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GJB 1198 consists of the following eight parts under the general title Telemetry tracking command and data handling for spacecraft:
——Part 1: PCM telecommand;
——Part 2: PCM telemetry;
——Part 3: Telemetry channel coding;
——Part 4: Ranging;
——Part 5: Radio frequency and modulation;
——Part 6: Packet telemetry;
——Part 7: Packet telecommand;
——Part 8: Onboard data handling interface.
This part is Part 3 of GJB 1198.
This part replaces GJB 1198.3-1991 Telemetry tracking command and data handling for satellite Part 3: Telemetry channel coding.
Convolutional coding and R-S coding recommended by CCSDS have been demonstrated fully and tested by practical application. This part is prepared based on CCSDS Recommendation. This part includes convolutional coding, R-S coding, interlacing, synchronization, pseudo-randomization, etc.
Up to now, CCSDS Recommendation has been improved in five versions, and subsequent versions have been revised to varying degrees to adapt to the new technological development. This part is appropriately amended with reference to 2021 CCSDS Recommendation.
The following main changes have been made with respect to GJB 1198.3-1991:
——Some modifications are made to the textual expression with reference to the new expression in CCSDS.
——R-S code is allowed to be used alone;
——For R-S codes, the original standard stipulates that only (255,223) R-S codes which can correct 16 symbol errors are used, and (255,239) R-S codes which can correct 8 errors are added in the new part.
—— The interlacing of RS codes is changed from the original interlacing depth I=1 and 5 to I=1~5;
——It is defined that unified synchronization identification is used for the telemetry transmission frame and R-S code block;
——Standard algorithm for pseudo-randomization of telemetry transfer frames or data is added;
——For the original telemetry data frames that do not use R-S coding and channel coding, the CRC is proposed to detect the validity of the data;
——The contents of CRC error detection code are added in the annex.
If a channel coding system other than that specified in this part is adopted in spacecraft system design, it shall be tracked and comply with the updated version of CCSDS standard.
Annexes A, B and C of this part are informative.
This part was proposed by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.
This part is under the jurisdiction of China Aerospace Standards Institute.
This part was firstly issued in April 1991, and firstly revised this time.
Telemetry tracking command and data handling for spacecraft Part 3: Telemetry channel coding
1 Scope
This part specifies the technical requirements of convolutional coding, R-S coding, interlacing and pseudo-randomization of spacecraft telemetry channel coding and their application in the system.
This part is applicable to the design of spacecraft telemetry system using channel coding, and also to the interface between spacecraft and earth station in channel coding.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part. For dated references, subsequent amendments (excluding corrections), or revisions, of any of these publications do not apply to this part. However, parties to agreements based on this part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest editions apply to this part.
GJB 727A-1998 Terms and acronyms of space tracking telemetry and command system
GJB 1198.5A-2004 Telemetry tracking command and data handling for spacecraft Part 5: Radio frequency and modulation
GJB 1198.6A-2004 Telemetry tracking command and data handling for spacecraft - Part 6: Packet telemetry
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part, the terms and definitions established in GJB 727A-1998 and the following ones apply.
3.1
symbol
the basic unit of transformation and processing whose specific meaning varies with the application scenarios:
a) For standard convolutional coding, a symbol refers to a binary code bit;
b) For R-S coding, its symbol refers to the element in the galois field GF(2J), in which case each symbol consists of J bits.
3.2
code word
an output sequence consisting of n symbols generated when a coder of a (n, k) code encodes k input information symbols, which will be treated as a whole during decoding
3.3
code rate
the ratio of the average number of input information symbols to the average number of corresponding output symbols of the coder
3.4
constraint length
the number of consecutive input information bits required for determining the value of any output symbol in convolutional coding
3.5
generator polynomial
transformation relationship experienced to generate code word when coder operates on the input, which is also called generator function
3.6
hard decision
the process of judging the received binary symbol as "0" or "1" according to its positiveness and negativeness relative to the threshold, also called hard quantization, or two-layered quantization
3.7
soft decision
the process of multi-layered quantization according to the preset layered value on the amplitude of received binary symbol, also called soft quantization, or multi-layered quantization
3.8
systematic code
If the input sequence of the coder is directly used as a part of the output code word without change, this code is called systematic code, otherwise it is called unsystematic code.
3.9
transparent code
If the coder of a code codes two PCM sequences with opposite phases, its output is also two PCM sequences with opposite phases, then this code is called transparent code, otherwise it is called non-transparent code.
3.10
outer code/inner code
In the coding system where two kinds of coding are concatenated, the first-level coding algorithm for data stream is called outer code, and the latter-level coding algorithm is called inner code.
3.11
[GF(n)]Galois field
a finite field consisting of exactly n elements
3.12
virtual fill
In a systematic block code (n, k), the code word output by the coder contains information parts of k symbols and check parts of (n-k) symbols. When the actual number of information symbols s is less than k, in order to make the coder and decoder work normally, a constant string with (k-s) symbols need be preset in the coder and decoder and attached to the information part. These (k-s) symbols are not sent in the channel, so they are called "virtual fill".
4 General provisions
4.1 Information source for standard channel coding
The information source of channel coding specified in this part shall be the complete spacecraft telemetry data stream, not the local data structure in it. The local data structure in spacecraft telemetry data stream can also be coded by CRC with error detection function, but the generated check bit is also regarded as the information input source of system channel coding.
4.2 Requirements for channel coding
In the design of specific spacecraft telemetry system, the channel coding specified in this part is not mandatory, with the following exceptions:
a) When the spacecraft downlink telemetry data is sensitive to channel transmission errors;
b) When the organization system of data flow is easy to cause error transmission;
c) Only when the channel coding technology is adopted, the channel energy budget can meet the transmission requirements.
4.3 Spacecraft telemetry channel coding system
Any of the following systems may be adopted for the channel coding of spacecraft telemetry system:
a) Convolutional coding;
b) R-S coding;
c) Concatenation channel coding system with convolutional code as inner code and R-S code as outer code.
4.4 Convolutional coding
The code rate of convolutional codes is specified as follows: r=1/2 bit/symbol; the constraint length is k=7bit.
4.5 R-S (Reed-Solomon) code
The (255,223) R-S code and (255,239) R-S code are defined as standard R-S codes.
Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 General provisions 5 Convolutional coding 6 R-S code (Reed-Solomon code) 7 Spacecraft telemetry system with channel coding Annex A (Informative) Expansion of R-S mode generator polynomial coefficient Annex B (Informative) Transformation between Berlekamp expression and regular expression Annex C (Informative) Application of CRC error detection code
航天器测控和数据管理 第3部分:遥测信道编码 1 范围 本部分规定了航天器遥测信道编码的卷积编码、R-S编码、交错、伪随机化及其在系统中应用的技术要求。 本部分适用于采用信道编码的航天器遥测系统设计,同时用于航天器与地球站在信道编码接口。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的条款通过本部分的引用而成为本部分的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件,其随后所有的修改单(不包含勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本部分,然而,鼓励根据本部分达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本适用于本部分。 GJB 727A-1998 航天器测控系统术语与缩略语 GJB 1198.5A-2004 航天器测控和数据管理 第5部分:射频和调制 GJB 1198.6A-2004 航天器测控和数据管理 第6部分:分包遥测 3 术语和定义 GJB 727A-1998确立的以及下列术语和定义适用于本部分。 3.1 符号 symbol 进行变换和处理的基本单位,其具体含义视应用场合而异: a) 对标准卷积编码,一个符号是指一个二元码位; b) 对R-S编码,其符号是指有限域GF(2J)中的元素,这时每个符号由J个比特位组成。 3.2 码字 code word 一个(n,k)码的编码器对k个输入信息符号编码所产生的由n个符号组成的一个序列。这个输出序列在译码时将作为一个整体来处理。 3.3 编码比率 code rate 编码器输入信息符号的平均数与相应输出符号平均数之比。 3.4 约束长度 constraint length 在卷积码编码时,为确定任一个输出符号的值所需要的相继输入信息比特的位数。 3.5 生成多项式 generator polynomial 编码器对输入进行运算,产生输出码字所经历的变换关系。亦称生成函数。 3.6 硬判决 hard decision 对接收到的二元符号,根据其相对门限的正或负,判决其为“0”或“1”的过程。亦称硬量化,或二分层量化。 3.7 软判决 soft decision 对接收的二元符号的幅度,根据预置的分层值进行多分层量化处理的过程。亦称软量化,或多分层量化。 3.8 系统码 systematic code 如果编码器的输入序列不加改变地直接作为输出码字的一部分,这种码就称为系统码,否则称为非系统码。 3.9 透明码 transparent code 如果一个码的编码器对二个相位互反的PCM序列编码后,其输出也为二个相位互反的PCM序列,则称此码为透明码,否则称为非透明码。 3.10 外码/内码 outer code/inner code 在二种编码相级联的编码系统中,对数据流进行的第一级编码算法称为外码,后一级编码算法称为内码。 3.11 伽罗华域[GF(n)]Galois field 恰好由n个元素组成的有限域。 3.12 虚拟填充 virtual fill 在一个系统分组码(n,k)中,编码器输出的码字中包含有k个符号的信息部分和(n-k)个符号的校验部分。当实际的信息符号数目s小于k时,为使编、译码器正常工作,在编码器和译码器中需预置具有(k-s)个符号的常量字符串,附加到信息部分。这(k-s)个符号并不在信道中发送,因而称为“虚拟填充”。 4 总则 4.1 标准信道编码所面向的信息源 本部分规定的信道编码所面向的信息源应是完整的航天器遥测数据流,而不是其中的局部数据结构。对航天器遥测数据流中的局部数据结构也可以采用具有检错功能的“CRC校验”编码,但所产生的校验位部分也同视为系统信道编码的信息输入源。 4.2 采用信道编码的要求 在具体航天器遥测系统设计中,本部分所规定的信道编码不是必选的,但下述几种情况例外: a) 当航天器下行遥测数据对信道传输差错敏感时; b) 数据流的组织体制易引起差错传递时; c) 只有采用信道编码技术,信道能量预算才能满足传输要求时。 4.3 航天器遥测信道编码体制 航天器遥测系统信道编码可以采用下述任一体制: a) 卷积编码; b) R-S编码; c) 以卷积码为内码,以R-S码为外码的级联信道编码系统。 4.4 卷积编码 规定卷积码的编码比率为;r=1/2比特/符号;约束长度为:k=7bit。 4.5 R-S(Reed-Solomon)码 规定(255,223)R-S码和(255,239)R-S码为标准R-S码。 5 卷积编码 5.1 标准卷积码的特性参数 标准卷积码的特性参数如下: a) 编码率:r=1/2比特/符号; b) 约束长度:k=7bit; c) 码类型:非系统码,透明码; d) 码生成失量:G1=1111001,G2=1011011(G1产生的符号C1直接输出,G2产生的符号C2反相后输出); e) 自由距离:最佳自由距离d=10。 5.2 卷积编码器 5.2.1 卷积编码器原理框图 卷积编码器原理方框图如图1所示。