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GB/T 17888 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery consists of the following four parts:
——Part 1: Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access;
——Part 2: Working platforms and walkways;
——Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails;
——Part 4: Fixed ladders.
This is Part 2 of GB/T 17888.
This part is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part replaces GB/T 17888.2-2008 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 2: Working platforms and walkways, with respect to which, the technical changes in Annex B have been made.
This part is a translation identical to ISO 14122-2: 2016 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 2: Working platforms and walkways.
The Chinese document consistent and corresponding with the normative international document in this part is as follows:
——GB/T 8196-2018, Safety of machinery—Guards—General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards (ISO 14120: 2015, IDT)
——GB/T 15706-2012, Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100: 2010, IDT)
——GB/T 18717.1-2002, Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole-body access into machinery (ISO 15534-1: 2000, NEQ)
——GB/T 18717.3-2002, Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 3: Anthropometric data (ISO 15534-3: 2000, NEQ)
——GB/T 17888.1-2020, Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 1: Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access (ISO 14122-1: 2016, IDT)
——GB/T 17888.3-2020, Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3: 2016, IDT)
——GB/T 23821-2009, Safety of machinery—Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs (ISO 13857: 2008, IDT)
Editorial changes have been made in this part as follows:
——The symbol h of head-height is modified to e;
——The logical relationship of specific requirements in 4.2.4.5.2 when the gap is greater than 20mm is adjusted;
——The symbol h of the height in Figure 3 is modified to a.
This part was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 208 National Technical Committee on Mechanical Safety of Standardization Administration of China.
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
——GB17888.2-1999 and GB/T 17888.2-2008.
Introduction
The architecture of safety standards in mechanical field is as follows:
——Class A standards (basic safety standards), specifying the basic concepts, design principles and general characteristics applicable to all machines;
——Class B standards (general safety standards), involving a kind of safety feature of machinery or a kind of widely used safety device:
Class B1, standards for safety features (such as safety distance, surface temperature and noise);
Class B2, standards of safety device (such as two-hand control device, interlocking device, pressure sensitive device, protective device).
——Class C standards (safety standards for mechanical products), specifying detailed safety requirements for a specific machine or a group of machines.
According to GB/T 15706, this part of GB/T 17888 belongs to Class B.
This part is particularly relevant to the following parties concerned with mechanical safety:
——machine manufacturer;
——health and safety agency.
Other parties concerned affected by the mechanical safety level are:
——machine user;
——machine owner;
——service provider;
——consumer (for machinery intended to be used by consumers).
All the above parties concerned may participate in the drafting of this part.
In addition, this part is intended to be used by standardization organizations drafting Class C standards.
The requirements specified in this part may be supplemented or modified by Class C standards.
For machines that are within the scope of Class C standards and have been designed and manufactured according to such standards, the requirements in Class C standards shall be preferred.
The purpose of GB/T 17888 is to define the general requirements for safe access to machines. GB/T 17888.1 gives guidance about the correct choice of access means when the necessary access to the machine is not possible directly from the ground level or from a floor or platform.
The dimensions specified in this part are consistent with the ergonomic data given in ISO 15534-3.
Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—
Part 2: Working platforms and walkways
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 17888 gives requirements for non-powered working platforms and walkways which are a part of a stationary machine, and to the non-powered adjustable parts (e.g. foldable, sliding) and movable parts of those fixed means of access.
Note 1: “Fixed” means of access are those mounted in such a manner (for example, by screws, nuts, welding) that they can only be removed by the use of tools.
This part specifies minimum requirements that also apply when the same means of access is required as the part of the building or civil construction (e.g. working platforms, walkways) where the machine is installed, on condition that the main function of that part of the construction is to provide a means of access to the machine.
Note 2: Where no local regulation or standards exist, this part can be used for means of access which are outside the scope of the standard.
It is intended that this part be used with GB/T 17888.1 to give the requirements for walking platforms and walkways.
The GB/T 17888 series as a whole is applicable to both stationary and mobile machinery where fixed means of access are necessary. It is not applicable to powered means of access such as lifts, escalators, or other devices specially designed to lift persons between two levels.
2 Normative references
The following documents are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12100 Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction
ISO 13857 Safety of machinery—Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs
ISO 14120 Safety of machinery—Guards—General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards
ISO 14122-1: 2016 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 1: Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access
ISO 14122-3: 2016 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails
ISO 15534-1: 2000 Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole-body access into machinery
ISO 15534-3: 2000 Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 3: Anthropometric data
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100 and ISO 14122-1 and the following apply.
3.1
flooring
assembly of elements making up the floor of a walkway (3.2) or a working platform (3.3) and being in direct contact with footwear
3.2
walkway
level or inclined surface used for moving from one point to another
3.2.1
maneuverable walkway
level or inclined surface used for moving, installed at the machine permanently, and intended to be shortened, elongated, or altered in its position
Note: This includes foldable, slidable, adjustable and/or hinged to, or slid from an adjacent platform or walkway.
3.3
working platform
horizontal level surface used for the operation, maintenance, inspection, repair, sampling, and other phases of work in connection with the machinery
3.3.1
maneuverable platform
level surface used for operation, installed at the machine permanently, and intended to be shortened, elongated, or altered in its position
Note: This includes foldable, slidable, adjustable and/or hinged to, or slid from an adjacent platform or walkway (3.2).
3.4
slip resistant surface
flooring surface designed for improving the grip of footwear
3.5
baseboard
filler plate between working platform (3.3) and adjacent construction element
3.6
toe-plate
rigid vertical plate on a landing platform or flooring (3.1) to prevent the fall of objects from a floor level
Note: See Figure 2 and ISO 14122-3: 2016, Figure 2.
3.7
access gauge
space to be cleared of any structures, obstacles, and obstruction in order to enable access
3.8
head-height
minimum vertical distance, cleared of all obstacles (such as beams, ducts, etc.) above the pitch line
Note: e in Figure 1.
4 General requirements
4.1 General principles
4.1.1 Construction and materials
Working platforms and walkways shall be designed and constructed and the materials selected so that they withstand the foreseeable conditions of use. In particular, at least the following details shall be taken into account:
a) Walkways and working platforms shall be designed and constructed to prevent the hazards due to falling objects. For guard-rails and toe-plates, see ISO 14122-3: 2016, Clause 7, and for openings in the flooring, see 4.2.4.5.
b) The removal of any part of the machine shall, as far as practicable, be possible without removing guard-rails, pieces of flooring, or other permanent protective barriers.
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General requirements
5 Information for use for working platforms and walkways
Annex A (Informative) Different methods of determining levels of slip-resistance
Annex B (Informative) Significant technical changes between GB/T 17888.2-2020 and GB/T 17888.2-
Bibliography
机械安全 接近机械的固定设施
第2部分：工作平台与通道
1 范围
GB/T 17888的本部分规定了作为固定式机器组成部分的无动力工作平台与通道的要求，以及这类固定式接近设施上的无动力可调(如可折叠、可滑动)部件和活动部件的要求。
注1：“固定式”接近设施是指完成安装(如通过螺钉、螺母、焊接)后，只有使用工具才能移除的接近设施。
本部分规定的最低要求也适用于安装机器的建筑物上的同类接近设施(如工作平台、通道)，前提是此类设施的主要功能是供接近机器使用。
注2：如果没有其他标准，本部分也适用于本部分范围之外的接近设施。
本部分与GB/T 17888.1中针对工作平台与通道规定的要求一起使用。
GB/T 17888适用于配有固定式接近设施的固定式机械和移动式机械，不适用于带动力的接近设施，如电梯、自动扶梯或其他专门设计用于在两级平面之间提升人员的装置。
2 规范性引用文件
下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
ISO 12100 机械安全 设计通则 风险评估与风险减小(Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction)
ISO 13857 机械安全 防止上下肢触及危险区的安全距离(Safety of machinery—Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs)
ISO 14120 机械安全 防护装置 固定式和活动式防护装置的设计与制造一般要求(Safety of machinery—Guards—General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards)
ISO 14122-1：2016 机械安全 接近机械的固定设施 第1部分：固定设施的选择及接近的一般要求(Safetyofmachinery—Permanentmeansofaccesstomachinery—Part1：Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access)
ISO 14122-3：2016 机械安全 接近机械的固定设施 第3部分：楼梯、阶梯和护栏(Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 3：Stairs，stepladders and guard-rails)
ISO 15534-1：2000 用于机械安全的人类工效学设计 第1部分：全身进入机械的开口尺寸确定
原则(Ergonomicdesignforthesafetyofmachinery—Part1：Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole-body access into machinery)
ISO 15534-3：2000 用于机械安全的人类工效学设计 第3部分：人体测量数据(Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part3：Anthropometric data)
3 术语和定义
ISO 12100、ISO 14122-1界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1
地板 flooring
通道(3.2)或工作平台(3.3)直接与鞋接触的各构件的组合。
3.2
通道 walkway
用于从一个位置通向另一个位置的水平或倾斜表面。
3.2.1
可调节通道 maneuverable walkway
永久安装在机器上的可伸缩或位置可变的水平或倾斜表面，用于从一个位置通向另一个位置。
注：包括折叠式、滑动式、调节式通道和/或邻近平台或通道上铰接的或外滑的通道。
3.3
工作平台 working platform
为进行操作、维修、检查、修理、取样和与机械有关的其他工作所用的水平表面。
3.3.1
可调节平台 maneuverable platform
为进行操作而永久安装在机器上的可伸缩或位置可改变的水平表面。
注：包括折叠式、滑动式、调节式和/或邻近平台或通道(3.2)上铰接的或外滑的平台。
3.4
防滑表面 slip resistant surface
为增加鞋类抓地力而设计的地板表面。
3.5
填缝板 baseboard
工作平台(3.3)与邻近构件之间的填充板。
3.6
踢脚板 toe-plate
防止物体从平台或地板(3.1)上掉落的刚性立板。
注：见图2和ISO 14122-3：2016，图2。
3.7
通行空间 access gauge
供通行使用且没有任何障碍物的空间。
3.8
净空高度 head-height
坡度线到上方障碍物(如横梁、走线槽等)的最小竖直距离。
注：图1中的e。
4 一般要求
4.1 通则
4.1.1 结构与材料
工作平台与通道的设计、建造及其材料的选择应使其能耐受预期使用条件，尤其应满足以下要求：
a) 工作平台与通道的设计与建造应防止坠落物产生的危险。护栏和踢脚板见ISO 14122-3：2016的第7章，地板上的开口见4.2.4.5。
b) 拆除机器任何部件时应尽可能无需移除护栏、地板构件或其他永久性保护屏障。
4.1.2 操作者的安全接近
工作平台与通道的设计、建造及其材料的选择应使其能安全使用，尤其应满足以下要求：
a) 工作平台与通道的设计和建造应使其行走表面具有持久的防滑特性；
b) 操作者需要在上面行走或站立的机器部件，其设计和安装应能防止人员从其上坠落(见ISO 14122-3)；
c) 工作平台及其入口的设计应使操作者在发生危险时能快速离开其作业区，或者在必要时能快速获得帮助并容易撤离；
d) 扶手及其他支撑的设计、建造和布局应使操作者可凭直觉使用。
4.2 具体要求
4.2.1 位置
只要有可能，工作平台与通道的位置应能防止人员暴露于有害材料或有害物质，或者通过保护防止暴露于有害材料或有害物质。工作平台与通道的位置还应远离因粉尘等物质积聚而可能引起滑倒的位置。
如果存在运动件、无防护的极端温度表面、未加防护的带电设备等，则应针对机器或固定式接近设施采取措施进行防护，如符合ISO 14120的防护装置，或者满足ISO 13857的安全距离。
只要有可能，工作平台的设计和位置应使工作高度符合人类工效学原则，且不会增加坠落风险。该高度应位于工作平台表面上方500mm~1700mm。
4.2.2 尺寸
预定用于操作和维护的通道和工作平台，其净长和净宽应由以下因素决定：
a) 任务要求，如位置、运动的特性和速度、施力等；
b) 是否携带工具、备件等；
c) 任务和使用的频次及持续时间；
d) 同时在通道或工作平台上的操作者数量及使用的设备数量；
e) 操作者相遇的可能性；
f) 是否携带附加装备，或者穿戴防护服、个体防护装备；
g) 是否存在障碍物；
h) 通道末端是否封闭；
i) 墙壁是否可能损坏操作者的衣服或在其上留下印记；
j) 是否要求工作空间不受限制，以及是否留出使用可预见工具所需的空间。
根据ISO 15534-1和ISO 15534-3给出的值，除非有特殊情况，工作平台与通道上方的最小净空高度e 应为2100mm(见图1)。如果空间受限，图1中给出的尺寸可确保头部周围有足够的净距。
如果在净空高度处有障碍物(如管道)横跨通道，则最小净空高度e 可减小至不低于1900mm。此时，应提供防护垫和警告标志等措施。
通道的净宽w 应大于或等于800mm(见图1)。
当通道经常有人通过或有多人同时交叉通过时，则净宽w 应至少增加至1000mm。
由于机器的设计限制、环境限制或仅是偶尔使用，如每年使用时间少于30d或每天使用时间少于2h，净宽w 可从800mm 减小至600mm(见图1)。
作为例外情况，对于长度小于2000mm 的通道，净宽w 可从600mm 减小至500mm(见图1)。
如果地板上方可获得的空间受到管道、电力设备或机器结构等因素的限制，则在地板上方200mm范围内，通道宽度最窄可减小至500mm(见图1)。
在净空高度e 处或地板上沿着通道安装的管道、电缆桥架等障碍物，净宽w 应仍然不小于500mm(见图1)。
用作逃生通道时，通道的宽度宜满足相关法规的要求。
单位为毫米
说明：
——通行空间的限制；
1——永久性障碍物，如护栏、墙、机器、天花板；
2——通道/平台；
3——扶手与障碍物之间的最小间距；
4——横跨的障碍物；
w——净宽；
e——净空高度。
注：本图省略了横跨通道的管道等障碍物。
图1 通道的通行空间
如果方向相同且存在高度差的水平通道不能通过楼梯或坡道衔接，则在满足以下条件的情况下，允许采用一级踏板：
——该踏板应清晰可见(如通过颜色、异型护栏)；
——高度应在150mm~300mm。
如果在墙上或天花板下面的障碍物不可避免的限制了所需的宽度或高度，为尽可能减小伤害，应采取防护措施，以使表面光滑无突起。此外，还应采取配备防护垫等安全措施来防止伤害。还宜考虑警告标识。
4.2.3 设施或设备
如果存在从500mm 或更高的通道或工作平台坠落的风险，应提供满ISO 14122-3的护栏。
如果存在下陷或邻近结构垮塌的风险，也应提供护栏，如靠近装满颗粒物的料斗的接近设施，或者通向安装在玻璃或其他不能承受人体重量的材料制成的屋顶上的抽风机的接近设施。必要时，应提供无需在工作平台滚动或无需将重物置于工作平台上来搬运重物的合适设施。
4.2.4 地板
4.2.4.1 结构造成的限制
当有管道或其他构件横跨工作平台或通道时，如果没有可替代的路线，则允许有开口。这种情况下，宽度应按照4.2.2和4.2.4.5.2设计。
4.2.4.2 液体滞留和/或积聚产生的危险
地板的设计应使洒在上面的任何液体都能流走。如果因卫生等原因而不可能满足此要求，则应防止液体引起的滑倒和其他危险。
4.2.4.3 物质积聚产生的危险
地板的设计应使得污物、雪、冰，或者其他物质不能积聚。因此，推荐优先选用可渗透地板，如格栅板或冷成形筛板。
如果不可能满足上述要求，并且不能采用可渗透地板，则应提供清除积聚物的设施。
4.2.4.4 绊倒危险
为避免绊倒危险，相邻地板上表面之间的最大高度差应不超过4mm，并且相邻地板之间的间隙不应超过20mm。
4.2.4.5 坠落物产生的危险
4.2.4.5.1 格栅地板
工作平台或通道格栅地板的设计取决于风险评估的结果，通常应满足以下要求：
——工作平台或通道的地板的最大开口应不能通过直径35mm 的球。
——作业区上方的地板(非临时通道)，其最大开口应不能通过直径20mm 的球。开口的最大长度应为100mm，否则应采取其他合适的措施保证同等的安全水平。
——只有存在生产物料溢出或通过其他措施不能防止生产物料溢出时，才宜加大开口(见4.2.4.2)。
如果风险评估的结果认为，穿过地板落下的物体或其他材料所产生的危险比滑倒、坠落等危险更为严重，则不应采用漏空地板。
4.2.4.5.2 工作平台、通道及相邻构件之间的间隙
如果地板上由于需要穿过管道或其他构件等原因产生的间隙，或者工作平台或通道与相邻构件边缘之间的间隙大于20mm，应安装高度至少为100mm 的踢脚板(3.6)或者安装填缝板(3.5)将间隙减小到20mm 以下(见图2)，且满足以下要求：
a) 如果间隙大于20mm 且小于或等于120mm，应安装高度至少为100mm 的踢脚板；或者由于存在障碍物(见图2)而使得没有足够的空间安装全尺寸的踢脚板时，则踢脚板的高度可局部减小至最低50mm(见图2)。
b) 如果间隙大于120mm 且小于或等于180mm，则应安装踢脚板和扶手(见ISO 14122-3)或起同等作用且高度为900mm~1100mm 的构件。
c) 如果间隙大于180mm，则全身可能进入(见ISO 13857)，此时，工作平台或通道应安装满足ISO 14122-3：2016中第7章的护栏，以防止进入到间隙。
