在坡耕地上结合每年农事耕作，采取各类改变微地形或增加地面植物被覆，或增加土壤入渗，提高土壤抗蚀性能，以保水保土，减轻土壤侵蚀，提高作物产量为目的。可分为以下4类方法： 第一类，改变微地形的保水保土耕作，主要有等高耕作、沟垄种植、掏钵(穴状)种植、抗旱丰产沟、休闲地水平犁沟等。 第二类，增加地面植物被覆的保水保土耕作，主要有草田轮作、间作、套种、带状间作、合理密植、休闲地上种绿肥等。 第三类，增加土壤入渗、提高土壤抗蚀性能的保水保土耕作，主要有深耕、深松、增施有机肥、留茬播种等。 第四类，减少土壤蒸发的保水保土耕作，主要有地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖等。 3.1.2 在实施保水保土耕作之前，应以小流域为单元，进行坡耕地治理的全面规划。根据不同的地形、土质、降雨等条件，分别设置各类梯田，实行保土耕作和建设坡面小型蓄排水工程。对25°以下未修梯田的坡耕地，采用保土耕作。 3.1.3 采用保土耕作的同时，在坡耕地内部及其上部外侧，尚需设置坡面小型蓄排工程，防止外水进入。 3.1.4 每一保土耕作的具体作法与有关规格尺寸，各有其不同的适应条件，应根据各地不同的地形、土质、降雨和农事耕作情况，因地制宜，合理确定。 3.2 梯田 3.2.1 根据地面坡度不同，可分为陡坡区梯田与缓坡区梯田。根据田坎建筑材料不同，可分为土坎梯田、石坎梯田和植物坎梯田等。根据梯田的断面形式不同，可分为水平梯田、坡式梯田、隔坡梯田和反坡梯田等，(见图1)。根据梯田的用途不同，分旱作物梯田、水稻梯田、果园梯田、茶园梯田、橡胶园梯田等。 水平梯田 坡式梯田 隔坡梯田 反坡角度一般≤2° 反坡梯田 图1 三类梯田断面示意图 3.2.2 以小流域为单元，进行坡耕地治理的全面规划，根据不同条件，分别确定采取梯田、保土耕作法和坡面小型蓄排水工程。对其中确定为梯田区的地段进行有关梯田的具体规划；在此基础上，再进行相应的设计和施工。 3.2.3 当梯田区以上坡面为坡耕地或荒地时，应部署坡面小型蓄排工程，防止地表径流进入梯田区。我国南方雨多量大地区，梯田区内也应部署小型蓄排工程，以妥善处理梯田不能容蓄的雨水，保证梯田的安全。坡面小型蓄排工程的技术要求按GB/T 16453.4执行。 梯田防御暴雨标准，一般采用10a一遇3h～6h最大降雨，在干旱、半干旱地区，可采用20a一遇3h～6h最大降雨。根据各地降雨特点，分别采用当地最易产生严重水土流失的短历时、高强度暴雨。 3.2.4 梯田类型的选用应遵循以下原则： a)条件适合的地方，可一次性修成水平梯田。 b)在坡耕地土层较薄，或当地劳力较少的地区，可以先修坡式梯田，经逐年向下方翻土耕作，减缓田面坡度，逐步变成水平梯田。 c)在地多人少、劳力缺乏，同时年降雨量较少、耕地坡度在15°～20°的地方，可以采用隔坡梯田。 d)土质丘陵和塬、台地区修土坎梯田；在土石山区或石质山区、取料方便地区修梯田时，就地取材修成石坎梯田。 e)丘陵区或山区的坡耕地(坡度一般为15°～25°)，按陡坡区梯田进行规划、设计。东北黑土漫岗区、西北黄土高原区的塬面，以及零星分布各地河谷川台地上的缓坡耕地(坡度15°以下)，按缓坡梯田进行规划、设计。 4 第一类保水保土耕作 4.1 等高耕作 4.1.1 我国北方干旱少雨地区，耕作方向应基本沿等高线，有利于保水保土。我国南方多雨且土质粘重地区，耕作方向应与等高线呈1％～2％的比降，适应排水，并防止冲刷。在横坡耕作基础上采取的沟垄种植、休闲地水平犁沟等措施，其沟垄方向均可按此原则处理。 4.1.2 将原有顺坡沟垄改为横坡沟垄时，应先经过耕翻，再进行横坡耕作，形成新的横坡沟垄。 4.1.3 实施横坡耕作的坡耕地，在坡面从上到下，每隔一定距离，还应沿等高线修筑若干道土埂，种草带、灌木带，或用套二犁作成水平犁沟，截短坡长，减轻水土流失。 4.1.3.1 土埂初修高度宜为40cm～50cm，草带宜宽1m左右。每年耕作时，从上向下翻土，使两埂(或两带)间的地面坡度逐渐减缓，同时每年加高土埂10cm～20cm，逐步形成水平梯田。 4.1.3.2 土埂或草带的距离，随坡度和降雨不同而异：坡度陡、雨最大的地方，间距可小些；坡度缓、雨量小的地方，间距可大些。一般15°以上陡坡地，埂间距8m～15m，10°以下缓坡地，埂间距20m～30m。 4.1.4 在有风蚀的缓坡地区，改顺坡耕作为横坡耕作时，应使耕作方向与主风向正交，或呈45°。 4.2 沟垄种植 4.2.1 在坡耕地上应顺等高线(或与等高线呈1％～2％的比降)耕作，形成沟垄相间的地面，容蓄雨水，减轻水土流失。 4.2.2 播种时起垄。应由牲畜带犁完成，并按以下步骤进行： 4.2.2.1 在地块下边空一犁宽地面不犁，从第二犁位置开始，顺等高线犁出第一条犁沟，向下翻土，形成第一道垄，垄顶至沟底深约20cm～30cm，将种子、肥料撒在犁沟内。 4.2.2.2 在此犁沟上部犁半犁深，虚土覆盖犁沟中的种子、肥料。 4.2.2.3 再空一犁宽地面不犁，在其上部顺等高线犁出第二条犁沟，向下翻土，形成第二道垄沟相间。此后照上述步骤依次进行。 4.2.2.4 在沟中每隔3m～5m作一小土垱，高10cm左右，相邻两沟间的小土垱呈“品”字形错开。 4.2.3 中耕时起垄。主要用于玉米、高粱等高秆中耕作物。由人工操作，按以下步骤进行； 4.2.3.1 在坡耕地上顺等高线条状播种，播种时不作沟垄。 4.2.3.2 第一次中耕时(苗高30m～40m)，用锄将苗行间的土取起，培在幼苗根部；取土处连续不断形成水平沟，培土处连续不断形成等高垄。 4.2.3.3 取土时在沟中每隔3m～5m留一高约10cm的小土垱，相邻两沟间的小土垱呈“品”字形错开。 4.2.4 畦状沟垄适于我国南方种红薯等作物，由人工操作，其步骤如下： 4.2.4.1 按照4.2.2的步骤将坡地作成沟垄。 4.2.4.2 每隔5条～6条沟垄留一田间小路，兼作排水道，形成坡面长畦；沿排水道每20m～30m作一横向畦埂，将长畦隔成短畦。 4.3 掏钵种植 4.3.1 一钵一苗法应符合下列要求： 4.3.1.1 在坡耕地上沿等高线用锄挖穴(掏钵)，以作物株距为穴距(一般30cm～40cm)，以作物行距为上下两行穴间行距(一般60cm～80cm)。 4.3.1.2 穴的直径一般为20cm～25cm，深20cm～25cm，上下两行穴的位置呈“品”字形错开。 4.3.1.3 挖穴取出的生土在穴下方作成小土埂，再将穴底挖松，从第二穴位置上取10cm表土置于第一穴内，施入底肥，播下种子。 4.3.1.4 以后各穴，采用同样方法处理，使每穴内都有表土。 4.3.2 一钵数苗法应符合下列要求： 4.3.2.1 在坡耕地上顺等高线挖穴，穴的